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ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Table 3.3: Bihar Food Security Outcome Index (FSOI) Status Secure Moderately Moderately Severely Extremely Secure Insecure Insecure Insecure Saran Nawada Supaul Katihar Kishanganj Patna Bhojpur Pashchim Madhepura Araria Champaran Munger Vaishali Jamui Purnia Rohtas Gopalganj Madhubani Sheohar Banka Begusarai Samastipur Aurangabad Siwan Saharsa Purbi Champaran Kaimur Sheikhpura Buxar Gaya Sitamarhi Bhagalpur Muzaffarpur Nalanda Darbhanga Khagaria Lakhisarai Number of 11 10 7 2 Districts = 7 As may be observed from Table 3.3, the secure group contains 7 districts, followed by 11 in the moderately secure group which is the largest group, 10 in the moderately insecure group, 7 in the severely insecure group, and 2 in the extremely insecure group. The two most food insecure districts are Araria and Kishanganj. As may be seen from Map 3.1, these lie in the north-east corner of Bihar and belong to the least developed region. As brought out earlier, the Northern portion of Bihar is by and large less developed than the Southern region. Among the seven districts in the very insecure category, Katihar, Madhepura, Purnia, Sheohar and Sitamarhi also lie in the Northern least developed region. Thus these nine districts belonging to the severely or very food insecure category need to be the special target of policies to eliminate food insecurity. The ten districts in the moderately insecure (MIS) category comprise a mix of districts. Supaul, Purbi Champaran, Paschim Champaran and Madhubani all lie in the Northern region and belong to the low development category. Jehananbad belongs to the Southern region. The remaining districts all lie in the Southern region, which is relatively more developed. In contrast, the eighteen districts belonging to the secure (S) and moderately secure (MS) category are mostly located in the Southern region with the exception of two or three districts, e.g. Gopalganj, Saharsa and its neighbour Khagaria. 3.3 Explaining Food Security Taking the under-five mortality and child malnutrition rates as the outcomes of food security, one could rank districts on the basis of this index, as done earlier. If the objective of the exercise were merely 29
to decide on the districts in which to concentrate food security interventions, then such a ranking would be sufficient. But this would say nothing about the types of interventions that should be undertaken in order to improve food security, which is one of the key objectives of the study. However, food security indicators can draw attention to the factors and specific areas that distinguish the food secure from the food insecure districts. Of course, such association between indicators in an index cannot tell us what the causal relation between them and food security is. For instance, if we find that the adult female literacy is consistently higher in food secure districts and consistently lower in food insecure districts that only shows a correlation between adult female literacy and food security. A deeper analysis is required to explain why such a relationship exists. Whether it is due to an enhanced women’s agency contributing to a better utilisation of household income, or through literate women having a better knowledge of improved nutritional practices, or some other relation, it is for analysis to bring out these relations. But the indicators can draw attention to the issues for which significant differences exist. It would even be possible to rank these variables, a rank that would point to the extent to which these variables are different between districts. Such an analysis could also point to variations between food insecure districts – the same variables may not contribute the most to the low index in all districts, or some of them may even move in opposite directions. Food security is the ability of a household to command food (its food entitlements), generally acquired through the net result of its livelihood activities (plus any other non-livelihood-based entitlements), that is crucial in determining food security of the household. These livelihood activities, from the point of view of food security, are valued not only for the food they might directly produce, if at all they produce food, but also from the point of the command over food that they give to the household. It is at this level of effective demand for food (both consumed out of self-production and purchased) that market failures take place, requiring public intervention of different kinds. Food production, or agricultural production contributes as main part of rural livelihood activities that provide command over food. Within a household, it is known that there are gender differences in entitlements. Consequently, it is necessary to deal with not just factors influencing household entitlements, but also those influencing individual entitlements within the household. Factors of gender differentiation and discrimination come into the picture in influencing individual entitlements of women and men, girls and boys. Further, there could be a substantial imbalance between the use of energy and its replacement through food. Given that women generally work longer hours than men and that women also get less nutrition than men, this imbalance could itself be a factor in nutritional shortfalls for women. Entitlements are not only based on an individual’s or household’s own economic attainments. There are also government – or community-based – entitlements. Government-organised entitlements have been gaining in importance, while community-based entitlements have been in decline, even among adivasis. The operation of various schemes, such as the Mid-Day Meal Scheme in schools, do have 30 FOOD SECURITY ATLAS OF RURAL BIHAR
