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The PUCL petition also pointed to the inadequacy of government relief works in the Rajasthan drought condition. Thus, it linked the right to access relief works in a drought condition as to of the meaning of the right to food. As the Supreme Court pointed out in a later order, while agreeing with the High- Level Committee on Long-Term Grain Policy (Abhijit Sen Committee), employment generation should be distinct from food delivery: ‘This should not, however, undermine the importance of employment and income generation in eliminating hunger and malnutrition’ (Supreme Court Order of 2 May 2003). The different orders of the Supreme Court: l Established a Constitutional basis for the right to food in terms of the right to life; l Drew attention to the serious plight of the aged, destitute, etc; l Stated that where the hungry are not able to buy grain, even at the subsidized price, the relevant governments should consider giving them the grain free; l Pointed out that ‘Plenty of food is available, but distribution of the same amongst the very poor and destitute is scarce and non-existent leading to mal-nourishment, starvation and other related problems’; l Identified the various schemes to operationalize the right to food; l Changed the status of those who received food or income through these schemes from ‘beneficiaries’ to ‘rights-holders’; l Made the Government of India and the State Governments responsible for securing the right to food through these schemes; l Placed responsibility on specified government officials (Chief Secretary of the State Governments, District Magistrates) as being answerable for the implementation of the schemes that concretize the right to food, and thus being accountable for failures, like starvation deaths; and l Established Food Commissioners who would report on and monitor implementation of schemes constituting the right to food. At the level of rights, this is a reasonably comprehensive scheme with rights, ways of achieving them, responsibilities for achieving them, all fairly well specified. Given the fact that there is a clear perpetuation of both endemic starvation and frequent bouts of acute starvation, it is necessary to see how to link food security measures with development. Rights are critical in establishing the obligation of the state to provide a means of realizing those rights. But the measures that realize the right to food also need to be connected and contribute to development objectives, such as to improve productive capacities of small and marginal farmers, increase employment opportunities for agricultural labour, and empower women so as to increase the access to food through their normal economic activities. Measures relating to the above have all been discussed in various sections of this report. They need to be drawn together into a comprehensive package. APPENDIX I 137
Appendix II: Food Security Index (FSI) – A Methodological Note Appendix II: Food Security Index (FSI) – A Methodological Note At the outset we must state that the Food Security Index is calculated for rural areas only. All variables constructed in this section are for rural areas, unless otherwise specified. Here we have attempted to construct a Food Security Index (FSI) at the sub-state level, that is, the district level. The district having a higher index value is considered as relatively more food secure as compared to a district with a lower index value. Broadly, we have adopted Range Equalization Method (REM) approach, adopted by UNDP (HDR 2005); and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). One of the objectives of the district FSI is to show the district’s position in various dimensions of food security. The FSI is a composite index covering three dimensions, i.e. Availability factors, Access factors, and Absorption factors. Besides these three groups of factors, an additional component i.e. public entitlement has been used to explain how this influences food security. But the public entitlement factor is not included in the indices of food security. The public entitlement policy is based on various parameters which are supposed to be directly linked with food insecurity; the lower the level of food security, the greater should be public intervention. In such a scenario, the direction of public interventions should run counter to the FSI, though it need not be so. Table A 2.1: Choice of Indicators, Sources, Reference Year and Calculating Procedure in Bihar Name of Variable and Description Sources Ref. year (a) Availability 1. Proportion of net irrigated area to net sown area Department of Planning, 1998-99 Government of Bihar http://planning.bih.nic.in/ 2. Per capita value of agricultural output. In order to take Department of Planning, 1997-98 to account of the cyclical nature of agricultural production the Government of Bihar 1999-2000 variable uses an average of three to five years depending downloaded from on the availability of data. The value of each food and non- http://planning.bih.nic.in/ food item is derived by multiplying the amount of production with its price obtained from all-India prices of these items at constant 1993-94 prices. Adding the value of each and every food and non-food item, gives the overall value of agricultural output for a year. The per capita value of agricultural output is calculated by dividing the average value of agricultural output by total population in the midpoint year. 3. Percentage of inhabited villages having access to paved Census of India, 2001 2001 roads. This is calculated as a share of total number of villages in the district. (b) Access 1. Percentage of agricultural labour to total workers. Agricultural labour comprises both main and marginal workers* Census of India, 2001 2001 138 FOOD SECURITY ATLAS OF RURAL BIHAR
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Food Security Atlas Of Kaimur RURAL
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Copyright © 2009 The UN World Food
