Portrait of a Tokugawa Outcaste Community ... - East Asian History

92TIMOTHY D. AMOS26 Tsukada, Mihunsei shakai to shiminshakai: kinsei nihon no shakai to hO,pp.248--49.27 Koyanagi-ke monio [Documents of theHouse of Koyanagil (Higashi MatsuyamaToshokan). An index of the Koyanagi-kemonio can be found at the Higashi MatsuyamaMunicipal Library. A microfilm versionof the entire collection of the documents isalso in the possession of the author. Hereafter,documents from this collection arecited as KKM, #_.28 Higashi matsuyama-shi hensanka,"Shomibun to yaku" [Various Statusesand Duties], in Higashi matsuyama norekishi [History of Higashi Matsuyama1, ed.Higashi matsuyama-shi hensanka 2(Higashi Matsuyama: Higashi matsuyamashi,1985), pp.l65-78.29 SDKK, ed., Suzuki-ke monio, VoU, 591[6551.30 SDKK, ed., Suzuki-ke monio, VoLl, 209[12281. For another account of this incidentsee SKM, #169.eta begging rights be given away to hinin who would be employed andmade to work in the hinin hut. Hinin were made to perform the aforementionedduties of carcass disposal (bayaku :l:fji:) in exchange forreceiving the right to beg alms. 2 6The workplaces of Matsuyama M LlJ village and Lower Wana villagewere located alongside each other. The villages, in spite of their closeproximity, were located in different counties. Lower Wana village waslocated in Yokomi, and Matsuyama village in Hiki ltlt county. The workplaceboundaries, however, did not follow traditional landholding patternsbased on warrior domains, but cut through both Yo komi and Hiki countydivisions. And although members of these two villages would rarelydeal directly in the everyday business of flaying, tanning, and producingmerchandise through secondary industrial activity or cottage industries,close relationships were forged that predictably resulted in both positiveand negative experiences for the members of both communities.Some of the history of the eta settlement in Matsuyama village maybe found in the The Documents of the House of Koyanagi (Koyanagi-kemonjo /N:YPC:iI) authored by the local eta village head in Matsuyama. 27According to the town history of Higashi Matsuyama *r LlJ, Matsuyamavillage was a postal town along the J6sM -.l1+1 and Chichibu )( roadsthat formed during the Sengoku period. It was a point of intersection forthe various workplaces of Oka [;ll], Matsuyama, Karako T, and Honshuku*m. The map of the Matsuyama workplace, dated 1830, informs usthat it was predominantly based in Matsuyama township, but also includedparts of Yo komi county. One major difference between the workplaces ofLower Wana village and Matsuyama village was the fact that the workplaceof Matsuyama village was not only a space for eta and hinin, but was alsoa "begging ground" (kanjinba ifJ:l:) for a variety of other marginalizedTokugawa groups including oshi 1ftflgjjj (low-ranking shrine attendants),shugen {I (hermit ascetics), kanjin hijiri ifJ (mendicant lay priests),zat6 (blind performers/acupuncturists), goze tf (blind femaleperformers), and onmy6ji gjjj (lay diviners). In other aspects related toeta-hinin relations, taxation, land ownership and the like, there appearsto be little difference between the eta and hinin communities of LowerWana and Matsuyama villages. 28The record of the first encounter between Lower Wana village andMatsuyama village in 1699 is actually a dispute over the territorial boundariesof the workplace. 29 A hinin called Sajibe {;t[)XWJ allegedlyprocured a dead animal carcass from a village "dumping ground" Csutebaf&:l:) that lay near the border of the two separate workplaces of Wanaand Matsuyama. He was subsequently captured and incarcerated byMatsuyama villagers for his action. The village elders from Lower Wanathen attempted to negotiate a boundary between the two workplaces,but when negotiations broke down, they appealed to the magistrate. Asa result, the authorities ruled in favour of Lower Wana village. 3 0