THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM

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[108] G. Z. Molière. Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen. II. Mehrfach- und Vielfachstreuung.Z. Naturforsch, 3a:78–97, 1948.[109] C. Møller. Passage of hard beta rays through matter. Ann. Physik, 14:531, 1932.[110] L. R. M. Morin. Molecular form factors and photon coherent scattering cross sections forwater. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11:1091, 1982.[111] J. W. Motz, H. A. Olsen, and H. W. Koch. Pair production by photons. Rev. Mod. Phys.,41:581–639, 1969.[112] H. H. Nagel. Die Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei mit Hilfe der Monte-Carlo Methode. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Hohen Mathematich-NaturwissenschaftlichenFakultät der Rheinischen Freidrich-Wilhelms-Universität,Bonn, 1964.[113] H. H. Nagel. Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei: Monte-Carlo-Rechnungen für Primärelektronenergienzwischen 100 und 1000 MeV. Z. Physik, 186:319–346, 1965. English translation,Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report Number SLAC-TRANS-28, 1965.[114] H. H. Nagel. Private communication in the form of notes left by the author at the StanfordLinear Accelerator Center, August 1966.[115] H. H. Nagel and C. Schlier. Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei für einePrimärenergie von 200 MeV. Z. Physik, 174:464–471, 1963.[116] Y. Namito, S. Ban, and H. Hirayama. Implementation of linearly-polarized photon scatteringinto the EGS4 code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 322:277–283, 1993.[117] Y. Namito, S. Ban, and H. Hirayama. Implementation of Doppler broadening of Comptonscatteredphotons into the EGS4 code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 349:489–494, 1994.[118] Y. Namito, S. Ban, H. Hirayama, S. Tanaka, H. Nakashima, Y. Nakane, Y. Sakamoto,N. Sasamoto, and Y. Asano. Compton scattering of 20- to 40-keV photons. Phys. Rev.A, 51:3036–3043, 1995.[119] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Improvement of low energy photon transport calculation byEGS4—electron bound effect in Compton scattering. J. Atom. Energ. Soc. Jpn., page 401,1991.[120] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Implementation of the electron impact ionization into the EGS4code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 423:238–246, 1999.[121] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Improvement of the cross-section and branching-ratio evaluationin EGS4 in the energy interval which has an absorption-edge. In Proceedings of the EighthEGS4 User’s Meeting in Japan, pages 1–6, Japan, 1999. (KEK Proceedings 99-15).[122] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. LSCAT: Low-energy photon-scattering expansion for the EGS4code (inclusion of electron impact ionization). KEK Internal 2000-4, High Energy AcceleratorResearch Organization, Japan, 2000.416
[123] Y. Namito, H. Hirayama, A. Takamura, and T. Sugita. EGS4 Particle trajectory and geometrydisplay program cgview ver 1.2. KEK Internal 2004-8, High Energy Accelerator ResearchOrganization, Japan, 2004.[124] Y. Namito, W. R. Nelson, S. M. Seltzer, A. F. Bielajew, and D. W. O. Rogers. Low-energyx-ray production studies using the EGS4 code system . Med. Phys., 17:557 (abstract), 1990.[125] W. R. Nelson and A. F. Bielajew. EGS — A Technology spinoff to medicine. Beam Line(#1), 21:7–11, 1991.[126] W. R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, and D. W. O. Rogers. The EGS4 Code System. Report SLAC-265, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, 1985.[127] W. R. Nelson and T. M. Jenkins, editors. Computer Techniques in Radiation Transport andDosimetry. Plenum Press, New York, 1980.[128] D. F. Nicoli. The application of Monte Carlo cascade shower generation in lead, 1966. submittedin partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science at theMassachusetts Institute of Technology.[129] J. Pach and P. K. Agarwal. Combinatorial Geometry. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995.[130] E. Parzen. Modern Probability Theory and Its Applications. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960.[131] PHOTX. Photon interaction cross-section library for 100 elements. Data Package DLC-136/PHOTX, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, OakRidge, TN, 1995.[132] S. Pollack. Private communication, 2002.[133] J. A. Rawlinson, A. F. Bielajew, P. Munro, and D. M. Galbraith. Theoretical and experimentalinvestigation of dose enhancement due to charge storage in electron-irradiated phantoms.Med. Phys., 11:814–821, 1984.[134] R. Ribberfors. X-ray incoherent scattering total cross sections and energy-absorption crosssections by means of simple calculation routines. Phys. Rev. A, 27:3061–3070, 1983.[135] R. Ribberfors and K. F. Berggren. Incoherent x-ray-scattering functions and cross sections(dσ/dω ′ ) incoh by means of a pocket calculator. Phys. Rev. A, 26:3325–3333, 1982.[136] D. W. O. Rogers. Low energy electron transport with EGS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 227:535–548, 1984.[137] D. W. O. Rogers. The role of Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in radiationdosimetry. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 42:965–974, 1991.[138] D. W. O. Rogers. How accurately can EGS4/PRESTA calculate ion chamber response? Med.Phys., 20:319–323, 1993.[139] D. W. O. Rogers, S. Duane, A. F. Bielajew, and W. R. Nelson. Use of ICRU-37/NBSradiative stopping powers in the EGS4 system. Report PIRS-0177, National Research Councilof Canada, 1989.417
