The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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Power Quality Control Techniques and Costs A range of technologies can be used to improve the power quality at a site. These technologies can help to insulate the customer from variations in PQ in utility supplied power or to mitigate PQ disturbances emanating from the customer’s own equipment. These technologies are often used as individual components of an overall PQ control strategy and include: transient voltage surge suppressors; VAR compensators; dynamic voltage restorers; isolation transformers; motoralternators (motor-generators); and various types of UPS. A facility may choose to protect its entire load (at the electric service entrance), sensitive sub-facilities (individual circuit protection), or individual operations (controls or individual equipment protection.) The protection level depends on the size and type of critical load. Small-scale equipment (up to 3 kVA) is 120-volt, single-phase PQ protection equipment for point-of-use applications protecting individual equipment such as personal computers or logic controls for larger equipment. This type of equipment includes: Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) costing $200-500/kW Single-phase transient voltage surge suppressors (TVSS) at $10-$50 per circuit. Single-phase power conditioners, isolation transformers, and voltage regulators ranging from $100-500/kW. Medium-scale equipment (3.1 to 100kVA) is used to protect the low voltage distribution system (240-600 V) within a facility. This equipment is typically located at the service entrance panel boards, or supplying a feeder or branch circuit. Typical equipment in this category includes: Single-phase UPS (3-18 kVA) and three-phase UPS (up to 100 kVA) ranging in price from $75-$225/kW. Three-phase TVSS except for revenue demand meter mounted units from $100- $200/circuit. Three-phase power conditioners: voltage line conditioners, isolation transformers, power distribution units, voltage regulators, motor generators, and active and static harmonic filters ranging in price from $50-500/kW. Large scale equipment (greater than 100 kVA) is designed for use at the service entrance of the facility. This scale of equipment may be installed outdoors in pad-mounted enclosures or in a customer-owned substation. Large-scale equipment includes the following: Energy storage systems including battery energy storage, mechanical storage systems such as flywheels ($25-100/W-hour) with electrochemical capacitors. Large-scale UPS costing $250-400/kW Low voltage static transfer switches (less than 600 V) for $40-60/kW Medium voltage static transfer switches (4.16-34.5 kV) and customer power products such as static-series compensators/dynamic voltage restorers (DVR), static shunt compensators, and static circuit breakers ranging in cost from $28-32/kW. Executive Summary ES4 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Approximately 90% of the PQ equipment and services market is focused on small and medium scale equipment or services, and, therefore, has little synergy with DG systems. The remaining 10% of the market for facility-scale power quality control (greater than 100 kVA) represents a $450 to $900 million per year market in the U.S. It is this market for large-scale equipment that represents the greatest potential for integration with distributed generation systems. Integration of Distributed Generation into Power Quality Solutions The underlying requirements of a DG/power quality system include the following elements: • Fast response from energy storage to protect the load from momentary voltage variations; • Conversion of the stored energy into clean power; • Control for synchronization and paralleling between systems; • Seamless transfer (also called soft transfer) to the alternate power source and back again; • Immediate isolation from any grid disturbance(s); • Sufficient quantity of stored energy to ride through until primary or secondary power is restored; and • Ability of the DG system to provide clean power to the critical loads. • Dispatchability for varying local load • High energy efficiency and low emissions Figure ES2 shows a standby or secondary DG system that utilizes energy storage and a more sophisticated control system to provide not only protection from long-term outages but also from short-term and momentary disturbances as well. The on-site energy storage provides the ride through capability until the generator can start. The static switching and controls technology ensure that these changes from the utility source to the standby or secondary DG source are not detected by the load. Figure ES2 Standby or Secondary DG System Offering PQ Support Executive Summary ES5 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 11 and 12: Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness,
Page 13 and 14: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 15 and 16: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19 and 20: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reli
Page 23 and 24: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 25 and 26: 3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QU
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39 and 40: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 41 and 42: 5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spo
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60:
Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62:
$900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64:
from long-term outages only as it t
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Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
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Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
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APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
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effective, power quality disturbanc
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The Project team reviewed the 2002
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NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
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Power Quality A section of the 2002
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system were the fourth most frequen
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The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
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B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
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Power Quality Investigation Managem
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APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
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Considered Distributed Generation?
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Measures to Increase Reliability Th
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Harbec was interested in a renewabl
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With the old Unifins, when they wer
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Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
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factor quality correction and/or ad
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generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
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PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
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Case Study - Major Network Televisi
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space constraints, and fuel cost un
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APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
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Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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