The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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• Systems need to be separated from each other into secure rooms with fire rated walls. The system must remain working even if every component in a single room is knocked out, as in a fire. • There are not many special requirements for the DG systems in standby mode (other than extra capacity) although dual starters, special fuel filters, and high quality hoses are required. • Systems must run off the standby DG power reliably during extended tests of switchgear and battery systems. When diesel generators are used, sometimes this testing protocol is constrained by the limited hours of the diesel-operating permit. • For DG systems that are used for prime power, all aspects of power quality from the DG system are very important. Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 10 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
3. CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE ON POWER QUALITY ISSUES The project team conducted a series of interviews with large commercial, industrial and institutional electricity consumers in New York State. The composition of the interviewees varied markedly from refrigerated warehouses, to plastics and other continuous and batch manufacturing processes, to hospitals, and the communications and financial services industries. The interviewees that participated in the surveys are not representative of the customer mix of New York State or its regions; they were selected to represent sectors of high sensitivity to power quality disturbances and areas that had experienced, in their view, a high level of such disturbances. In addition, there was a high rate of non-responses among the businesses contacted. Therefore, the information that has been derived from the interview process is best viewed as a qualitative compilation of the perspective of customers who view power quality as an important issue. As the market characterizations in Appendix A showed, this high sensitivity market is a small share of the total commercial and industrial power markets. A detailed summary of each of these interviews is provided in Appendix C. Within this section the project team distills some of the common elements that arose out of the entire set of interviews. The discussion is structured around these themes: Power Quality & Reliability Problems Encountered at the Site, Costs Incurred Due to Power Quality and Reliability Problems, Mitigation Measures Taken to Reduce the Costs of Incidents, and Site Analysis, if Any, of a CHP Solution 3.1 Power Quality & Reliability Problems Encountered at the Site If there was a common theme among a disparate group of interviewees, it was this that tolerances to power quality problems have been decreasing over time. Whether it is in manufacturing, the institutional sector, or banking, finance and communications, new equipment and processes are increasingly sensitive to poor power quality. Interviewees across the spectrum referred to the sensitivity of equipment to power quality. In plastics manufacturing utilizing computer numerical controlled (CNC) equipment and computer-aided design (CAD) stations, momentary interruptions can be very costly. If the machines shut down, it takes hours to reprogram and re-start. Shutdown of the CNC machine could damage the work-in-progress resulting in significant costs due to lost materials and days to rework. Equipment at the plastics manufacturing site was being tripped due to voltage sags and a frequent phase voltage imbalance problem. Another manufacturer reported that voltage and current sags caused machine tripping due to the sensitivity of controls on the machines. For example, under voltage relays will be tripped, circuit boards with fixed voltage sensing will trip on phase loss, and alternating current induction motors will draw excessive current and trip the overloads. Long duration over- and under- Energy and Environmental Analysis / Pace Energy 11 The Role of DG in Power Reliability
Page 1 and 2: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The nature of bus
Page 7 and 8: Power Quality Costs Industries and
Page 9 and 10: Approximately 90% of the PQ equipme
Page 11 and 12: Table ES2 Mitigation Effectiveness,
Page 13 and 14: New York City, uses its standby die
Page 15 and 16: The Role of Distributed Generation
Page 17 and 18: 2. INTEGRATON OF DISTRIBUTED GENERA
Page 19 and 20: dispatching system as part of the c
Page 21 and 22: Figure 2.7 shows an ultra-high reli
Page 23: There are no reverse power or direc
Page 27 and 28: egrounding in the machine shop. It
Page 29 and 30: plant specializing in superalloys f
Page 31 and 32: 4. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF INTEGRATED
Page 33 and 34: The estimated costs of a hypothetic
Page 35 and 36: 4.3 Distributed Generation Economic
Page 37 and 38: The results show a significant incr
Page 39 and 40: The system has a 90% load factor (w
Page 41 and 42: 5. CONCLUSIONS The project team spo
Page 43 and 44: that can integrate the power electr
Page 45 and 46: APPENDIX A SUMMARY OF POWER QUALITY
Page 47 and 48: Figure A.2 Normal Operating Region
Page 49 and 50: Transients are also called spikes,
Page 51 and 52: Voltage Interruptions Voltage inter
Page 53 and 54: Flicker Flicker is a modulation of
Page 55 and 56: While the typical voltage sag or in
Page 57 and 58: companies, airline reservation syst
Page 59 and 60: Table A.4 Estimated Total Cost of P
Page 61 and 62: $900 million per year market in the
Page 63 and 64: from long-term outages only as it t
Page 65 and 66: Figure A.9 Dynamic Voltage Restorer
Page 67 and 68: Rectifier/Charger: The rectifier/ch
Page 69 and 70: APPENDIX B: REVIEW OF NEW YORK POWE
Page 71 and 72: effective, power quality disturbanc
Page 73 and 74: The Project team reviewed the 2002
Page 75 and 76:
NYSEG CAIDI MEASURES 1999 - 2002 WI
Page 77 and 78:
Power Quality A section of the 2002
Page 79 and 80:
system were the fourth most frequen
Page 81 and 82:
The SAIDI (with storm) index showed
Page 83 and 84:
B.3 Niagara Mohawk Power Quality 20
Page 85 and 86:
Power Quality Investigation Managem
Page 87 and 88:
APPENDIX C CASE INFORMATION BASED O
Page 89 and 90:
Considered Distributed Generation?
Page 91 and 92:
Measures to Increase Reliability Th
Page 93 and 94:
Harbec was interested in a renewabl
Page 95 and 96:
With the old Unifins, when they wer
Page 97 and 98:
Since the blackout, JHMC has not ye
Page 99 and 100:
factor quality correction and/or ad
Page 101 and 102:
generator and 2 -2MW backup generat
Page 103 and 104:
PQ Related Costs Voltage/current sa
Page 105 and 106:
e started and stopped causing curre
Page 107 and 108:
Case Study - Major Network Televisi
Page 109 and 110:
space constraints, and fuel cost un
Page 111 and 112:
APPENDIX D POWER QUALITY GLOSSARY 4
Page 113 and 114:
Forward Transfer Impedance - The am
Page 115 and 116:
Nominal Voltage - The normal or des
Page 117 and 118:
Semiconductor - An electronic condu
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The Role of Distributed Generation in Power Quality and Reliability

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