A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Karel Tahal

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Karel Tahal: A Grammar of Czech as a Foreign Language ● DECLENSION OF NOMINAL PARTS OF PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS Skloňování jmenných členů pasivních konstrukcí The “agent“ of the passive construction is expressed by the instrumental case (Shakespearem = by Shakespeare) ACTIVE: Shakespeare napsal Hamleta. NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE Shakespeare wrote Hamlet. PASSIVE: Hamlet byl napsán Shakespearem. NOMINATIVE INSTRUMENTAL Hamlet was written by Shakespeare. Similarly: ACTIVE: Kolumbus objevil Ameriku. NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE Columbus discovered America. PASSIVE: Amerika byla objevena Kolumbem. NOMINATIVE INSTRUMENTAL America was discovered by Columbus. or ACTIVE: Lékař prohlédne zraněného. NOMINATIVE ACCUSATIVE The doctor will check-up the injured.. PASSIVE: Zraněný bude prohlédnut lékařem. NOMINATIVE INSTRUMENTAL The injured will be checked-up by the doctor.. Passive constructions of this type are not so frequently used in Czech as they are in English. The reason is the existence of an active parallel to the English passive constructions: Hamleta napsal Shakespeare. Ameriku objevil Kolumbus. Zraněného prohlédne lékař. It is the inflected form (the case) that clearly points to the accusative “Hamleta“, “Ameriku“, “zraněného“ as the “goal“, and the nominative “Shakespeare“, “Kolumbus“, “lékař“ as the “agent“. The declension form (case) plays a more important part than the word order. www.factumcz.cz 176
Karel Tahal: A Grammar of Czech as a Foreign Language Passive participle has higher occurence in constructions where the “agent“ remains unexpressed: Examples: Amerika byla objevena v roce 1492. America was discovered in 1492. Jeho článek byl publikován loni. His paper was published last year. Přednáška byla zrušena. The lecture has been cancelled. Byly vybrány vhodné příklady. Suitable examples were chosen. Byly popsány dva takové případy. Two such cases were described. To zboží už je zaplaceno. The goods have (already) been paid for. Ta konference byla dobře zorganizována. The conference was well organized. Nebyly pozorovány žádné změny. No changes were observed. Kde bylo to zboží koupeno? Where have the goods been bought? Ty lístky byly zaplaceny včera. The tickets were paid (for) yesterday. Jednání bude obnoveno. The negotiation will be renewed. Chyby jsou opraveny. The mistakes have been corrected. Dům byl prodán za dva miliony. The house was sold for two millions. Plány byly uskutečněny. The plans were realized. Politické strany byly zakázány. Political parties were banned. Smlouva byla podepsána. The contract was signed. Deset lidí bylo zraněno. Ten people (persons) were injured. Tři vojáci byli zabiti. Three soldiers were killed. Výsledky jsou zveřejněny tady. The results are published here. Postup je popsán na straně 56. The procedure is described on page 56 Karlova univerzita byla založena roku 1348. Charles University was founded in 1348. It´s useful to mention the following fixed expressions: BYLO ŘEČENO BYLO MI ŘEČENO BYLO NÁM ŘEČENO It was said … I was told … We were told … Examples: Bylo mi řečeno, že tady bude čekat taxík. Bylo nám to řečeno minulý týden. Bylo mi řečeno, abych sem přišel. Bylo nám řečeno, abychom tady počkali. Kdy vám to bylo řečeno? I was told that the taxi would be waiting here. We were told (that) last week. I was told to come here. We were told to wait here. When were you told that? www.factumcz.cz 177
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A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Karel Tahal

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