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storage and querying language for several non-relational databases, including CouchDB and Mongo, and it is used as a generalpurpose language in server-side platforms such as Node.js. Node.js has been around since 2009 and gained acceptance quickly. Its key innovations are as follows: Using JavaScript: Developers need to work only in a single language, from client-side code, through server-side logic, and even into data-querying logic via CouchDB or the like. Being completely asynchronous: Node.js’s core API doesn’t expose any way of blocking a thread while waiting for input/output (I/O) or any other operation. All I/O is implemented by beginning the operation and then later receiving a callback when the I/O is completed. This means that Node.js makes extremely efficient use of system resources and may handle tens of thousands of concurrent requests per CPU. (Alternative platforms tend to be limited to about one hundred concurrent requests per CPU.) Node.js remains a niche technology. Its biggest contribution to web app development has, rather oddly, been to provide a consistent JavaScript engine on which development tools can be written. Many emerging client-side JavaScript frameworks, such as AngularJS, have good tooling support based on the use of Node.js. Node.js adoption for deploying web apps has been slower. Most businesses building real applications in limited time frames typically need the infrastructure in full-stack frameworks such as Ruby on Rails and ASP.NET MVC. Node.js is mentioned here only to put some of ASP.NET MVC’s design into context against industry trends. For example, ASP.NET MVC includes asynchronous controllers (which I describe in Chapter 19). This is a way to handle HTTP requests with non-blocking I/O and scale up to handle more requests per CPU. Key Benefits of ASP.NET MVC In October 2007, Microsoft announced a new MVC Web development platform, built on the core ASP.NET platform, clearly designed as a direct response to the evolution of technologies such as Rails and as a reaction to the criticisms of Web Forms. The following sections describe how this new platform overcame the Web Forms limitations and brought ASP.NET back to the cutting edge. MVC Architecture It is important to distinguish between the MVC architectural pattern and the ASP.NET MVC Framework. The MVC pattern is not new—it dates back to 1978 and the Smalltalk project at Xerox PARC—but it has gained enormous popularity today as a pattern for Web applications, for the following reasons: User interaction with an MVC application follows a natural cycle: the user takes an action, and in response the application changes its data model and delivers an updated view to the user. And then the cycle repeats. This is a convenient fit for Web applications delivered as a series of HTTP requests and responses. Web applications necessitate combining several technologies (databases, HTML, and executable code, for example), usually split into a set of tiers or layers. The patterns that arise from these combinations map naturally onto the concepts in MVC. The ASP.NET MVC Framework implements the MVC pattern and, in doing so, provides greatly improved separation of concerns. In fact, ASP.NET MVC implements a modern variant of the MVC pattern that is especially suitable for Web applications. You will learn more about the theory and practice of this architecture in Chapter 3. By embracing and adapting the MVC pattern, the ASP.NET MVC Framework provides strong competition to Ruby on Rails and similar platforms, and brings the MVC pattern into the mainstream of the .NET world. By capitalizing on the experience and best practices discovered by developers using other platforms, ASP.NET MVC has, in many ways, pushed forward beyond what even Rails can offer. Extensibility The MVC Framework is built as a series of independent components that satisfy a .NET interface or that are built on an abstract base class. You can easily replace components, such as the routing system, the view engine, and the controller factory, with a different one of your own implementation. In general, the MVC Framework gives you three options for each component: 24
Use the default implementation of the component as it stands (which should be enough for most applications). Derive a subclass of the default implementation to tweak its behavior. Replace the component entirely with a new implementation of the interface or abstract base class. You’ll learn all about the various components, and how and why you might want to tweak or replace each of them, starting in Chapter 14. Tight Control over HTML and HTTP ASP.NET MVC produces clean, standards-compliant markup. Its built-in HTML helper methods produce standards-compliant output, but there is a more significant philosophical change compared with Web Forms. Instead of generating out swathes of HTML over which you have little control, the MVC Framework encourages you to craft simple, elegant markup styled with CSS. Of course, if you do want to throw in some ready-made widgets for complex UI elements such as date pickers or cascading menus, ASP.NET MVC’s “no special requirements” approach to markup makes it easy to use best-of-breed UI libraries such as jQuery UI or the Bootstrap CSS library. ASP.NET MVC meshes so well with jQuery, for example, that Microsoft ships jQuery as a built-in part of the default Visual Studio ASP.NET MVC project template, along with other popular libraries, such as Bootstrap, Knockout and Modernizr. Tip I don’t get into the detail of these “blessed” JavaScript libraries in this book because they are not part of the core MVC Framework and do their work within the browser. Client-side development for MVC Framework applications is an important topic, however, and you can learn more in my book Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Client, which will be published by Apress in 2014. There are some libraries, however, that provide support for core features such as validation and Ajax requests and I describe these in Part 2 of this book. I describe Knockout in Chapter 27 and I use Bootstrap (albeit without a detailed introduction) throughout