Engineering Manual o.. - HVAC.Amickracing

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CHILLER, BOILER, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONSPrimary Thermal Units: Thermal production water elements suchas chillers and boilers. Thermal production air elementssuch as air handlers.Rangeability: The ratio of maximum to minimum flow of a valvewithin which the deviation from the inherent flowcharacteristic does not exceed some stated limits.Refrigerant pressure: The pressure difference betweencompressor suction and discharge pressures or thetemperature difference between condensing andevaporating temperatures.Secondary Thermal Units: Thermal consumption water elementssuch as AHU coils. Thermal consumption air elementssuch as VAV boxes.Superheat: The additional heat contained in a vapor at atemperature higher than the saturation (boiling)temperature corresponding to the pressure of the vapor.Surge: A condition where refrigerant reverses flow approximatelyevery two seconds creating excessive noise, vibration,and heat. Surge is caused by insufficient pumpingpressure to meet the rise in pressure from evaporator tocondenser.Symmetrical loading: Diversity in multiple load systems, whereindividual loads operate at the same time and samepercentage loading as the others.Variable speed pumping (VSP): A pumping system where theflow/pressure is varied by changing the pump speed.Diversity factor = 1.SYMBOLSThe following symbols are used in the system schematics following. These symbols denote the nature of the device, such as athermometer for temperature sensing.CONTROLLER, TEMPERATUREFANSENSOR, TEMPERATURELOW LIMITHIGH LIMITPRESSURE CONTROLLER,HIGH LIMIT CUT-OUT,MANUAL RESETMANUAL RESET NOTATION13INSERTION TEMPERATURE SENSOR0.45PRESSURE SENSOR13TEMPERATURE SENSOR,AVERAGINGCOOLING COILNORMALTEMPERATURE CONTROLLER,MANUAL RESET, SAFETY LOW LIMITHEATING COILAUTOMANUAL MULTI-STATECOMMAND (ON-OFF-AUTO)ONSTATUS POINTFILTER63VALUE POINT (% LOAD)74COMMANDABLE VALUEPUMP3-WAY VALVE WITH ACTUATORSOLENOID VALVE2-WAY VALVE WITH ACTUATORSMOKE DETECTOR(NFPA SYMBOL)DAMPER WITH ACTUATORPROPELLER EXHAUST FANM15150296ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL
CHILLER, BOILER, AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICATIONSCHILLER SYSTEM CONTROLINTRODUCTIONA chilled water system consists of a refrigeration system (waterchiller), a chilled water distribution system, loads cooled by thechilled water and a means of dissipating the heat collected by thesystem. The refrigeration system cools water pumped through itby a chilled water pump. The chilled water flows through thedistribution system to coils in air handling units or terminal units.Heat is removed from the refrigeration system using water or air.For chilled water control within AHU systems, see the AirHandling System Control Applications section.Chilled water systems are used in many buildings for coolingbecause of their flexibility and operating cost compared with directexpansion (DX) cooling coil systems. Typically chilled water isgenerated at a central location by one or more chillers anddistributed to coils in air handling system (Fig. 1). The quantityand temperature of the water supplied must be sufficient to meetthe needs of all fan systems. Since the chilled water system is themajor user of energy in many buildings, energy costs should be aconsideration in chilled water plant configuration.HEATREJECTIONEQUIPMENTOPENCOOLINGTOWERWATERCHILLERBUILDINGAIRHANDLERSAIR HANDLERSFig. 1. Typical Water Chilling System.C602-1A chilled water system can provide hot water for a heatingload when a simultaneous heating and cooling load exists. Itcan be used with a chilled water, ice tank, or phase changematerial thermal storage system to lower the peak load demandand allow use of a smaller chiller. It can use the system coolingtower during light load conditions to supply cool water to thesystem without running the chiller, if the outside air (OA) WBtemperature is low enough.Chiller capacity controls are usually factory installed by thechiller manufacturer. The BMCS usually stages chillers on andoff, provides chiller controls with a chilled water temperaturesetpoint, and controls the condenser water system. Chillers areusually controlled from their leaving water temperature; exceptthat chillers using reciprocating compressors are often controlledfrom their entering water temperature, since staging and loadingin steps causes steps in the leaving water temperature.Chiller types are classified by type of refrigeration cycle: vaporcompressionor absorption. In addition, those using the vaporcompressioncycle are referred to by the type of compressor:centrifugal or positive displacement. A positive displacementcompressor can be either reciprocating or screw for this discussion.See related ASHRAE and chiller manufacturers manuals fordetailed information of chiller cycles.VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATIONVAPOR-COMPRESSION CYCLEThe vapor-compression cycle is the most common type ofrefrigeration system. When the compressor (Fig. 2) starts, theincreased pressure on the high side and the decreased pressureon the low side causes liquid refrigerant to flow from the receiverto the expansion valve. The expansion valve is a restriction inthe liquid line which meters the refrigerant into the evaporator.It establishes a boundary between the low (pressure) side,including the evaporator and the high (pressure) side, includingthe condenser and the receiver. The compressor is the otherboundary. The liquid refrigerant in the evaporator boils as itabsorbs heat from the chilled water. The refrigerant leaves theevaporator and enters the compressor as a cold low-pressuregas. The refrigerant leaves the compressor as a hot high-pressuregas and passes through the condenser where it is cooled by thecondenser water until it condenses and returns to the receiveras a liquid. The cycle is the same regardless of the compressortype or refrigerant used.Two common types of expansion valves are constant pressureand thermostatic. The constant pressure valve is suitable onlywhen the load is constant. It is essentially a pressure regulatorwhich maintains a constant pressure in the evaporator.The thermostatic expansion valve is used for varying coolingloads, such as those found in <strong>HVAC</strong> systems. It has a remotetemperature sensing element which is usually installed on thesuction line between the evaporator and the compressor. It isset to adjust the expansion valve so there is a small amount ofsuperheat in the suction line refrigerant. Superheat means thatall of the liquid has evaporated and the vapor has been heatedabove the evaporation temperature by the water or air beingcooled. This prevents liquid from entering the compressor.A flooded shell and tube chiller evaporator (Fig. 3) is usuallyused with centrifugal compressors while, a direct expansion chillerevaporator (Fig. 4) is used with positive displacement compressors.In both cases the condenser is a large pressure cylinder (shell)with tubes connected to inlet and outlet headers. In the floodedshell and tube type evaporator, the shell is about 80 percent filledwith refrigerant and the chilled water flows through the tubes.Heat from the water evaporates the refrigerant surrounding thetubes which cools the water. The refrigerant vapor rises to the topof the shell and into the refrigerant suction line.ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL297
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FOREWORDThe Minneapolis Honeywell R
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Electronic Control Fundamentals ...
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Engineering Information ...........