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THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM 1Hideo Hirayam
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4.1 UCCYL - Cylinder-Slab Geometry
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E CONTENTS OF THE EGS5 DISTRIBUTION
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2.17 Convergence of energy depositi
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List of Tables2.1 Symbols used in E
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C.2 Goudsmit-Saunderson-related sub
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With the release of the EGS4 versio
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“shower book”.For various reaso
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1.2.2 EGS1About this time Nelson be
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MSCAT.These versions of EGS, PEGS,
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ten for energies less than 100 MeV
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- Molière multiple scattering (i.e
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EGS5. The primary advantages of thi
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ICRU37-compliant using the NIST dat
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high Z materials. Del Guerra et al.
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One of these six cross sections is
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at low energies. The latter, couple
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If E 1 and E 2 are expressions invo
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The result of this algorithm is tha
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2.4 Particle Transport SimulationTh
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from appropriate distribution funct
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parameters which may be needed. The
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arrived at their values in a very m
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Math FORTRAN ProgramTable 2.1 (cont
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Figure 2.2: Feynman diagrams for br
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defined byδ ij = 1 if i = j,0 othe
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Davies, Bethe and Maximon[49] (e.g.
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cross section given in Equation 2.4
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and use this as the variable to be
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we haveNow defineδ ′ = ∆ C ∆
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This agrees with formula (10) of Bu
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That is, using Equations 2.122 and
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d˘Σ P air, Run−timedE=[23 − 1
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Angular distribution formulasThe fo
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at either x = 0, x = (πE 0 ) 2 (i.
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The following table, derived from t
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Figure 2.3: Feynman diagrams for tw
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whereX 0 = radiation length (cm),n
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whereα ′ 1 =α ′ 2 =k 0′k 0
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+ 1 E 2′ − 1 E 1′− C 2 ln E
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PEGS functions BHABDM, BHABRM, and
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To find the limits of E, we first c
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Figure 2.5: Feynman diagram for sin
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Ī adj = average adjusted mean ioni
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Table 2.2 (cont.)Z Symbol Atomic De
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Table 2.3 (cont.)LABEL a m s x 0 x
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(c) If 10.5 ≤ −C < 11.0 then x
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obtain the real scattering angle. E
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ρ = material mass density (g/cm 3
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Hence,so thatln [1.13 + 3.76(αZ i
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g 3 (θ) =θ4 ()λf (0) (θ) + f (1
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Actually, b = 0 does not correspond
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Assume that an electron starts off
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At small path lengths t, a very lar
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xFinalDirectionφΘ∆xtInitialDire
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shown that this version of the rand
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and as we noted earlier, they are d
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FinalDirectionxEnergy HingesφΘt(
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Transport Steps,∆ E = E x ESTEPEt
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tranport step 1DEINITIAL1 DERESID1t
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= ∆E( ∣ ∣∣∣ dE−1 ∣ )
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Since the CSDA range is uniquely de
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short steps accurate, but slowstep
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Table 2.4: Materials used in refere
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Average Lateral Displacement (cm)0.
