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spirit of the father 13Willie Frank Sr. rocks granddaughter Merita Miguel, fifteen months, in thisimage for Life magazine taken by world renowned photographer Harry Benson.“[He] reached back almost to treaty times and brought forth so much in thecharacter, and the history, and the mentality of the Salish Indian people,” saysfamily friend Hank Adams.Harry Bensonand erecting villages in the shadow of Tahoma (Tacobet), the massivevolcano non-Indians call Mount Rainier. You could find themrejoicing in the salmon, the mystifying fish that braved a precariouspath to sea and faithfully returned.when the first salmon came home to spawn, drum beats echoedacross the riverbank. The Nisqually praised the spirits. Childrenarrayed with red ocher and bird down gathered at the water’s edge.
14spirit of the fatherOutstretched arms passed the first salmon up the riverbank to acrackling fire pit. Practiced hands painstakingly separated flesh fromthe spinal column. The meat, secured to skewers, cooked high abovea steadily burning fire. A mix of cedar and smoke wafted through theair. The intricacies of the ceremony are recalled in Uncommon Controversy:Fishing Rights of the Muckleshoot, Puyallup, and NisquallyIndians: “It is then parceled out to all, in small morsels or portions soall can participate. Doing this, all bones are saved intact. Then in atorchbearing, dancing, chanting, and singing procession, they proceededto the river where they cast the skeleton of the salmon into thestream with its head pointing upstream, symbolic of a spawningsalmon, so the run of salmon will return a thousand-fold.” Thesalmon blanketed the river upon their return from the sea. Therewere so many fish, the Nisqually could cross the river on their backs.But a quarter century before Gramps was born, thunderous stormclouds gathered. The bright light of the Nisqually way of life dimmed.Gramps felt that he was there watching through the thick trees. That’show often his father told him the story.Gray skies settled overhead and held the region in its predictablydrizzly state. Isaac Stevens—fiery, smart, and full of zeal—prepared for an unprecedented land deal.At thirty-five, Stevens had survived a harrowing past. Born thethird child of seven, he was so fragile as an infant that his parentsfeared he might not survive. Mild pituitary dwarfism accounted forhis large head and his shorter legs. Stevens stood roughly five feettall. His keen intelligence complemented his commanding presence.Stevens had graduated first in his class at the U.S. Military Academyat West Point. President Franklin Pierce rewarded Stevens for hispolitical support by appointing him Washington territorial governorand superintendent of Indian Affairs. The Massachusetts-bornStevens had never before set foot in Washington, nor had he acquiredmuch knowledge of Northwest Indian tribes. But he never lacked forambition.
Page 4 and 5: Where the Salmon RunThe Life and Le
Page 6: For Sugar, Tanu, and Willie“I’m
Page 9 and 10: viiicontents14. The Negotiator 2001
Page 12: Where the Salmon RunThe Life and Le
Page 15 and 16: 4 prologueEarly logging robbed the
Page 17: 6introductionpromise as long as the
Page 20 and 21: introduction 9Even so, Tom Keefe sa
Page 22: Chapter 1Spirit of the FatherGramps
Page 27 and 28: 16spirit of the fatherincluding thr
Page 29 and 30: 18spirit of the fatherbusinessman
Page 31 and 32: 20spirit of the fatherNisqually Tri
Page 33 and 34: 22spirit of the fatherThe free educ
Page 35 and 36: 24spirit of the fathermy pants. So,
Page 37 and 38: 26spirit of the fatherHank Adams pe
Page 39 and 40: 28spirit of the fatherof the Nisqua
Page 41 and 42: 30spirit of the fathergood now,”
Page 43: 32 “i live here!”Billy Frank Jr
Page 46 and 47: “i live here!” 35“My dad woul
Page 48 and 49: “i live here!” 37Nisqually Trib
Page 50 and 51: “i live here!” 39Billy Frank Jr
Page 52 and 53: “i live here!” 41Billy Frank Jr
Page 54 and 55: “i live here!” 43Hank Adams per
Page 56 and 57: “i live here!” 45go up there li
Page 58 and 59: the survivor 47Billy Frank Jr. pers
Page 60 and 61: the survivor 49Northwest Indian Fis
Page 62 and 63: the survivor 51“People just thoug
Page 64 and 65: the survivor 53Hank Adams personal
Page 66 and 67: the survivor 55Billy’s niece Vale
Page 68 and 69: the survivor 57Billy Frank who gets
Page 70 and 71: surveillance 59“What this adds up
Page 72 and 73: surveillance 61the protestors for a
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surveillance 63More than just the h
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surveillance 65Hank Adams Collectio
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Chapter 5RenegadesIn January 1964,
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enegades 69“Right out here by the
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enegades 71University of Washington
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enegades 73out of a movie productio
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enegades 75Hank Adams personal coll
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enegades 77accustomed places.” Ad
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enegades 79Washington State Archive
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enegades 81did note that the Corps
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canoes and clashes 83Then, in 1965,
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canoes and clashes 85exercising his
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canoes and clashes 87Years later, a
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canoes and clashes 89Hank Adams per
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canoes and clashes 91Game Departmen
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Chapter 7As Long as the Rivers RunM
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as long as the rivers run 95to enfo
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as long as the rivers run 97and res
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as long as the rivers run 99Luther
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as long as the rivers run 101to the
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as long as the rivers run 103Hank A
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as long as the rivers run 105disord
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as long as the rivers run 107Bridge
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as long as the rivers run 109months
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takeovers 111proclamation, “To th
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takeovers 113television that she wo
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takeovers 115grandfather. The hope
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takeovers 117Hank Adams personal co
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takeovers 119should not be denied.
