1 Procedural and Substantive Conceptions of Democracy in Four ...

Table A2. Correlates of Conceptions of Democracy: Robustness Checks
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Procedural (0=neither procedural; 3=both procedural)
Gender (1=female) -0.232 -0.182 -0.215 -0.179 -0.184 -0.230 -0.235 -0.233 -0.233 -0.185 -0.315
[0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.035]** [0.061]**
Age (in years) -0.006 -0.009 -0.007 -0.009 -0.009 -0.006 -0.005 -0.006 -0.006 -0.009 -0.015
[0.007] [0.006] [0.007] [0.006] [0.006] [0.007] [0.007] [0.007] [0.007] [0.007] [0.012]
Age-Squared/100 0.010 0.013 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.011 0.010 0.010 0.010 0.013 0.023
[0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.008] [0.014]
Christian (1=yes) 0.043 0.056 0.047 0.056 0.054 0.037 0.046 0.044 0.040 0.052 0.113
[0.072] [0.071] [0.072] [0.072] [0.072] [0.072] [0.072] [0.072] [0.073] [0.072] [0.131]
Quran Reading (0=none; 1=every day/almost) -0.148 -0.178 -0.161 -0.180 -0.180 -0.146 -0.150 -0.148 -0.147 -0.179 -0.327
[0.058]* [0.057]** [0.058]** [0.057]** [0.058]** [0.058]* [0.058]** [0.058]* [0.058]* [0.058]** [0.102]**
Education (0=illiterate; 1=MA or higher) 0.529 0.424 0.510 0.423 0.450 0.527 0.525 0.531 0.523 0.445 0.795
[0.078]** [0.079]** [0.078]** [0.079]** [0.079]** [0.078]** [0.078]** [0.078]** [0.078]** [0.079]** [0.140]**
Family Income (deciles: 0-1) 0.256 0.208 0.250 0.208 0.223 0.254 0.240 0.254 0.237 0.204 0.347
[0.069]** [0.069]** [0.069]** [0.069]** [0.069]** [0.069]** [0.071]** [0.069]** [0.071]** [0.071]** [0.124]**
Income Missing 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.006 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.012
[0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.046] [0.077]
Interest in Politics Scale (0-1) 0.468 0.448
[0.064]** [0.068]**
Political Participation (0-1) 0.200 0.058
[0.064]** [0.067]
Interest and Participation Index (0-1) 0.494 0.492 0.872
[0.079]** [0.079]** [0.139]**
Economy Most Important Problem (0-1) -0.063 -0.063 -0.056 -0.103
[0.044] [0.044] [0.044] [0.074]
Pocketbook Evaluation (0=very bad 1=very good) 0.072 0.071 0.073 0.134
[0.069] [0.073] [0.073] [0.126]
Sociotropic Evaluation (0=very bad 1=very good) 0.032 0.003 0.010 0.043
[0.069] [0.074] [0.074] [0.127]
Country (1=Jordan) -0.241 -0.123 -0.215 -0.120 -0.147 -0.241 -0.248 -0.252 -0.250 -0.159 -0.310
[0.062]** [0.063] [0.062]** [0.063] [0.063]* [0.062]** [0.062]** [0.067]** [0.067]** [0.068]* [0.122]*
Country (1=Palestine) 0.398 0.427 0.393 0.425 0.407 0.364 0.397 0.394 0.363 0.375 0.631
[0.060]** [0.059]** [0.060]** [0.059]** [0.059]** [0.063]** [0.060]** [0.060]** [0.064]** [0.063]** [0.109]**
Country (1=Algeria) 0.064 0.181 0.085 0.182 0.152 0.057 0.059 0.053 0.051 0.138 0.219
[0.061] [0.063]** [0.062] [0.063]** [0.063]* [0.062] [0.062] [0.066] [0.066] [0.068]* [0.117]
Constant 1.149 0.989 1.109 0.984 1.015 1.204 1.116 1.142 1.171 1.028
[0.145]** [0.144]** [0.146]** [0.144]** [0.145]** [0.149]** [0.148]** [0.146]** [0.153]** [0.153]**
Observations 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026 4026
R-squared 0.081 0.093 0.083 0.093 0.090 0.081 0.081 0.081 0.082 0.091
Note: Results from OLS regression models, except column (11) which reports coefficients from an ordered logit model. Robust standard errors in brackets. * significant at 5%; ** significant at 1%.