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100 MeV Electrons0.010.001LiCLWAlST
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actions involving photons with ener
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Cu 40 keVCounts (/keV/sr/source)10
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Table 2.6: Data sources for general
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2.16.2 Photoelectron Angular Distri
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where r 0 is the classical electron
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second term on the right-hand side
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ZθkYOφe0Xk0Figure 2.23: Photon sc
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Note the similarities and differenc
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XZωk0Oe0YFigure 2.25: Direction of
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W = Atomic, molecular and mixture w
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In order to use EGS5 to answer the
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write(6,100)100 FORMAT(’ PEGS5-ca
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! plate is 1 mm thick!-------------
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implicit noneinclude ’include/egs
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0.989 MeV kinetic energyBrem photon
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! locally (in fact EDEP = particles
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inmax=max(binmax,ebin(j))end dowrit
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0.40 0.0058 *0.60 0.0054 *0.80 0.00
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!----------------------------------
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endifif(loop.lt.3) thenwrite(6,120)
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180 FORMAT(/’ Knock-on electrons
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common/score/escore(3), iscore(3)re
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Brem photons can be created and any
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in any combination of 31 well speci
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end doend do! nmed and dunit defaul
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! ------------------------------clo
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if (iarg.eq.17) then! A Compton sca
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! the general purpose geometry subr
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eturnend!--------------------------
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open(UNIT= 6,FILE=’egs5job.out’
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write(6,130)130 format(/’ Start t
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icol=* int(dlog10(ebin(j)*10000.0/f
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0.0300 0.0000*0.0320 0.0001*0.0340
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0.0780 0.0014 *0.0800 0.0012 *0.082
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The main purpose of this section, h
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4.1.3 Leading Particle BiasingThe s
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• Sum the weighted energy deposit
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4z6Vac115Pb65Air749 1012AirAir8Vac
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Figure 4.3: UCBEND simulation at 3.
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necessary geometry input. The follo
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Appendix AEGS5 FLOW DIAGRAMSHideo H
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subroutineannihVersion051219-1435ia
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¡eq1anormr = 1./sqrt(anorm2)sineta
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1br = max(br,0.D0)ekse2 = br*ekines
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12 3br = br*pesg = eie*bryesesg.lt.
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¤ne¤nesubroutinecollis(lelec,irl,
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¦ne¦necallausgab(iarg)6iq(np).eq.
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subroutinecomptVersion051219-1435ic
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3456icprof(medium).eq.3noyescallran
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subroutinecounters_outVersion051227
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1234567noii.ne.jjyesnoledgb(ii,medi
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©ne1 2 3neispl = (2*neispl + 1)/3f
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subroutineelectr(ircode)ielectr = i
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13detot = e(np)-ecut
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2324 25 26 27 282930ustep.gt.dnear(
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4142 43 44 45 4647 48 49ecut(irnew)
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5859 60 61 6263 64tmscat.eq.0.0noye
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73 7475 76noedep.lt.e(np)yescallran
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subroutinehardx(charge,kEnergy,keIn
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1 2 3 4 5iz = izziz.eq.0noxsi = zer
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13 14 15 16 17sint.ne.0.yesrdev = m
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19im=1im=im+1im >nmednoyesnoiprofm(
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2223write(kmpo,1610)read(kmpi,1260)
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26 27 28iprofm(im).ne.1noyeswrite(6
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30 31 32 33 34esig0(i,im) = esig0(i
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36 37 38noiedgfl(ii).ne.0.or.iauger
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nokaug.eq.6calllshell(3)kaug.eq.7ka
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subroutinekxrayVersion051219-1435ik