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takeovers 121“I never knew D.C. f
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takeovers 123Washington State Libra
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takeovers 125Willie Frank Sr. watch
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takeovers 127hands were tied—Fran
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the shelf life of treaties 129great
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the shelf life of treaties 131“He
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the shelf life of treaties 133inten
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the shelf life of treaties 135North
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the shelf life of treaties 137witne
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the shelf life of treaties 139“We
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the shelf life of treaties 141peopl
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storm143A U.S. marshal removes an e
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storm145Strait of Juan de Fuca. The
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storm147It was nine o’clock in th
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150stormIn the summer of 1976, Jim
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152stormThe engine of the Alaskan R
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154stormIn 1976, as the nation cele
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156stormThe year 1977 was punctuate
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158stormGeorgiana Kautz personal co
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160stormsoftball in tournaments in
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162stormIf a silver lining followed
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164the politics of salmonWashington
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166the politics of salmonstood at a
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168the politics of salmonAccording
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170the politics of salmon1976, ille
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172the politics of salmonkeeping ta
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174the politics of salmonPost decla
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176bridge builderDick Baldwin, Wash
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178bridge builderattended a myriad
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180bridge builderto see Indians in
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182bridge builderappeal process tha
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184bridge builderThings started to
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186bridge builderAlthough most peop
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188bridge buildergroups acknowledge
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Chapter 13ResilienceBilly is someti
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192resilienceBilly Frank Jr. person
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194resilienceOn June 17, 1983, Will
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196resilienceto rest here. He never
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198resiliencesays. “One friend, h
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Chapter 14The NegotiatorThe 1980s f
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202the negotiatormigrated up the co
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204the negotiatorpretty fast once w
Page 217 and 218:
206the negotiatorFish and Wildlife
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208the negotiatorIn August 1989, th
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210clear creek hatcheryJoe Kennedy,
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212clear creek hatcheryPuget Sound
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214clear creek hatcheryhatchery in,
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216clear creek hatcheryIn Salmon Wi
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218submergedHank Adams personal col
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220submergedHank Adams personal col
Page 233 and 234:
222submergedKeefe says. “Now, the
Page 235 and 236:
Chapter 17The Tough GuyAlong with h
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226the tough guythe former governor
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228the tough guyconvinced that oust
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230the tough guySecond, and perhaps
Page 243 and 244:
Chapter 18“You were always there
Page 245 and 246:
234“you were always there for me
Page 247 and 248:
236“you were always there for me
Page 249 and 250:
238the catalystHank Adams personal
Page 251 and 252:
240the catalystHank Adams personal
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242the catalystconferences, he urge
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244the catalystBilly Frank Jr. won
Page 257 and 258:
246the catalystBilly sat at the U-s
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Chapter 20Operation ChainsmokerFran
Page 261 and 262:
250operation chainsmokerIndian land
Page 263 and 264:
252operation chainsmokerFrank’s L
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254operation chainsmoker“Understa
Page 267 and 268:
256hard truthsThe invisible killer
Page 269 and 270:
258hard truthskills typically symbo
Page 271 and 272:
260hard truthstheir negotiations st
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262hard truthsThe only people that
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264hard truthsnumber of pups has tr
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Chapter 22Dreams and LegaciesSomewh
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dreams and legacies 269Northwest In
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dreams and legacies 271contribution
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dreams and legacies 273are just att
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dreams and legacies 275The rocky hi
Page 288 and 289:
dreams and legacies 277has also imp
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dreams and legacies 279Sugar and Wi
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dreams and legacies 281Painting com
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AcknowledgmentsI count my blessings
Page 296 and 297:
Billy Frank Jr. Family TreeThe tree
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illy frank jr. family tree 287Frank
Page 300 and 301:
illy frank jr. family tree 289McClo
Page 302 and 303:
illy frank jr. family tree 291Henry
Page 304 and 305:
source notes 293Chapter 1. Spirit o
Page 306 and 307:
Chapter 3. Survivalsource notes 295
Page 308 and 309:
Chapter 7. As Long as the Rivers Ru
Page 310 and 311:
Chapter 9. The Shelf Life of Treati
Page 312 and 313:
source notes 301was a lawyer”: Wa
Page 314 and 315:
source notes 303“He’s made hims
Page 316 and 317:
Chapter 20. Operation Chainsmokerso
Page 318 and 319:
Select BibliographyInterviews and O
Page 320 and 321:
select bibliography309Seattle: Univ
Page 322 and 323:
select bibliography311U.S. Fish & W
Page 324 and 325:
index 313153, 164, 165, 168-173, 17
Page 326 and 327:
index 315Frank, Mary Miles 51, 286F
Page 328 and 329:
index 317153, 165, 169, 171, 176-18
Page 330 and 331:
index 319Prince William Sound 9, 24
Page 332 and 333:
index 321United States Fish and Wil
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