The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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This is a common configuration for PQ sensitive customers that utilize UPS supported by battery energy storage system and one or more standby generators. In very sensitive applications there are usually redundancies in some or all of the component parts of the system. Economics of Power Quality and DG A framework for evaluating PQ investments was developed based on a hypothetical utility and customer. The utility feed, typical of the type of service seen by a large commercial or industrial customer had 20 voltage sags throughout the year lasting only a fraction of second each, 2 momentary power interruptions per year, and one extended outage lasting 60 minutes every other year. The facility disruptions caused by these events, however, were assumed to be 50 minutes for a sag, 1.4 hours for a momentary interruption, and 5 hours for the extended outage. In this example the 22.5 disruptions per year (lasting a an average of only 30.2 minutes per year) causes 22 hours of facility downtime with only 16 hours mean time between forced outages. Various combinations of mitigation measures were evaluated in terms of their cost and effectiveness as shown in Table ES2. A UPS system with standby generator would have an annual cost of $149/kW and reduce the facility downtime from 22.5 hours/year to only 15 minutes. Such an investment would be worthwhile for any customer whose annual outage costs were greater than or equal to $6.90/kW. A standby system alone is comparatively less cost effective because of its inability to deal with momentary sags and interruptions – the majority of events during the year. Executive Summary ES6 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness, Costs, and Break-even Value Facility Disruption Annual Cost of Mitigation Break Even PQ Value Hours/year $/year $/kW No Mitigation Equipment 22.0 $0 NA. UPS without Standby 2.7 $142,576 $4.93 Standby without UPS 20.3 $81,454 $31.76 Combined UPS/Standby System 0.25 $224,030 $6.90 While this configuration of UPS with standby generation is cost effective, the basic premise for this study is that distributed generation can be used to support customer’s power quality and reliability needs and by so doing the value of distributed generation is increased. Two DG applications, peak shaving and combined heat and power, were evaluated in terms of the value of integration into a PQ/reliability framework. In both cases, integration results in a reduction in capital costs due to the avoidance of the investment in a diesel standby generator. For a simple, peak shaving system, the incremental investment for providing an environmentally acceptable gas-fired generator in place of the diesel standby unit is little more than half of what it would be in a straight peak shaving project. For a more complicated combined heating and power (CHP) system 2 , the avoided cost of a diesel generator reduces capital costs by up to 40%. In addition to this capital cost benefit, a CHP system operating continuously provides a greater level of protection for the customer against external voltage sags and other momentary disruptions. The CHP system is essentially a second feed for the customer. With static switching, 95% of PQ problems can be avoided even before the benefit of UPS is considered. With UPS added, the mean time between failures increases to 27 years. The UPS system with a standby generator had an MTBF of 4.4 years. For less sensitive customers that are not heavily invested in UPS, the reduction in PQ disruptions just from having CHP operating could be significant. In hypothetical economic examples for peak shaving and CHP, the advantages of integration with power quality were very important. The paybacks were reduced from 6.9 to 3.7 years for the peak shaving analysis and from 12.2 to 6.6 years for the CHP case. In both cases, the integration of the DG cost savings function with the PQ support for power quality helped to move the projects into an economic acceptance range. In other words, integration of DG and PQ functionality can move a project from no-go or on the edge to go. New York Utility Industry Focus on Power Quality Since 1991, the New York Public Service Commission (PSC) has required that utilities file power quality and reliability (PQR) reports. The requirements involve the establishment of 2 Combined heat and power systems, also known as cogeneration, recapture the heat lost in power generation to provide heating and cooling to the process or building. Executive Summary ES7 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7 and 8: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 9: Approximately 90% of the PQ equipme
Page 13 and 14: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 15 and 16: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19 and 20: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reli
Page 23 and 24: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 25 and 26: 3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QU
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39 and 40: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 41 and 42: 5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spo
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60: Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62:
$900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64:
from long-term outages only as it t
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Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
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Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
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APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
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effective, power quality disturbanc
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The Project team reviewed the 2002
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NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
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Power Quality A section of the 2002
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system were the fourth most frequen
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The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
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B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
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Power Quality Investigation Managem
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APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
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Considered Distributed Generation?
Page 91 and 92:
Measures to Increase Reliability Th
Page 93 and 94:
Harbec was interested in a renewabl
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With the old Unifins, when they wer
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Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
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factor quality correction and/or ad
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generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
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PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
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Case Study - Major Network Televisi
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space constraints, and fuel cost un
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
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Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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