the book. ASP.NET MVC–generated pages don’t contain any View State data, so they are smaller than typical pages from ASP.NET Web Forms. Despite today’s fast connections, this economy of bandwidth still gives an enormously improved end-user experience and helps reduce the cost of running a popular web application. ASP.NET MVC works in tune with HTTP. You have control over the requests passing between the browser and server, so you can fine-tune your user experience as much as you like. AJAX is made easy, and there aren’t any automatic postbacks to interfere with client-side state. Testability The MVC architecture gives you a great start in making your application maintainable and testable because you naturally separate different application concerns into independent pieces. Yet the ASP.NET MVC designers didn’t stop there. To support unit testing, they took the framework’s component-oriented design and made sure that each separate piece is structured to meet the requirements of unit testing and mocking tools. They added Visual Studio wizards to create unit test projects on your behalf, which can be integrated with open source unit test tools such as NUnit and xUnit as well as the test tools that are included in Visual Studio, which I introduce in Chapter 6. Even if you have never written a unit test before, you will be off to a great start. In this book, you will see examples of how to write clean, simple unit tests for ASP.NET MVC controllers and actions that supply fake or mock implementations of framework components to simulate any scenario, using a variety of testing and mocking strategies. Testability is not only a matter of unit testing. ASP.NET MVC applications work well with UI automation testing tools, too. You can write test scripts that simulate user interactions without needing to guess which HTML element structures, CSS classes, or IDs the framework will generate, and you do not have to worry about the structure changing unexpectedly. Powerful Routing System The style of URLs has evolved as Web application technology has improved. URLs like this one: /App_v2/User/Page.aspx?action=show%20prop&prop_id=82742 are increasingly rare, replaced with a simpler, cleaner format like this: /to-rent/chicago/2303-silver-street 25
Page 2 and 3: Pro ASP.NET MVC 5 Adam Freeman 2
Page 4 and 5: Dedicated to my lovely wife, Jacqui
Page 6 and 7: Contents About the Author About the
Page 8 and 9: Preparing the Example Project Defin
Page 10 and 11: Chapter 9: SportsStore: Completing
Page 12 and 13: Constraining Routes Constraining a
Page 14 and 15: Using Other Filter Features Filteri
Page 16 and 17: Creating the Ajax Form Understandin
Page 18 and 19: Index 18
Page 20 and 21: About the Technical Reviewer Fabio
Page 22 and 23: What Is Wrong with ASP.NET Web Form
Page 26 and 27: There are some good reasons for car
Page 28 and 29: Where Can I Get the Example Code? Y
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2-1. The Visual Studio ASP.N
Page 32 and 33: Figure 2-3. The initial file and fo
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2-6. Adding a controller to
Page 36 and 37: } } } return View(); A good way of
Page 38 and 39: Figure 2-9. The MVC Framework tryin
Page 40 and 41: Visual Studio will create a file ca
Page 42 and 43: Afternoon"; } } } return View(); I
Page 44 and 45: Figure 2-14. Adding to the view HTM
Page 46 and 47: public class HomeController : Contr
Page 48 and 49: } Will you attend? @Html.DropDown
Page 50 and 51: Figure 2-18. Setting the default st
Page 52 and 53: type without needing to qualify the
Page 54 and 55: [Required(ErrorMessage = "Please en
Page 56 and 57: Figure 2-21. The validation summary
Page 58 and 59: Tip You can drag JavaScript and CSS
Page 60 and 61: expect files to be in certain locat
Page 62 and 63: RSVP @using (Html.BeginForm()) {
Page 64 and 65: Thanks body { background-colo
Page 66 and 67: CHAPTER 3 The MVC Pattern Before I
Page 68 and 69: ASP.NET MVC doesn’t apply any con
Page 70 and 71: as thinly disguised Smart UI applic
Page 72 and 73: this case PasswordResetHelper. I do
Page 74 and 75:
Web server and database. Integratio
Page 76 and 77:
public class AdminControllerTests {
Page 78 and 79:
The drawback of TDD is that it requ
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} } } return "Navigate to a URL to
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namespace LanguageFeatures.Controll
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} set { name = value; } } } public
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The listing demonstrates how to con
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using System.Collections; using Sys
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using System.Collections.Generic; n
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public static IEnumerable FilterByC
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Products = new List { new Product {
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... In this example, myAnonType is
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public string Index() { return "Nav
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Max Min Returns the largest or smal
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usiness while the background work i
Page 104 and 105:
natural syntax, but they do not cha
Page 106 and 107:
} Defining the Controller I am goin
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Note Notice that I declare the view
Page 110 and 111:
Figure 5-4. Creating a new layout S
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Figure 5-5. The Effect of Applying
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Figure 5-6. Adding a view that reli
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Figure 5-9. The content in the layo
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public ActionResult DemoExpression(
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The containing element has data at
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Price@Model.Price Stock Level @sw
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} else { @ViewBag.ProductCount }
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Figure 5-13. Generating elements us
