A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Karel Tahal

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Karel Tahal: A Grammar of Czech as a Foreign Language VERBS: CONJUGATION, TENSE, ASPECT 12 INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION ABOUT VERBS Verbs are classified according to various semantic and syntactic criteria, e.g. lexical – auxiliary – modal; intransitive – monotransitive – ditransitive ; static – dynamic; finite – non-finite, etc. The morphological categories of Czech verbs can be enumerated like this: terminology used in Czech person 1st 2nd 3rd number singular plural tense present past future aspect imperfective perfective mood indicative imperative conditional voice active passive osoba první druhá třetí číslo jednotné = singulár množné = plurál čas přítomný (prézens) minulý (préteritum budoucí (futurum) vid nedokonavý dokonavý způsob oznamovací = indikativ rozkazovací = imperativ podmiňovací = kondicionál slovesný rod (modus verbi) činný = aktivum trpný = pasivum The following chapters (13 – 15 ) bring information about the verbal inflection – called conjugation (in Czech časování = konjugace), in the indicative mood of the active voice, presenting the three tenses – even in connection with the category of aspect (chapter 16). Some specific features of the motion verbs are mentioned in chapter 17, modal verbs are introduced in chapter 18. The remaining moods, i.e. imperative and conditional are presented later, in chapters 44 and 45. Even the passive voice is explained later (chapter 48) and it is referred to even in connection with the reflexive pronouns (chapter 50). www.factumcz.cz 34
Karel Tahal: A Grammar of Czech as a Foreign Language 13 VERBS: PRESENT TENSE Slovesa: přítomný čas ► Like in many other languages, the conjugation of the Czech verb BÝT (to be) is irregular. Affirmative forms kladné tvary Negative forms záporné tvary infinitive BÝT to be infinitive NEBÝT not to be já JSEM I am já NEJSEM I am not ty JSI you are ty NEJSI you are not on ona ono/to JE he she } is it on ona ono/to NENÍ he she } is not it my JSME we are my NEJSME we are not vy JSTE you are vy NEJSTE you are not oni ony ona JSOU they are oni ony ona NEJSOU they are not The NEGATIVE FORMS of all verbs use the inseparable prefix ne-. In PRONUNCIATION of the verb forms jsem, jsi, jsme, jste, jsou, the initial [j] sound is left out, which results in the pronounced forms [sem], [si], [sme], [ste], [sou] . In writing, however, the consonant j- must be preserved! In negative forms, the consonant j must be kept both in the spelling and in the pronunciation. As the verb form differs in each person, personal pronouns are superfluous. E.g. I am at home may be expressed either as Já jsem doma or only Jsem doma. Personal pronouns are necessary, however, when indicating a contrast, e.g. Já jsem učitel a vy jste student. I am a teacher and you are a student. My jsme v Praze a ona je v Brně. We are in Prague and she is in Brno. Presence or absence of personal pronouns is a matter of usage and balance. Examples: Já jsem Američan. = Jsem Američan I am American. (male) Já nejsem v Londýně. = Nejsem v Londýně. I am not in London. Ty jsi ve městě? = Jsi ve městě? Are you in the town? Petr je doma. Peter is at home. Martina není doma. Martina is not at home. On je doma. = Je doma. He/She is at home Ona není doma. = Není doma. He/She is not at home, My jsme Praze. = Jsme v Praze. We are in Prague. My nejsme v Brně. = Nejsme v Brně. We are not in Brno. Vy jste v hotelu? = Jste v hotelu? Are you in the hotel? Oni jsou v práci. = Jsou v práci. They are at work. Oni nejsou v práci. = Nejsou v práci. They are not at work. www.factumcz.cz 35
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A GRAMMAR OF CZECH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE Karel Tahal

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