The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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Executive Summary ES10 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability 1. INTRODUCTION Modern electric power supply and delivery systems consist of a complex grid of multiple electrical components including power generation supply, transmission, voltage control, and power delivery with multiple points of supply and use. The complicated interaction of components of the grid leads to temporal variations in the characteristics of the power that an individual customer sees at its service panel. These variations range from nearly instantaneous to extended periods of outage or abnormal power characteristics. Taken as a whole, the presence or absence of such variations is termed low to high power quality. The degree to which power is provided with and without interruptions is termed low to high (such as 99%) reliability. The nature of business and power consumption has changed over time with the introduction and widespread use of sensitive electronic components, a greater reliance on computers, programmable logic controllers for controlling industrial processes, and a need for constant communications with customers, suppliers, and financial information. As a result of these changes, some businesses and even some residential customers experience economic losses and/or make investments in custom power systems that can both condition and supplement purchased power so that sensitive systems are not harmed or interrupted. The manufacture, distribution, sale, and installation of this equipment and the businesses that utilize it are referred to as the premium power market. The basic premise for this study is that distributed generation can be used to support customer’s power quality and reliability needs and by so doing the value of distributed generation is increased; hence, the purpose of this report is to identify the economic value of using distributed generation (DG) to mitigate power quality and reliability problems. DG refers to modular power generation at or near the customer site and loads. The placement and use of DG can potentially provide an economic value to the customer as well as to the overall electric power grid. The economic values, or value propositions, that can be provided by DG are as follows: Combined Heat and Power (CHP) – An important benefit of DG is that the thermal energy that is not usually used when backup generation is implemented can be utilized for process heat requirements. This dual use of thermal and electrical energy can make CHP more cost effective for customers than separately buying electric power and fuel or steam for thermal needs. Low Cost Energy – If there are no or low fuel costs (waste energy systems, bio-energy systems, photovoltaic systems) or if the customer is remote from or not connected to the central power grid, a DG system can provide lower energy costs than central station generation even without heat recovery. Peak Shaving –DG can be used to reduce “demand” charges by the local utility by operating only during peak periods. This application can both reduce the customer’s Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 1 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7 and 8: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 9 and 10: Approximately 90% of the PQ equipme
Page 11 and 12: Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness,
Page 13: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19 and 20: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reli
Page 23 and 24: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 25 and 26: 3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QU
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39 and 40: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 41 and 42: 5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spo
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60: Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62: $900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64: from long-term outages only as it t
Page 65 and 66:
Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Page 67 and 68:
Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
Page 69 and 70:
APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
Page 71 and 72:
effective, power quality disturbanc
Page 73 and 74:
The Project team reviewed the 2002
Page 75 and 76:
NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
Page 77 and 78:
Power Quality A section of the 2002
Page 79 and 80:
system were the fourth most frequen
Page 81 and 82:
The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
Page 83 and 84:
B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
Page 85 and 86:
Power Quality Investigation Managem
Page 87 and 88:
APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
Page 89 and 90:
Considered Distributed Generation?
Page 91 and 92:
Measures to Increase Reliability Th
Page 93 and 94:
Harbec was interested in a renewabl
Page 95 and 96:
With the old Unifins, when they wer
Page 97 and 98:
Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
Page 99 and 100:
factor quality correction and/or ad
Page 101 and 102:
generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
Page 103 and 104:
PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
Page 107 and 108:
Case Study - Major Network Televisi
Page 109 and 110:
space constraints, and fuel cost un
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
Page 113 and 114:
Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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