Page 128 and 129:
CHAPTER 6 Essential Tools for MVC I
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LinqValueCalculator to determine th
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In the sections that follow, I expl
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just fine with MVC 5. I have used t
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namespace EssentialTools.Infrastruc
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Figure 6-2. The effect of running t
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I can configure the objects that Ni
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} } The FlexibleDiscountHelper clas
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public object GetService(Type servi
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Figure 6-4. Creating the unit test
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} } } // assert Assert.AreEqual(tot
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wrong"); wrong"); wrong"); } Assert
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} } } Testing and Fixing the Code I
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Listing 6-31. The Contents of the L
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Price = 48.95M}, new Product {Name
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To summarize the example, the Objec
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This is the same behavior used in t
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CHAPTER 7 SportsStore: A Real Appli
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e included in new projects are exce
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public class NinjectDependencyResol
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Figure 7-4. Creating the Product cl
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IProductRepository interface with t
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Figure 7-5. Adding the Views/Produc
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Figure 7-6. Viewing the basic appli
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Figure 7-8. Setting up the SportsSt
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Visual Studio will display a design
Page 180 and 181:
Creating the Entity Framework Conte
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private EFDbContext context = new E
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public class ProductController : Co
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A view model is not part of the dom
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... ... Every namespac
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(ProductsListViewModel)controller.L
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Figure 7-14. Displaying page naviga
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Figure 7-15. The new URL scheme dis
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} @foreach (var p in Model.Products
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Figure 7-18. Creating a partial vie
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Summary In this chapter, I built mo
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using System.Collections.Generic; u
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Assert.AreEqual(pageInfo.TotalPages
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); "", new { controller = "Product"
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} } public string Menu() { return "
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has the effect of declaring a depen
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Figure 8-3. The category links High
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Now that I am providing information
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} ... CurrentCategory = category };
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Continue Shopping button to return
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Arrange - create a new cart Cart ta
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@Model.Name @Model.Price.ToString("
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For the AddToCart and RemoveFromCar
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and the total cost for the cart. Th
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CHAPTER 9 SportsStore: Completing t
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using System.Linq; using System.Web
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public void Adding_Product_To_Cart_
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shopping I added a new column to e
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@ViewBag.Title SPORTS STORE @
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. . . This change generates a link
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@Html.TextBoxFor(x => x.Zip, new {@
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} ViewBag.Title = "SportStore: Chec
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public string Country { get; set; }
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if (emailSettings.WriteAsFile) { sm
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} } } I created an EmailSettings ob
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ViewResult result = target.Checkout
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of the SportsStore.WebUI project an
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Thanks! Thanks for placing your ord
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Figure 10-1. Displaying the SportsS
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waking moment. My advice is to acce
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case, however, I hide the standard
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Bootstrap that the div element shou
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.Select(x => x.Category) .Distinct(
Page 266 and 267:
@Html.ActionLink("Home", "List", "
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variations on the same basic theme.