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i v
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TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP Chairperso
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viii
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Acknowledgements The preparation of
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Foreword Preface Acknowledgements L
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List of Tables, Figures, Maps and B
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List of Abbreviations AAGR Average
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary
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Having identified the twelve most f
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INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 1. Int
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produced or wage labour) and social
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As we have seen earlier, a reasonab
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A PROFILE OF THE STATE OF BIHAR Map
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(i) Human Development We may first
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Table 2.4: Region-wise Percentage S
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country. Even in terms of rural ele
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As evident from Table 2.10, for the
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There is a very high rural populati
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Food security is an outcome of the
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ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Box 3.1:
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ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Table 3.2
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some, even substantial, impact on t
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can acquire through sale of labour
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ig problem in rural areas (Krishnan
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The extent of irrigation is found t
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FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.3: Propor
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FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.5: Percen
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FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.6: Enviro
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4.5 Status of Availability Index Ta
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FOOD AVAILABILITY Map 4.5: Food Ava
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The critical significance of access
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ACCESS TO FOOD Table 5.2: Rural Cas
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5.3 Agricultural Labourers ACCESS T
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The proportion of agricultural labo
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ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.4: Proportion
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ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.5: Ratio of Wo
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ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.6: Status of R
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ACCESS TO FOOD Table 5.13: Level of
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Table 5.15 Contd... Paschim Champar
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It has been estimated that in devel
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42.76 per cent in Munger and 49.42
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FOOD ABSORPTION Table 6.3: Percenta
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6.3 Status of Districts on Absorpti
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7. Addressing Food Insecurity in Bi
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ADDRESSING FOOD INSECURITY IN BIHAR
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Table 7.3: Region-wise Priority Dis
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ADDRESSING FOOD INSECURITY IN BIHAR
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Table 7.9: Special Category Distric
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Page 108 and 109: In the case of casual wage rates it
Page 110 and 111: Table 7.14: District Ranks in Terms
Page 112 and 113: Table 7.15: District Ranks in Terms
Page 114 and 115: Serial District Rank In Terms of: N
Page 116 and 117: 8. Specific Policy Interventions fo
Page 118 and 119: Figure 8.1: Allocation Proposed und
Page 120 and 121: the case of 25 NFSM-wheat districts
Page 122 and 123: supply, rural electrification and r
Page 124 and 125: Map 8.1: Status of Public Intervent
Page 126 and 127: Access to PDS and the Poor Table 8.
Page 128 and 129: l The conflicts between dealers and
Page 130 and 131: In Bhojpur district, the food stock
Page 132 and 133: Provided that areas are not cut off
Page 134 and 135: land reform movements in India (e.g
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Page 138 and 139: 3. The water source should exist wi
Page 140 and 141: Table A. Original Values of Policy
Page 142 and 143: Table C. Policy Variable-wise Prior
Page 144 and 145: CONCLUSION 9. Conclusion: Towards a
Page 146 and 147: The linking of food schemes with in
Page 148 and 149: From the point of view of policy in
Page 150 and 151: Agarwal, Bina (1994), “A Field of
Page 152 and 153: Mishra, Srijit (2007b), Agriculture
Page 154 and 155: APPENDIX I Appendix I: The Right to
Page 158 and 159: Name of Variable and Description So
Page 160 and 161: here is based on two child-related
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