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123dfl3aug(5,iz).eq.0.nonauger = na
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12 3 4rnnow.le.omegal2(iz) + f23(iz
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1 2dflx3(6,iz).eq.0.nonxray=nxray+1
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1impacr(ir(np)).eq.1.and.iedgfl(ir(
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12fject = (ktot - k1grd(iprt,ik1))
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56789thr = 1./eta"Central correctio
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1 2 3delta = delcm(medium)*del"Reje
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89101112galpha.ge.0.0yesnoximid = 0
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subroutinephotoVersion051219-1435"C
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4 5 6 7 8rnnow.le.pbran(i)noyesiz =
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121314beta = sqrt((eelec - RM)*(eel
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subroutinephotonVersion051219-1435i
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678910idisc.gt.0yesnoedep = 0.iarg
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1718192021iausfl(iarg+1)ne0nocallpa
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2728iausfl(iarg+1)ne0noircode = 2np
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subroutinerk1Version060313-0945open
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4 5 6j=1j=j+1j>neke-1noyesj.eq.1noj
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18 19 20 21 22 23elkeold = elkek1ol
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1 2"end of file; go to 13"read(17,*
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4 5"go to 30"noabs(k1mine-k1grd(1,1
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7 8read(17,'(72a1)') bufferread(17,
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subroutine shower(iqi,ei,xi,yi,zi,u
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subroutineuphi(ientry,lvl)Version05
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subroutinerandomset(rndum)Version05
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subroutinerluxinitVersion051219-143
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1i=1i=i+1i>24noyesseeds(i) = real(i
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subroutinerluxinVersion051219-1435w
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Appendix BEGS5 USER MANUALHideo Hir
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Table B.1: Variable descriptions fo
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Table B.12: Variable descriptions f
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Optional parameter modificationsThe
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the call to PEGS5 may be skipped if
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egions. Execution of EGS5 is termin
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of the transport in the walls of el
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call rluxinitafter specifying LUXLE
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END OF FILE ON UNIT 12PROGRAM STOPP
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do i=1,ncasesuf(1)=ufivf(1)=vfiwf(1
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crossed, then USTEP should be set t
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subroutine howfarimplicit noneinclu
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Table B.18: IARG values program sta
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As an example of how to write an AU
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!**********************************
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nreg=3do i=2,nregecut(i)=100.0pcut(
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nlines=0nwrite=15!-----------------
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if (nlines.lt.nwrite) thenwrite(6,1
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Appendix CPEGS USER MANUALHideo Hir
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is entered. On each pass through th
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(from previous figure)(to previous
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(from previous figure)||+ ---------
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+------+|BREMTR|+------+|V+------+|
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+------+|PAIRTR|+------+|V+------+|
Page 381 and 382: NameDCSLOADDCSSTORDCSTABELASTINOELI
Page 383 and 384: NameAFFACTAINTPALKEALKEIALINALINIAD
Page 385 and 386: Table C.5: Functions in PEGS, part
Page 387 and 388: +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
Page 389 and 390: Table C.8: ELEM option input data l
Page 391 and 392: Table C.10: MIXT option input data
Page 393 and 394: Table C.12: PWLF option input data
Page 395 and 396: Table C.17: PLTN option input data
Page 397 and 398: ICPROF is set to 3, the user must c
Page 399 and 400: ColumnLine 123456789112345678921234
Page 401 and 402: interiors of the intervals. If FEXA
Page 403 and 404: C.3.6The TEST OptionThe TEST option
Page 405 and 406: C.3.9The HPLT OptionThe Histogram P
Page 407 and 408: Appendix DEGS5 INSTALLATION GUIDEHi
Page 409 and 410: egs5 directory (preferably using th
Page 411 and 412: 6. The user is then asked to key-in
Page 413 and 414: * User code tutor1.f has been compi
Page 415 and 416: Appendix ECONTENTS OF THE EGS5DISTR
Page 417 and 418: All of the actual FORTRAN source co
Page 419 and 420: aprime.data Data for empirical brem
Page 421 and 422: ismuth krypton silverboron lanthanu
Page 423 and 424: The tutorial problems and advanced
Page 425 and 426: Bibliography[1] R. G. Alsmiller Jr.
Page 427 and 428: [28] A. F. Bielajew. HOWFAR and HOW
Page 429 and 430: [59] K. Flöttmann. Investigations
Page 431: [92] H. Kolbenstvedt. Simple theory
Page 435 and 436: [156] Y. A. Shreider, editor. The M
Page 437 and 438: Index“shower book”, 37AE, 28, 3
Page 439 and 440: Klein-Nishina formula, 62Landau dis
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