The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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comparatively minor in this example because both systems being compared are also being supported by a UPS. Some facilities that do not have UPS because of lower costs associated with power quality disturbances would see a greater power quality benefit from having a continuos DG system operating compared to a standby generator, though these benefits are still minor in comparison to the thermal and electric cost savings. Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 26 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spoke with nine facility managers in sensitive industries throughout New York State about their power quality and reliability issues. While, the very dramatic extended Northeast blackout of 2003 created problems for most of them, this once in 25 year event is not as important as the more subtle and more frequent disturbances these facilities experience every year, every summer, and, in some cases, nearly every day. Problems arise with computers, microprocessors, fluorescent light ballasts, sensitive medical imaging equipment, variable speed drives, computer directed design and manufacturing, critical communications equipment, nuisance trips on circuit breakers, overheating of equipment, etc. Some facilities don’t know what is causing their equipment to break, go off-line or lose data; they just go in and fix it to get back up and running. Other facilities have become very sophisticated in monitoring their power signal and in diagnosing problems. All of them have made some level of power quality/reliability enhancing investments to protect their operations. Both centralized and equipment level UPS systems were used. Power factor correction, harmonic filters, isolation transformers, and other equipment were also used to support specific facility issues. Most included standby generation as part of their protection scheme. Two facilities had in-place and operating combined heat and power facilities and a number of others had done CHP feasibility studies. Of the two operating CHP systems, one was an integral part of the facility power-quality protection system. In the other case, the facility manager was very interested in this issue but had been unable to install a system capable of running independently of the grid due to restrictive utility interconnect requirements. He was continuing to push the utility for addition of that capability to his DG system. One facility, in New York City, uses its standby diesel generators to participate in the ICAP demand reduction program. This facility was thus fortuitously operating on its own generators under an ICAP demand reduction when the blackout hit in 2003. The Public Service Commission (PSC) has required that utilities file power quality and reliability (PQR) reports. These reports have created a common set of metrics for defining the issue in terms of average interruption frequency, average interruption duration, and average service restoration time. Review of the PQRs from the major investor-owned utilities in the state shows that high/low voltage excursions ranged from 160 to 281 incidents per year by region for one utility. Voltage quality issues occurred thousands of times per year within each service region. Utilities have also engaged in case studies and customer interviews in an attempt to better quantify the issues and improve operations. Still, from the perspective of the customers contacted for this study, utilities were generally not helpful in identifying and diagnosing power quality problems. Consequently, to get to the root of PQ related problems, customers had to install monitoring equipment and identify and diagnose the problems themselves. Armed with such investigative data, some customers were then able to get the utility to act to correct persistent low voltage or phase imbalance conditions. Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 27 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7 and 8: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 9 and 10: Approximately 90% of the PQ equipme
Page 11 and 12: Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness,
Page 13 and 14: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 15 and 16: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19 and 20: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reli
Page 23 and 24: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 25 and 26: 3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QU
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60: Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62: $900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64: from long-term outages only as it t
Page 65 and 66: Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Page 67 and 68: Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
Page 69 and 70: APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
Page 71 and 72: effective, power quality disturbanc
Page 73 and 74: The Project team reviewed the 2002
Page 75 and 76: NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
Page 77 and 78: Power Quality A section of the 2002
Page 79 and 80: system were the fourth most frequen
Page 81 and 82: The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
Page 83 and 84: B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
Page 85 and 86: Power Quality Investigation Managem
Page 87 and 88: APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
Page 89 and 90: Considered Distributed Generation?
Page 91 and 92:
Measures to Increase Reliability Th
Page 93 and 94:
Harbec was interested in a renewabl
Page 95 and 96:
With the old Unifins, when they wer
Page 97 and 98:
Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
Page 99 and 100:
factor quality correction and/or ad
Page 101 and 102:
generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
Page 103 and 104:
PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
Page 107 and 108:
Case Study - Major Network Televisi
Page 109 and 110:
space constraints, and fuel cost un
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
Page 113 and 114:
Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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