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} This view uses a Razor foreach
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Figure 10-9. The effect of mobile-s
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public class AdminController : Cont
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Right-click on the Views/Admin fold
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Figure 11-3. Rendering the scaffold
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Figure 11-4. Rendering the modified
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Act Product p1 = target.Edit(1).Vie
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} } public string Category { get; s
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Figure 11-7. Displaying the editor
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Framework does know about and updat
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ActionResult result = target.Edit(p
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using System.ComponentModel.DataAnn
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Install-Package Microsoft.jQuery.Un
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Listing 11-17. Explicitly Specifyin
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Listing 11-19. Implementing Deletio
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You can see the delete feature by c
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Authentication is set
Page 304 and 305:
Figure 12-1. The effect of the Auth
Page 306 and 307:
namespace SportsStore.WebUI.Infrast
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the menu, set the name to Login and
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mock implementations of the IAuthPr
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Figure 12-3. Adding columns to the
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No Image } else { } @Html.Acti
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} } I have added a new parameter to
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[TestClass] public class ImageTests
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Figure 12-4. Adding an image to a p
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CHAPTER 13 Deployment The final, an
Page 324 and 325:
Figure 13-2. Creating a new web sit
Page 326 and 327:
Figure 13-4. The effect of creating
Page 328 and 329:
); [ProductID] INT IDENTITY (1, 1)
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Figure 13-8. The Publish Web dialog
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Figure 13-10. Settings for the depl
Page 334 and 335:
Figure 13-12. Previewing the deploy
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Figure 13-14. The SportsStore appli
Page 338 and 339:
Figure 14-1. Selecting the project
Page 340 and 341:
which packages are used by selectin
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} Or you can disable any layout for
Page 344 and 345:
using System.Web.Mvc; namespace Deb
Page 346 and 347:
If the debug attribute in the Web.c
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Figure 14-9. Hitting a breakpoint N
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Figure 14-11. The effect of assigni
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selecting Delete Breakpoint from th
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Figure 14-15. Enabling Edit and Con
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Figure 14-16. The effect of correct
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Figure 14-18. Selecting multiple br
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CHAPTER 15 URL Routing Before the i
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public class HomeController : Contr
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Figure 15-3. The segments in an exa
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started, which leads to the RouteCo
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namespace UrlsAndRoutes.Tests { [Te
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TestRouteMatch and TestRouteFail co
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Figure 15-5. Using default values t
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In Listing 15-12, I defined a new r
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Notice that, once again, I have pla
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Figure 15-8. Displaying the value o
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namespace UrlsAndRoutes { public cl
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... [TestMethod] public void TestIn
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Figure 15-11. The error displayed w
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"Home/{action}/{id}/{*catchall}", n
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Page 390 and 391:
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namespace UrlsAndRoutes.Infrastruct
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Using Attribute Routing All of the
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Caution The Route attribute stops c
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} } public ActionResult List() { Vi
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... [Route("∼/Test")] ... Prefixi
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using System.Web.Routing; namespace
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Now, this may seem like a long path
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"Admin") @Html.ActionLink("This
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... Start the application again and
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ActionName The controller is: @Vi
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} For the routing in the example ap
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how outgoing URLs are generated. To
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and repeat the process. If the clas
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ActionName The controller is: @
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The MVC Framework supports organizi
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To demonstrate the way that areas i
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able to request /Admin/Home/Index a
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You do not need to take any special
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intercept requests for disk files b
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outes.Add(new Route("SayHello", new
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http://www.amazon.com/books/pro-asp
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CHAPTER 17 Controllers and Actions
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System.Web.Routing.RequestContext o
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namespace ControllersAndActions.Con
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Retrieve posted data from Request.F
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After a controller has finished pro
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public string Url { get; set; } pub
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RedirectToRouteResult Issues an HTT
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shown in this test method. using Sy
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You can send an object to the view
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Arrange - create the controller Exa
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Listing 17-20. Redirecting to a Lit
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Act - call the action method Redire
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Listing 17-24. Sending a Specific S
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CHAPTER 18 Filters Filters inject e
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} } To create the view that will ga
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} } public ViewResult Create() { //
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} } void OnAuthorization(Authorizat
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Figure 18-2. Re-prompting for crede
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[HttpPost] public ActionResult Logi
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} } public void OnAuthenticationCha
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using System.Web.Mvc; using System.
