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2. Wallin, Hans 2002. It-Based distance Method for a Vocational Education Programme for Qualified Operators and Technicians in the Swedish Explosives Industry. 30 th DoD Explosives Safety Seminar, Atlanta, U.S.A 48
Developing and Maintaining Skills in the Explosive Sector I.G.Wallace & J.Akhavan Cranfield University, Shrivenham Campus, Swindon, SN6 8LA, U.K. H.Wallin & E.Nilsson Competence Centre Energetic Material, KCEM AB, Gammelbackavägen 6, SE-691 51 Karlskoga, Sweden ABSTRACT: The manufacture and use of explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics underpins a significant part of the European Union economic and industrial activity. An understanding of explosives science and technology and the competence to harness it is central to maintaining European explosives capability, national security, and in sustaining a competitive European industry. There is a perception, and some evidence, that in Europe, competence levels in this key technological area are being eroded. In several member nations a high proportion of the most experienced and knowledgeable personnel are retiring or nearing retirement. Urgent efforts are therefore underway in some partner nations to replenish this expertise. The U.K. together with Sweden, Norway, Finland and Italy are taking part in a Leonardo Da Vinci programme to develop a comprehensive framework which describes and categorizes the competences of all workers engaged in the manufacture or use of explosives. This paper will outline i) the procedures used to develop the competences for U.K. workers and ii) the development of National Occupational Standards for the U.K. and Europe. INTRODUCTION On Friday 21 st September 2001, 30 people were killed and 2,500 were injured in an explosion at an ammonium nitrate factory in Toulouse in France. On 22 nd September 2001 the Mayor of the city of Toulouse called for all potentially hazardous factories and plants to be relocated away from areas where people live. On 5 th September 2003 the Investigating Judge for this incident dismissed the case against nine of the eleven employees, due to lack of evidence. Today the scientific explanation for this disaster still remains unanswered. Countless investigations are still ongoing to try to establish the long chain of events which occurred in Hangar 221 in Toulouse where the tragic explosion took place. On 16 th August 2001 25 people were killed in India due to an accidental ignition which led to an explosion in a Government owned dynamite factory. In Lagos, Nigeria an ammunition dump exploded, the explosion created mass panic which subsequently led to the death of nearly 1000 people, most of whom were children. Another explosives accident aboard the Russian submarine Kursk led to the loss of 118 sailors, a loss of significant defence capability and serious political destabilisation of the Putin Government. In Holland an explosion involving fireworks destroyed 200 houses and killed 22 people. These are just a few examples of accidents involving explosions around the world. Since the turn of the Millennium (Reference 1), there have been a number of well-publicised explosives accidents around the world. One of the characteristics of these accidents is that they frequently have catastrophic consequences, not only on humans but also on the country’s economic and political arena. Examining the cause of explosive accidents often reveals that human error or failure is a major contributory factor, as an example one of the torpedoes loaded on the Kursk is thought to have been dropped prior to embarkation and this may be linked to the torpedo explosion which, the official report suggests, led to the loss of the submarine and its crew. Effective explosives safety depends on people making the right decisions at the right time. It depends upon people having the necessary competence to carry out their jobs properly. The concept of competence is well recognised in U.K. safety management. Much of U.K. safety legislation calls for “competent people” in roles that affect safety. In the case of explosives, this 49
Page 1 and 2: Contents of Annexes Annex 1 List of
Page 3 and 4: List of Partners Sweden • Compete
Page 5 and 6: List of UK Stakeholders • Army, H
Page 7 and 8: • Manufacture of articles for ESA
Page 9 and 10: DELEGATES for EUExcert Conference 2
Page 15 and 16: Educating the Next Generation of Ex
Page 17 and 18: The picture in the rest of the Euro
Page 19 and 20: New Qualifications Framework 1 2 3
Page 21 and 22: Annex A Chronology of Worldwide Exp
Page 23 and 24: Annex B Ordnance, Munitions and Exp
Page 25 and 26: Education and Training in the Explo
Page 27 and 28: • Develop explosives qualificatio
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1. Examples of key role 1 an
Page 31 and 32: 11.1 Assess explosive substances an
Page 33 and 34: QUALIFICATIONS AND ACCREDITATION To
Page 35: Qualifications Council Awards When
Page 39 and 40: Table 2 Population of workers invol
Page 41 and 42: 1.1.1 Create the specification for
Page 43 and 44: Table 4 Details of the validation t
Page 45 and 46: Table 5 Qualifications for explosiv
Page 47 and 48: generate and maintain the standards
Page 49 and 50: Commercial Public Military Industri
Page 51 and 52: 1.Research & Develop Explosive Subs
Page 53 and 54: The National Occupational Standards
Page 55 and 56: Unit No Unit of Competence Mandator
Page 57 and 58: conferencing. In the UK Cranfield i
Page 59 and 60: SECTION 1 RESPONDENT’S DETAILS Na
Page 61 and 62: SECTION 3 OTHER QUALIFICATIONS What
Page 63 and 64: 52, Ickburgh Road, London E5 8AD Te
Page 65 and 66: Roles .............................
Page 67 and 68: such as munitions testing and evalu
Page 69 and 70: STAKEHOLDERS This study has been ca
Page 71 and 72: Nowadays, manufacturing and product
Page 73 and 74: DOSG provides: impartial appra
Page 75 and 76: the need to generate greater effici
Page 77 and 78: also involves safeguarding the site
Page 79 and 80: element using MoD facilities. This
Page 81 and 82: ROYAL NAVY HMS Collingwood is the R
Page 83 and 84: As for the other armed forces, the
Page 85 and 86: Indeed, the procurement imperative
Page 87 and 88:
funding for maintenance; likewise,
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September 2001 and the significant
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The industry has been under financi
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exists now than three decades ago.
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sophisticated tactics. Many types o
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MOTOR INDUSTRY Every modern car is
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the British campaign against the Ja
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consumer market is worth around £6
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In 2003, the worldwide film industr
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51.55 Explosives wholesalers 92.11
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DISPOSAL The figures below were lis
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TOTAL ESA ESTIMATES IN COMMERCIAL A
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Grand total 24,080 ROYAL AIR FORCE
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Total 20 6 3 Grand total 29 125
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Grand total 70 DEFENCE MOVEMENTS AN
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SUMMARY OF MOD ESA POPULATION Organ
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GRAND TOTALS Total population: 5,23
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materials, management of technology
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INTEGRATED PROJECT TEAMS (IPTS) The
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storage is allocated to particular
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depending upon the load content, th
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Equivalent to Officers of the Quart
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Ranking from Captain to Colonel, Am
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ARMAMENT TRADE JUNIOR MANAGERS Usua
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The Trials Officer/Manager is respo
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LABORATORY TECHNICIAN There are two
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models on in-house developed softwa
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This role relates directly to that
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This role relates directly to that
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OTHER ROLES Managerial roles also e
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equipment, and will have a strong i
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major incident. The No 1 Operator w
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See Defence Research for descriptio
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drivers and fork lift truck drivers
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detailed knowledge and understandin
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knowledge of the use of firearms an
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ROYAL AIR FORCE New non-officer rec
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EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURE Exchem offer
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oles is the RMCS Shrivenham’s Mas
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Many personnel enter the industry w
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Shotfiring in the Construction Indu
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NOS AND N/SVQ OPPORTUNITIES AND CON
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The implementation of NOSs and N/SV
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Competence requirements in the mini
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