1 Procedural and Substantive Conceptions of Democracy in Four ...

Table 4. Religion and Conceptions of Democracy
(1) (2) (3)
Procedural (0=neither procedural; 3=both
Gender (1=female) -0.185 -0.175 -0.153
[0.045]** [0.046]** [0.047]**
Age (in years) -0.005 -0.005 -0.006
[0.008] [0.008] [0.008]
Age-Squared/100 0.008 0.008 0.009
[0.010] [0.010] [0.010]
Christian (1=yes) 0.183 0.202 0.198
[0.095] [0.097]* [0.101]*
Quran Reading (0=none; 1=every day/almost) -0.230 -0.243 -0.256
[0.075]** [0.076]** [0.077]**
Education (0=illiterate; 1=MA or higher) 0.589 0.597 0.569
[0.099]** [0.100]** [0.101]**
Family Income (deciles: 0-1) 0.187 0.193 0.189
[0.087]* [0.088]* [0.088]*
Income Missing 0.020 0.018 -0.001
[0.060] [0.060] [0.060]
Interest and Participation Index (0-1) 0.518 0.520 0.518
[0.098]** [0.098]** [0.099]**
Economy Most Important Problem (0-1) -0.054 -0.056 -0.042
[0.055] [0.055] [0.055]
Pocketbook Evaluation (0=very bad 1=verygood) 0.073 0.075 0.075
[0.088] [0.088] [0.087]
Sociotropic Evaluation (0=very bad 1=verygood) 0.043 0.040 0.040
[0.091] [0.091] [0.092]
Islamist Conservatism Scale (0-1) 0.162
[0.173]
Country (1=Jordan) -0.032 -0.058 0.019
[0.083] [0.088] [0.097]
Country (1=Palestine) 0.456 0.426 0.483
[0.075]** [0.080]** [0.087]**
Country (1=Algeria) 0.034 0.002 0.085
[0.086] [0.093] [0.102]
Constant 0.862 0.796 0.689
[0.191]** [0.202]** [0.255]**
Includes 22 separate measures of religious attitudes? No No Yes
Observations 2540 2540 2540
R-squared 0.097 0.097 0.110
Note: Results from OLS regression models. Robust standard errors in brackets. * significant at 5%; **
significant at 1%.