Page 1 and 2: Food Security Atlas Of Kaimur RURAL
Page 3 and 4: Copyright © 2009 The UN World Food
Page 5 and 6: i v
Page 7 and 8: TECHNICAL ADVISORY GROUP Chairperso
Page 9 and 10: viii
Page 12 and 13: Acknowledgements The preparation of
Page 14 and 15: Foreword Preface Acknowledgements L
Page 16 and 17: List of Tables, Figures, Maps and B
Page 18 and 19: List of Abbreviations AAGR Average
Page 20 and 21: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Executive Summary
Page 22 and 23: Having identified the twelve most f
Page 24 and 25: INTRODUCTION 1. Introduction 1. Int
Page 26 and 27: produced or wage labour) and social
Page 28 and 29: As we have seen earlier, a reasonab
Page 30 and 31: A PROFILE OF THE STATE OF BIHAR Map
Page 32 and 33: (i) Human Development We may first
Page 34 and 35: Table 2.4: Region-wise Percentage S
Page 36 and 37: country. Even in terms of rural ele
Page 38 and 39: As evident from Table 2.10, for the
Page 40 and 41: There is a very high rural populati
Page 42 and 43: Food security is an outcome of the
Page 44 and 45: ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Box 3.1:
Page 46 and 47: ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Table 3.2
Page 50 and 51: some, even substantial, impact on t
Page 52 and 53: can acquire through sale of labour
Page 54 and 55: ig problem in rural areas (Krishnan
Page 56 and 57: ANALYSIS OF FOOD SECURITY Table 3.5
Page 58 and 59: The extent of irrigation is found t
Page 60 and 61: FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.3: Propor
Page 62 and 63: FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.5: Percen
Page 64 and 65: FOOD AVAILABILITY Table 4.6: Enviro
Page 66 and 67: 4.5 Status of Availability Index Ta
Page 68 and 69: FOOD AVAILABILITY Map 4.5: Food Ava
Page 70 and 71: The critical significance of access
Page 72 and 73: ACCESS TO FOOD Table 5.2: Rural Cas
Page 74 and 75: 5.3 Agricultural Labourers ACCESS T
Page 76 and 77: The proportion of agricultural labo
Page 78 and 79: ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.4: Proportion
Page 80 and 81: ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.5: Ratio of Wo
Page 82 and 83: ACCESS TO FOOD Map 5.6: Status of R
Page 84 and 85: ACCESS TO FOOD Table 5.13: Level of
Page 86 and 87: Table 5.15 Contd... Paschim Champar
Page 88 and 89: It has been estimated that in devel
Page 90 and 91: 42.76 per cent in Munger and 49.42
Page 92 and 93: FOOD ABSORPTION Table 6.3: Percenta
Page 94 and 95: 6.3 Status of Districts on Absorpti
Page 96 and 97: 7. Addressing Food Insecurity in Bi
Page 98 and 99:
ADDRESSING FOOD INSECURITY IN BIHAR
Page 100 and 101:
Table 7.3: Region-wise Priority Dis
Page 102 and 103:
ADDRESSING FOOD INSECURITY IN BIHAR
Page 104 and 105:
Table 7.9: Special Category Distric
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Table 7.12: Intercorrelation Matrix
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In the case of casual wage rates it
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Table 7.14: District Ranks in Terms
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Table 7.15: District Ranks in Terms
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Serial District Rank In Terms of: N
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8. Specific Policy Interventions fo
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Figure 8.1: Allocation Proposed und
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the case of 25 NFSM-wheat districts
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supply, rural electrification and r
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Map 8.1: Status of Public Intervent
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Access to PDS and the Poor Table 8.
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l The conflicts between dealers and
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In Bhojpur district, the food stock
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Provided that areas are not cut off
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land reform movements in India (e.g
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Is it likely that there would be en
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3. The water source should exist wi
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Table A. Original Values of Policy
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Table C. Policy Variable-wise Prior
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CONCLUSION 9. Conclusion: Towards a
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The linking of food schemes with in
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From the point of view of policy in
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Agarwal, Bina (1994), “A Field of
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Mishra, Srijit (2007b), Agriculture
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APPENDIX I Appendix I: The Right to
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The PUCL petition also pointed to t
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Name of Variable and Description So
Page 160 and 161:
here is based on two child-related
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