Task Force Report - Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan ...

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CHAPTER 3 BIORESOURCES 3.1. AGRICULTURE 3.1.1. Jhum in North-eastern region 3.2. HORTICULTURE 3.3. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY & FISHERIES 3.4. FORESTS 3.5. BIODIVERSITY Fig. 3.0. Perspective for Bioresources Development in IHR Status Unique and highly diverse Niche products Source of vital ecosystem goods & services Over exploitation BIORESOURCE Issues Degradation Incentives for maintenance of national wealth Bioresource conservation & Bioprospecting Vision Increase in green cover Reward for conservation Value niche products Creation of Himalayan Brand 3.1 AGRICULTURE Traditional agriculture in the IHR is organic by default, low in the use of fossil fuel based inputs and, therefore, results in lower greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Himalayan agriculture is based on traditional approaches exhibiting close interdependence among key resources -- land, livestock, and forests. According to the Central Statistical Organization (CSO), whereas the total GVA (gross value added) output of agriculture and allied activities of the IHR contribute a mere 3.5% to the GDP of the country (Table 3.1) the figure for horticulture (fruits and vegetables) is 7.1%. 42 Report of the Task Force
Fig. 3.1. Schematic Plan for Agro-horticulture Development in the IHR Agriculture & Horticulture Status Distinct Agro-climatic zones Traditional practices & Interdependence among land, livestock, and forests Limited arable land, marginal farmers, degraded Jhum Small, often fragmented landholdings High proportion of women cultivators Diversity of crops and genetic pool Largely organic produce, and niche specific crops Approach Distinct Policies for NE region and Western Himalayan region Develop mountain specific agro-horticultural inputs protocol Watershed based processing/value addition of perishables Chain of stores and affordable transport Recognition (and appropriate pricing) of mountain produce as organic Bioprospecting of wild resources for diversification Vulnerability assessments in relation to climate change Outcome Viable niche production Improved economy Conserved gene pool Process Consolidation of land on functional basis Incentivization and branding of organic produce Reward for conservation of unique gene pool Resource centres including processing units in identified production zones Institutional arrangements for certification and market linkages Though the yield of some traditional crops in the IHR is low, as compared to modern high yielding varieties grown in the plain areas of the country (Table 3.2), productivity of niche specific crops has been observed to be higher than the national average, e.g., coarse cereals in western Himalayan states, and potato in Tripura. Despite limited arable land in the IHR, which is less than 14% of the total area, agriculture still remains the mainstay of the economy for majority of the local people. Being essentially of low input and therefore, tailored to the capacity of IHR farmers, it contrasts with the high input, often unsustainable agriculture that increases productivity in the short duration, with considerable eco-concerns on the long term basis. Agricultural crop diversity, as well as genetic diversity within a single crop, is the key feature of mountain agriculture. Diverse production from small landholdings also provides insurance against crop failures. Scientists opine that such biodiversity may also enable production systems to survive changes in the climate. Although the proportion of the total workforce engaged in agriculture in the IHR (58%) is the same as it is in the country, its composition differs significantly. At the national scale, less than onethird of the total workers (31.7%) are actual cultivators. However, in the IHR half of the total workers belong to this category (49.9%). The scenario stands reversed for agricultural labourers who constitute more than one-fourth of total agricultural workers in the country (26.5%) and only 8.4% in the IHR. The percentage of women cultivators is significantly higher (66.6%) in the IHR as compared to the national average (33%). Report of the Task Force 43
Page 1 and 2: Report of the Task Force To look in
Page 3 and 4: Report of the Task Force To look in
Page 5 and 6: Contents LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF
Page 7 and 8: List of Figures No Title Page 1.1.
Page 9 and 10: 3.9. Livestock Population in the IH
Page 11 and 12: From the Desk of the Task Force Cha
Page 13 and 14: that presently occupy 65.5% of the
Page 15 and 16: espective States to design these in
Page 17 and 18: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. PREAMBL
Page 19 and 20: During winter, the Himalayan ranges
Page 21 and 22: overlooked by more than 13 peaks su
Page 23 and 24: 1.1.3. Developmental Approaches for
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER 2 GEORESOURCES 2.1. LAND 2.
Page 27 and 28: Fig.2.1. Landuse Classification bas
Page 29 and 30: The land resources of the Himalayan
Page 31 and 32: Brahmputra must continue to remain
Page 33 and 34: Because of reasons not all understo
Page 35 and 36: country (1,48,000 MW at 60% load fa
Page 37 and 38: Table 2.9. Occurrence of Various Mi
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 2.6. Schematic Plan for Disast
Page 41 and 42: Table 2.14. Major Avalanches Report
Page 43: Fig. 2.7. Damaged due to Heavy Rain
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 3.2. Distribution of Operation
Page 49 and 50: Table 3.5. Variations in the Estima
Page 51 and 52: 3.2 HORTICULTURE Outstanding hortic
Page 53 and 54: (iii) Nuts in the cold arid regions
Page 55 and 56: a corresponding decline in hay and
Page 57 and 58: lies in its rivers & canals (25.4%
Page 59 and 60: and agarbatti (incense sticks) are
Page 61 and 62: While the rest of the country is wi
Page 63 and 64: Table 3.19. Protected Areas in Diff
Page 65 and 66: are being produced from items of bi
Page 67 and 68: 4.1. Human Resource 4.1.1. Demograp
Page 69 and 70: Table 4.2. Tribes and their Populat
Page 71 and 72: Table 4.4. Educational Institutions
Page 73 and 74: 4.3. DEVELOPMENT INDICATORS 4.3.1.
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.8. Human Poverty Index for
Page 77 and 78: Fig. 5.1. Cooking Energy (Primary S
Page 79 and 80: Among other sources of energy produ
Page 81 and 82: Table 5.3. State-wise Distribution
Page 83 and 84: places by porters but in case of in
Page 85 and 86: Table 5.6. Number of Towns in the I
Page 87 and 88: Climate change will mostly affect t
Page 89 and 90: odies. The Panchayat Raj Ministry i
Page 91 and 92: should not be allowed. Areas where
Page 93 and 94: first charge on electricity generat
Page 95 and 96:
Annexure Report of the Task Force 9
Page 97 and 98:
List of Abbreviations ACRP amsl APD
Page 99 and 100:
Annexure - I Report of the Task For
Page 101 and 102:
Report of the Task Force 99
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107 and 108:
Page 109 and 110:
• All compact regions with geogra
Page 111 and 112:
Plan on climate change has been rec
Page 113 and 114:
Universities in IHR North-Eastern H
Page 115:
Organic manure in traditional agric
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