Processed feed pea and canola meal for blue shrimp diets

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88 ( ) L.E. Cruz-Suarez et al.rAquaculture 196 2001 87–104 Ž . protein CP loss following a 1-h immersion in water. This study showed that whole raw feed pea is a very acceptable ingredient for blue shrimp diets; extrusion cooking improved feed conversion ratio and PER, and micronizing peas enhanced feed intake, while dehulling had no effect. q 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Crustacean; Nutrition; Growth; Digestibility; Peas; Canola 1. Introduction Recent reports have described grain legumes or pulses, such as field peas as potential ingredients for aquaculture feeds ŽAllan, 1998; Novoa and Castillo, 1998; Allan et al., 1999a; Booth et al., 1999 .. Some reports have indicated that pea meal is an acceptable ingredient in diets for rainbow trout ŽKaushik et al., 1993; Gomes et al., 1993, 1995; Burel et al., 1996 ., tilapia Ž Fontainhes-Fernandes et al., 1997 ., silver perch ŽAllan, 1997; Allan et al., 1999b; Booth et al., 1999 ., tiger shrimp Ž Smith et al., 1999. and European sea bass Ž Santos and Gomes, 1997; Gouveia and Davies, 1998, 2000 .. Peas offer flexibility in feedstuff selection to the feed manufacturer as they may replace both grain Ž e.g., maize corn, wheat. and protein Ž e.g., soybean meal and fish meal. but their use has been limited due to concerns about the presence of anti-nutritional factors ŽTacon, 1997 .. Studies with rainbow trout have shown that prior heat treatment was necessary to improve digestibility and possibly inactivate anti-nutritional factors ŽKaushik et al., 1993; Pfeffer et al., 1995 .. Feed peas, the designation for the round shaped, low tannin varieties of Pisum satiÕum, are a major pulse crop marketed extensively in Europe and Canada as a source of carbohydrate, mainly starch, and protein for livestock feeds Ž UNIP-ITCF, 1995 .. As a result of plant breeding, several anti-nutritional factors in feed peas including tannins and anti-trypsins, have been eliminated or substantially reduced Ž Castell et al., 1996 .. Starches are low cost sources of dietary energy and are generally well utilized by shrimp Ž Catacutan, 1991; Shiau and Peng, 1992; Cruz-Suarez ´ et al., 1994 .. Thermal processing to gelatinize starch increased its digestibility in diets fed to Litopenaeus Õannamei Ž Davis and Arnold, 1993; Cousin et al., 1996 .. However, extrusion conditions Ž none, wet or dry. differentially affected energy digestibility coefficients of cereal grains Ž Davis and Arnold, 1995 .. Dehulled peas had higher apparent digestibility coefficients for energy, crude protein Ž CP. and essential amino acids than whole peas when included in formulated diets fed to silver perch Allan Ž 1997 .. Dehulling has also been shown to improve the nutritional value of leguminous seeds as ingredients in diets for Penaeus monodon Ž Eusebio, 1991 .. Canola meal is a particularly rich plant source of sulphur containing amino acids for fish diets Ž Higgs et al., 1995. but its potential value as an ingredient in shrimp feed has received little attention Ž Buchanan et al., 1997 .. Extrusion processing has also been shown to improve the nutritive value of canola meal Ž Satoh et al., 1998 .. The objective of the present study was to assess growth, nutrient utilization, survival and digestibility in blue shrimp fed whole, dehulled, extrusion cooked and micronized feed peas, and extruded canola meal, and held under laboratory conditions.
2. Material and methods ( ) L.E. Cruz-Suarez et al.rAquaculture 196 2001 87–104 89 2.1. Diets A lot of commercial dry peas P. satiÕum composed of mixed Canadian prairie varieties was processed to prepare the respective meals. Whole and dehulled peas were pin-milled to produce raw flours, WRA and DRA, respectively. Portions of these flours were preconditioned Ž Wenger model 2 DDC. and extruded with a co-rotating twin screw extruder Ž Werner and Pfleiderer ZSK-57. through 1r4 in. round hole dies at a product temperature reaching 1458C at the die plate, and pressure ranging between 620 and 740 psi. The extruder screw was 147 cm long with a lengthrdiameter ratio of 24:1. The material was fed into the conditioner at a rate of 90.9, 93.6 and 113.6 kgrh for whole peas, dehulled peas and canola meal, respectively, and water was injected at a rate of 4.5 lrh. The material was then dried in a fluid bed dryer at 1108C and pin milled to produce whole and dehulled extruded meals Ž WEX and DEX, respectively .. Commercial canola meal was similarly extruded and ground Ž CEX .. Another portion of whole peas was tempered to 14% moisture and processed using infrared cooking, reaching a temperature of 1208C. The heat-treated Ž micronized. peas were subsequently rolled to produce a flake and then milled into a fine powder Ž WMI .. The proximate composition and effects of heat treatment on starch gelatinization in the pea meals are presented in Table 1. Isonitrogenous and isoenergetic Ž gross energy. experimental diets for the growth trial were formulated to contain 30% of the test meals, and to meet the nutrient requirements Ž Akiyama et al., 1991. with proteinrenergy ratios Ž Cruz-Suarez ´ et al., 2000. recommended for shrimp Ž Table 2 .. The test pea meals were included in the experimental diets 1 to 5 to replace a portion of a soybean meal and wheat flour mix Ž1:3 parts, respectively. in the practical control diet 7. In test diet 6, extruded canola meal replaced a portion of soybean meal, fish meal and wheat Ž 1:2:3 parts, respectively .. Table 1 Proximate analysis of the test ingredients, and degree of gelatinization in pea starch before feed manufacture Ingredients Whole Whole Dehulled Dehulled Whole Canola peas peas peas peas peas meal Process raw extruded raw extruded micronized extruded Ž WRA. Ž WEX. Ž DRA. Ž DEX. Ž WMI. Ž CEX. Moisture 7.5 8.0 7.9 8.3 6.5 5.7 1 Protein 21.3 21.8 23.7 23.3 21.1 39.4 1 Lipid 1.4 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.5 4.1 1 Ash 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 7.8 1 Crude fiber 6.3 6.5 1.5 1.6 7.2 13.3 1 NFE 67.9 67.2 70.3 70.5 67.1 35.5 2 Gelatinisation 52 389 70 437 66 – Ž mg glurg. 1 % of the dry matter, NFEsnitrogen free extract, calculated by difference. 2 mg glucose released per g sample by digestion with amyloglucosidase.
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Processed feed pea and canola meal for blue shrimp diets

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