The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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Figures 2.5 and 2.6 show how renewable DG with intermittent supply characteristics, such as a wind turbine generator or a photovoltaic array, can be configured to supplement energy consumption and support onsite power quality requirements. Figure 2.5 Use of Intermittent DG within PQ Environment (Solar PV) Figure 2.6 Use of Intermittent DG within PQ Environment (Wind) Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 6 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reliability system with a unique architecture. 3 The system is designed to supply computer grade electricity at 99.9999% availability over 20 years. The system is designed to operate independently of the utility grid indefinitely. The system integrates on-site power generation, rotary UPS, and flywheels on a DC power bus. Multiple redundancies allow for maintenance or change-out of individual system components without affecting overall availability and power quality. Unlike other UPS systems incorporating standby power generation, this system utilizes DG as the primary energy source. Grid power is used as the back-up. During normal operation, the system is not interconnected with the grid. This design feature avoids interconnection issues of grid stability, synchronization, and pass through of unwanted variations in PQ. The DC power link allows for each generator to operate independently and for DC/AC power conversion via DC/AC motor generators to be provided redundantly to each load center. For 48 VDC telecom loads, a DC-DC converter plant reduces the high-voltage DC output to the required voltage. Flywheels protect against a DG unit outage or a step load change. Waste heat from the continuously operating DG system is used to provide cooling for the sensitive electronic load centers. 3 Whit Allen and William E. Cratty, Very High Availability (99.9999%) Combined Heat and Power Systems for Mission-Critical Applications, Sure Power Corporation, Danbury, CT. Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 7 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7 and 8: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 9 and 10: Approximately 90% of the PQ equipme
Page 11 and 12: Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness,
Page 13 and 14: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 15 and 16: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 23 and 24: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 25 and 26: 3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QU
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39 and 40: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 41 and 42: 5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spo
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60: Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62: $900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64: from long-term outages only as it t
Page 65 and 66: Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Page 67 and 68: Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
Page 69 and 70: APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
Page 71 and 72:
effective, power quality disturbanc
Page 73 and 74:
The Project team reviewed the 2002
Page 75 and 76:
NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
Page 77 and 78:
Power Quality A section of the 2002
Page 79 and 80:
system were the fourth most frequen
Page 81 and 82:
The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
Page 83 and 84:
B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
Page 85 and 86:
Power Quality Investigation Managem
Page 87 and 88:
APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
Page 89 and 90:
Considered Distributed Generation?
Page 91 and 92:
Measures to Increase Reliability Th
Page 93 and 94:
Harbec was interested in a renewabl
Page 95 and 96:
With the old Unifins, when they wer
Page 97 and 98:
Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
Page 99 and 100:
factor quality correction and/or ad
Page 101 and 102:
generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
Page 103 and 104:
PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
Page 107 and 108:
Case Study - Major Network Televisi
Page 109 and 110:
space constraints, and fuel cost un
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
Page 113 and 114:
Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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