Matching. Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer. ____ ...

Matching. Write the letter that corresponds to the best answer.
____ 1. Searching for novel enzymes in natural environments
____ 2. Results in the substitution of a single amino acid in an enzyme
____ 3. A method used to monitor genetically engineered organisms in the environment based
on their RNA
____ 4. A method used to amplify DNA
_____ 5. The use of plants, microorganisms, or their enzymes to remove or detoxify toxic or
unwanted chemicals from the environment.
_____ 6. Requires the use of several genes encoding the same enzyme to yield a new gene
encoding a more effective enzyme.
_____ 7. The variety of species in a given area
_____ 8. The use of organisms to control diseases or pests
_____ 9. Results in high concentrations of environmental pollutants in animals that are at the
top of the food chain
_____ 10. The study of the genomes of all of the organisms in a particular environment.
_____ 11. A practice that preceded vaccination and was used to prevent deadly cases of
smallpox
_____ 12. The loss of diversity within a species
_____ 13. Can be used to identify toxins in food poisoning cases
_____ 14. A dynamic complex of plant, animal, and microbial communities and their
environment interacting as a functional unit.
_____ 15. The administration of antigenic material to generate immunity to disease
A. Biomagnification I. Bioprospecting Q. Vaccination
B. Biocontrol J. PCR R. Antibiotic resistance
C. Southern blot K. Northern blot S. Antigen
D. DNA shuffling L. Site-directed mutagenesis T. Xenobiotic
E. Biodiversity M. Growth on microbiological media U. Genetic erosion
F. Germplasm N. Bioremediation V. Substrate
G. Metagenomics O. Ecosystem
H. Variolation P. ELISA

Multiple choice. Circle the letter corresponding to the best answer.
1.Given no other information, we should expect biodiversity to be greatest in areas that:
A. Have very cold winters
B. Are unusually dry
C. Experience consistent temperatures
D. Have high concentrations of pollutants
2. According to the article we discussed called “Where the Wild Things Are”:
A. Large herbivorous mammals hinder the development of forests
B. Without human intervention (such as mowing), forests would dominate most landscapes
C. We should allow forests to develop to protect endangered species.
D. Native plants grow best in managed areas.
3. According to the Principle of Microbial Infallibility:
A. Microbes are capable of living in any environment.
B. Only extremophiles can survive in very hot areas
C. Microbes can break down naturally occurring substances as long as environmental conditions
are favorable
D. Microbes can break down all substances, natural and artificial.
4. An organism that can survive in areas that are inhospitable to most life is called a(n):
A. extremophile
B. xenobiotic
C. prokaryote
D. mutant
5. Pseudomonas protects wheat from a pathogenic fungus by competing with the pathogen for
iron. This is an example of:
A. antagonism
B. xenobiotics
C. bioremediation
D. induced systemic resistance
6. An advantage of using immobilized enzymes is that:
A. Immobilized enzymes break down more quickly than do free enzymes when the reaction is
complete
B. Immobilized enzymes can use a greater variety of substrates than free enzymes
C. Only immobilized enzymes can be genetically engineered
D. The product of the reaction is enzyme-free
7. Which of the following is a common feature of xenobiotics?
A. They are easily broken down under favorable environmental conditions.
B. Many are chlorinated.
C. They cannot bind to soil particles.
D. They are produced by extremophiles.

8. In the following reaction, lactose is a(n):
Lactose ---lactase- galactose + glucose
A. Substrate
B. Product
C. Enzyme
D. Active site
9. In the above reaction, lactase:
A. is consumed in the reaction.
B. makes the reaction occur more slowly.
C. catalyzes the reaction.
D. is a product of the reaction
10. Penicillin is a more effective antibiotic for medical use than gramicidin primarily because:
A. Bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to penicillin.
B. Gramicidin is harder to mass produce than penicillin.
C. Gramicidin does not kill bacteria effectively.
D. Gramicidin is toxic when taken internally.
11. Attenuated vaccines contain:
A. live but weakened viruses
B. only DNA
C. only antigens
D. only antibodies
12. Which of the following enzymes is used to curdle milk?
A. rennin
B. insulin
C. lactase
D. galactosidase
13. Microorganisms added to dairy products to begin the fermentation process are referred to as
the:
A. substrate
B. product
C. starter culture
D. enzyme inhibitor
14. A suppressive soil is one with:
A. a healthy population of microbes that are beneficial to plants.
B. few or no antibiotic-producing microorganisms.
C. frequent outbreaks of plant disease.
D. no pathogens.

15. An antigen is a substance that stimulates the formation of:
A. antibiotics
B. more antigens
C. vaccines
D. antibodies
16. Antibiotic resistance:
A. only applies to penicillin
B. occurs when a microorganism stops producing an antibiotic.
C. seems to be decreasing over time
D. occurs in part as a result of the improper use of antibiotics.
17. Recombinant vaccines are safer than vaccines made by traditional methods because
recombinant vaccines:
A. Include whole cells
B. Contain many different pathogens in a single injection
C. Are living
D. Do not contain disease-causing agents
18. A reporter gene might be:
A. used to identify a fragment of RNA
B. used to show that the promoter of a target gene has been turned on
C. labeled with 32 P
D. used as a genotypic marker
19. Which of the following is not an example of a phenotypic property:
A. the genetic makeup of an organism
B. the ability to resist and antibiotic
C. the ability to produce light
D. the size and shape of a cell
20. The “dead zone” in the Gulf of Mexico is due primarily to:
A. herbicides and pesticides that poison fish
B. excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus in the water
C. high populations of fish pathogens
D. insufficient algal growth to support fish populations

Short answer. Grammar, logic, and legibility all count!
Give one example of how species richness can protect an ecosystem (or an agricultural crop, if
you prefer).
List two ways to enhance the breakdown of hazardous wastes by organisms and explain how
each works.
The process of fermentation has been important in the production of food for thousands of years.
How does fermentation reduce food spoilage?
How are split-root experiments (experiments in which beneficial microbes and pathogens are
physically separated) useful in biocontrol studies? (What information do these types of
experiments give researchers that single-pot experiments would not?)