Processed feed pea and canola meal for blue shrimp diets

88
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L.E. Cruz-Suarez et al.rAquaculture 196 2001 87–104
Ž .
protein CP loss following a 1-h immersion in water. This study showed that whole raw feed pea
is a very acceptable ingredient for blue shrimp diets; extrusion cooking improved feed conversion
ratio and PER, and micronizing peas enhanced feed intake, while dehulling had no effect. q 2001
Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Crustacean; Nutrition; Growth; Digestibility; Peas; Canola
1. Introduction
Recent reports have described grain legumes or pulses, such as field peas as potential
ingredients for aquaculture feeds ŽAllan, 1998; Novoa and Castillo, 1998; Allan et al.,
1999a; Booth et al., 1999 .. Some reports have indicated that pea meal is an acceptable
ingredient in diets for rainbow trout ŽKaushik et al., 1993; Gomes et al., 1993, 1995;
Burel et al., 1996 ., tilapia Ž Fontainhes-Fernandes et al., 1997 ., silver perch ŽAllan, 1997;
Allan et al., 1999b; Booth et al., 1999 ., tiger shrimp Ž Smith et al., 1999.
and European
sea bass Ž Santos and Gomes, 1997; Gouveia and Davies, 1998, 2000 .. Peas offer
flexibility in feedstuff selection to the feed manufacturer as they may replace both grain
Ž e.g., maize corn, wheat. and protein Ž e.g., soybean meal and fish meal.
but their use has
been limited due to concerns about the presence of anti-nutritional factors ŽTacon,
1997 .. Studies with rainbow trout have shown that prior heat treatment was necessary to
improve digestibility and possibly inactivate anti-nutritional factors ŽKaushik et al.,
1993; Pfeffer et al., 1995 .. Feed peas, the designation for the round shaped, low tannin
varieties of Pisum satiÕum, are a major pulse crop marketed extensively in Europe and
Canada as a source of carbohydrate, mainly starch, and protein for livestock feeds
Ž UNIP-ITCF, 1995 .. As a result of plant breeding, several anti-nutritional factors in feed
peas including tannins and anti-trypsins, have been eliminated or substantially reduced
Ž Castell et al., 1996 ..
Starches are low cost sources of dietary energy and are generally well utilized by
shrimp Ž Catacutan, 1991; Shiau and Peng, 1992; Cruz-Suarez ´ et al., 1994 .. Thermal
processing to gelatinize starch increased its digestibility in diets fed to Litopenaeus
Õannamei Ž Davis and Arnold, 1993; Cousin et al., 1996 .. However, extrusion conditions
Ž none, wet or dry.
differentially affected energy digestibility coefficients of cereal grains
Ž Davis and Arnold, 1995 .. Dehulled peas had higher apparent digestibility coefficients
for energy, crude protein Ž CP.
and essential amino acids than whole peas when included
in formulated diets fed to silver perch Allan Ž 1997 .. Dehulling has also been shown to
improve the nutritional value of leguminous seeds as ingredients in diets for Penaeus
monodon Ž Eusebio, 1991 ..
Canola meal is a particularly rich plant source of sulphur containing amino acids for
fish diets Ž Higgs et al., 1995.
but its potential value as an ingredient in shrimp feed has
received little attention Ž Buchanan et al., 1997 .. Extrusion processing has also been
shown to improve the nutritive value of canola meal Ž Satoh et al., 1998 ..
The objective of the present study was to assess growth, nutrient utilization, survival
and digestibility in blue shrimp fed whole, dehulled, extrusion cooked and micronized
feed peas, and extruded canola meal, and held under laboratory conditions.