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IExceptionFilter { public void OnEx
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Figure 18-3. The default exception
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} } } } filterContext.ExceptionHand
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Figure 18-6. An exception thrown wh
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Table 18-9. HandleErrorInfo Propert
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using System.Web.Mvc; using Filters
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", } } } } string.Format("Action me
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execute the result. You can see how
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Figure 18-10. The effect of adding
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up manually with the Empty template
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I have already explained that filte
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Figure 18-14. Specifying the order
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Figure 18-15. The default filter be
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CHAPTER 19 Controller Extensibility
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} } } public ViewResult List() { re
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} public GetControllerSessionBehavi
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My implementations of the GetContro
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RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTab
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} } You can see the effect of the c
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There are no action methods in this
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Figure 19-6. Using the method name
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[ActionName("Enumerate")] public Vi
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} } } }); I have used the ActionNam
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If you start the application and na
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Message: @Session["Message"] ... Th
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Data: @Model When you run the ap
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namespace ControllerExtensibility.C
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string viewName, string masterName,
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ModelState Returns information abou
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view) { } } public void ReleaseView
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Figure 20-2. Requesting an unsuppor
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Listing 20-10. The Contents of the
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Table 20-4. Razor View Engine Searc
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Figure 20-5. The effect of custom l
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Tip My custom view engine locations
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You can check to see if a view has
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I am going to start by creating a p
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@foreach (string str in Model) { @s
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"Pear"}) @Html.Action("Time") You c
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} In the Index action method, I pas
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Here is the message: @Model Inli
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Table 21-3. Useful Properties Defin
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troublesome string to the view as t
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Figure 21-3. Comparing how data val
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Figure 21-5. The effect of selectiv
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@model HelperMethods.Models.Person
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Note Using the helper methods to g
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Layout = "/Views/Shared/_Layout.csh
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} This produces the following form
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... Generating the Input Element fr
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} CreatePerson @using(Html.BeginRou
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CreatePerson label { display: i
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} public class Address { public str
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@{ ViewBag.Title = "CreatePerson";
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Notice that the elements for the Pe
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} return View((object)message); } }
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01/01/0001 00:00:00 Although the
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.editor-field input { height: 20px;
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The value of the property (0 in thi
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[Display(Name = "Birth Date")] publ
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Url Displays the data as a URL (usi
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} public string LastName { get; set
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Figure 22-10. Displaying a complex
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Views/Shared/EditorTemplates folder
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CHAPTER 23 URL and Ajax Helper Meth
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.editor-label { clear: left; } .edi
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action="GetPeople"}) This view co
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Figure 23-2. A simple synchronous f
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I am now ready to start applying un
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as shown in Listing 23-10. Listing
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Setting Ajax Options I can fine-tun
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ViewBag.Title = "GetPeople"; Layout
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Figure 23-6. Prompting the user bef
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I can address this using the AjaxOp
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ole}), } }) Url = Url.Action("Get
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Since I want to present the same da
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Figure 23-9. Working with JSON data
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using System; using System.Collecti
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@foreach (string role in Enum.GetNa
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public class Address { public strin
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Figure 24-1. A simple demonstration
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for the id parameter as follows: 1.
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Figure 24-4. The effect of using a
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This view renders a simple set of l
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Role:@Html.DisplayFor(m => m.Role)
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} Submit You can see the problem if
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using System.Web.Mvc; using MvcMode
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Listing 24-24. Using a Collection A
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... When the form is submitted, th
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Each of the classes listed in Table
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} } } if (ContainsPrefix(key)) { re
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Figure 24-10. The effect of the cus
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using System.Web; using System.Web.
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CHAPTER 25 Model Validation In the
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@ViewBag.Title .field-validati
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Listing 25-7. Explicitly Validating
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Figure 25-2. Errors result in highl
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... Please enter your name Please
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Figure 25-4. Displaying validation
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Figure 25-6. A validation message f
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RegularExpression Required [Require
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Figure 25-8. The error message from
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} } [MustBeTrue(ErrorMessage="You m
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name")); } if (DateTime.Now > Date)
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Both of these settings must be true
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The feedback is also immediate when
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} public JsonResult ValidateDate(st
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has provided is consistent with the
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namespace ClientFeatures.Models { p
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} function processResponse(appt) {
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Figure 26-2. Disabling the browser
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undles.Add(new StyleBundle("∼/Con
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... You won’t need to do this i
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Figure 26-4. Profiling with bundles
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CHAPTER 27 Web API and Single-page
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ReservationRepository.cs to the Mod
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} return RedirectToAction("Index");
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The view model for the partial vie
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elated actions, and makes creating
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This time, the Web API controller h
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using System.Collections.Generic; u
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}; function sendAjaxRequest(httpMet
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Underpinning the Ajax functions is
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Figure 27-3. Monitoring the connect
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... function removeItem(item) { sen
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Client Name Location Save }
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Simplify the Home Controller The Ho
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Remove Create Create Rese
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Index A Account Controller contents
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BeginForm and BeginRoute Form metho
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Custom dependency resolver contents
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table data script button SQL statem
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uilt-In form (see Built-in form hel
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Razor expression shared View Start
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PartyInvites routing system Solutio
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O OnActionExecuted method action fi
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accessing ways context objects acti
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summary, cart definition cart and c
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whole-model templated helpers Test-
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