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT MANAGEMENT FUNDAME
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSControl System
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSDeadband: A ran
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSHVAC SYSTEM CHA
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSInfiltration is
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSROTATINGGRANULA
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS-PATHOFIONSAIRF
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSOPENFINALCONTRO
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSBecause the hea
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSON“CLOSE”SW
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSOUTDOOR AIRTEMP
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPROPORTIONAL-IN
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSVALVESTEAM(CONT
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSIn terms of hea
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFLAPPERSPRINGSI
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCHARACTERISTICS
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSPsy
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSWAT
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS-18
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSREF
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSRec
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSCOO
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS32
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS∞
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPneum
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSINTRO
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSReset
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSActua
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFigur
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSHIGH-
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFigur
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSMMBTE
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS— T
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCHANG
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPNEUM
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSAny t
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSRETUR
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSElectr
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSINTROD
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSDamper
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCONTRO
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSSERIES
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSWhen t
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSDPDTSW
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ELECTRIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSOPERAT
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSElec
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSElec
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSSENS
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSTher
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPOLY
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ELECTRONIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSELEC
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSIndo
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSINTR
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSSick
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSTabl
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSHEAL
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSActi
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSVENT
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSEnvi
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSFLOW
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSROOF
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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSFigu
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSSmoke
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSSmoke
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSDESIGN
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSHVACHV
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSALARMD
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALS4. Sys
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BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FUNDAMEN
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSCONTRO
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AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICA
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CHILLER, BOILER, AND DISTRIBUTION S
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INDIVIDUAL ROOM CONTROL APPLICATION
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SMOKE MANAGEMENT FUNDAMENTALSENGINE
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGValve Sel
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGQuick-ope
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGBall valv
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGGLOBE VAL
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZING— Graph
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGThe close
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGb. The pr
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGCASE A: 3
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGSTEAM VAL
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGDamper S
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGINTRODUC
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGBLADEEDG
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGMULTIPLE
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGLINKAGEA
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGtwist on
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGJACKSHAF
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZING100CHARA
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGA damper
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAGeneral Eng
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAWEIGHT/MASS
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATATable 8. Ce
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAPOWERExisti
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAELECTRICAL
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAELECTRIC MO
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAAIRFLOW DAT
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAMOISTURE CO
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATARELATIVE HU
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INDEXINDEXENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUT
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INDEXASHRAE Psychrometric Charts 53
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INDEXFan ControlOn-Off 317Two-Speed
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INDEXFlame SafeguardControl 330Inst
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INDEXOperator interface 167Optimum
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INDEXSeries 60Actuators 103, 106Con
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INDEXValve FlowCharacteristics 376,
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NOTESINDEXENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUT
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INDEXNOTESENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUT
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INDEXNOTESENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUT
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