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The reduction of foreign petrol dependence and emissions of toxic and greenhouse gases will gradually be realized by an increase in the use of alternative fuels in agricultural operations, especially those of ethanol producing mills. The use of ethanol in agricultural tractors is an economically feasible way to reduce diesel usage, whence costs and emission of green-house gases. Automakers and system-solution-providers work together to use alternative fuels without increasing system costs. An efficient and cost effective solution has been developed for the use of ethanol with engines originally fitted with a variable speed diesel mechanical pump. It was demonstrated that the same level of torque and power is achievable running with fair levels of substitution of diesel fuel by ethanol. The fuel economy achieved with the Valtra BH185i tractor was around 30%, with good correlation with the predicted values. It should be noted, however, that the effectiveness of the diesel-ethanol system is highly dependant in the way the tractor is driven. There are still a number of improvements to be done in this system to increase the usage of ethanol. References [1] Ministry of Mines and Energy. "RESENHA ENERGÉTICA BRASILEIRA - Exercício de 2008 (Preliminar)". Ministry of Mines and Energy 2009. available in: http://www.mme.gov.br/mme [2] "F.O. Licht's World Ethanol & Biofuels Report". 2008 [3] Braga, C. et al., "Motores Diesel Dual Fuel: Diesel/Alcool", Simea 2007 [4] Abu-Qudais, M., Haddad, O. & Qudaisat, M. (2.000); “The effect of alcohol fumigation on diesel engine performance and emissions”, Energy Conversion & Management, 11 pp. 389-399. [5] Ajav, E.A., Singh, B. & Bhattacharyia, T.K. (1.988); “Performance of stationary diesel engine using vapourized ethanol as supplementary fuel”, Biomass and Bioenergy, 10 pp. 493-502. [6] Cappelli, Nelson L.; "Estratégia para Controle de Operação Otimizada de Motor Diesel Aplicado em Tratores Agrícolas". Tese de Doutorado. Unicamp Dez.1995. [7] Rodrigues, F.D.M. and Silva, M.P. (2006); “Desempenho de um motor diesel operando no modo bi-combustível álcool hidratado – diesel”, Projeto de Graduação, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica,PUC/Rio. [8] PERALTA, E.G.,BARBOSA, C. R. F.: "CARACTERÍSTICAS DE DESEMPENHO DE UM MOTOR DIESEL FUNCIONANDO COM MISTURA TERNÁRIA DE COMBUSTÍVEIS DIESEL-ÁLCOOL-ÓLEO DE RÍCINO"; Anais do XVI Congresso brasileiro de Engenharia Mecânica; 2001; [9] VENANZI, D. "Soya/Diesel And Ethanol/Diesel As Dual Fuel In Compression Ignition Engines, With Diesel Oil As Pilot Fuel". In: VII EUROPEAN CONFERENCE Page 16 of 18
ON BIOMASS FOR ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT, AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY, 1992. FLORENCE, ITALY. p. 100-110. [10] PERALTA, E. G. ; BARBOSA, C. R. F."Performance Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Running on Diesel-Alcool-Castor Oil. In: XVI Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia Mecânica - COBEM 2001, 2001, Uberlandia - Minas Gerais. COBEM 2001 [10] PERALTA, E. G. et al,"Misturas diesel-álcool-óleo de rícino como combustível alternativo para motores de ignição por compressão" In: CONEM 2000, 2000, Natal - RN. CONEM 2000. Natal - RN : ABCM, 2000. [11] Lakshminarayanan, P.A. et al; "Development of Modern Single Cylinder High Power Engine for Agricultural Application", SAE 2004-32-0057. [12] Koike, Gilberto H. A., "ANÁLISE, DESENVOLVIMENTO E ENSAIO DE UM DISPOSITIVO EXPERIMENTAL PARA FORNECER ÁLCOOL ETÍLICO HIDRATADO COMO SEGUNDO COMBUSTÍVEL PARA MOTORES DO CICLO DIESEL", Master's Thesis 2003. [13] US5183476 "Ethanol Fuel and Its Use as a Diesel Fuel" Berol Nobel Stenungsund AB. Feb, 1993 [14] US7208022 "Ethanol-Diesel Fuel Composition and Methods Thereof" Lubrizol Corporation Apr. 2007 [15] Kremer, F.G. and Fachetti, A.; PETROBRAS "Alcohol as Automotive Fuel – Brazilian Experience" in State of Alternative Fuel Technologies 2000. Cordon, Dan, Cherry, Mark et al."Catalytic Igniter to Support Combustion of Ethanol- Water/Air Mixtures in Internal Combustion Engines" in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engines (SP-1718). [16] Cherry, M., US Patent US5109817, "Catalytic-Compression Timed Ignition", December 18, 1990. [17] "Ethanol as Fuel: Energy, Carbon Dioxide Balances, and Ecological Footprint" BioScience Volume: 55. Issue: 7 Pages: 593-602. [18] Merritt, P. et al., "Regulated and Unregulated Exhaust Emissions Comparison for Three Tier II Non-Road Diesel Engines Operating on Ethanol-Diesel Blends", 2005 SAE Brasil Fuels & Lubricants Meeting [19] Porto, Silvio et al, "Cana-de-Açúcar Safra 2008",Conab. August 2008. Assanis, Denis N. et al; "A Predictive Ignition Delay Correlation Under Steady-State and Transient Operation of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine" J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 125, 450 (2003) [20] Bobba, Mohan K. et al; “Effect of Ignition Delay on In-Cylinder Soot Characteristics of a Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Operating at Low Temperature Conditions”. 2009-01-0946. 2009 world SAE congress. [21] Well-to-Wheel Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Transportation Fuels – North American Analysis, 2001 Volume 1, 2, and 3; Argonne, IL. [22] FuelTable from US Department of Energy www.eere.energy.gov [23] Heywood, J. “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals”, 1988. ISBN.: 0-07- 028637-X [24] Heisler, H.; “Advanced Engine Technology”, 1995. ISBN.: 1-56091-734-2. [25] Riesenberg, K.O. et al, “Diesel Engine Management”, 2nd.ed. Bosch, ISBN 0- 7680-0509-4 [26] http://www.cnpm.embrapa.br/destaque/redeagroenergia/kml/usinas20080303.kmz [27] http://www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/alcool/ Page 17 of 18
Page 1 and 2: DIESEL-ETHANOL TECHNOLOGY Orlando V
Page 3 and 4: Fig. 2: Energy usage by transportat
Page 5 and 6: Fig. 4: Location of sugar-cane farm
Page 7 and 8: Page 7 of 18 Fig. 7: Consideraçõe
Page 9 and 10: Each ton of equivalent CO2 is being
Page 11 and 12: The ethanol is injected into the in
Page 13 and 14: One of the advantages of a diesel-e
Page 15: With 2.5 degCA more advanced system

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