Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank ... - IMS
Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank ... - IMS
Part-of-Speech Tagging Guidelines for the Penn Treebank ... - IMS
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11INTRODUCTION Introduction 1<br />
(\tagging").Section2isanalphabeticallist<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>parts<strong>of</strong>speechencodedin<strong>the</strong>annotationsystem<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Thissectionaddresses<strong>the</strong>linguisticissuesthatariseinconnectionwithannotatingtextsbypart<strong>of</strong>speech <strong>Penn</strong><strong>Treebank</strong>Project,alongwith<strong>the</strong>ircorrespondingabbreviations(\tags")andsomein<strong>for</strong>mation concerning<strong>the</strong>irdenition.Thissectionallowsyoutondanunfamiliartagbylookingupafamiliarpart<br />
appropriateinaparticularcontext.Thetwosections4.1and4.2<strong>the</strong>re<strong>for</strong>eincludeexamplesandguidelines littledicultyinassimilating<strong>the</strong>tags<strong>the</strong>mselves.However,itis<strong>of</strong>tenquitediculttodecidewhichtagis means.Since<strong>the</strong>parts<strong>of</strong>speechareprobablyfamiliartoyoufromhighschoolEnglish,youshouldhave alphabeticallyorderedbytags.Thisis<strong>the</strong>sectiontoconsultinordertondoutwhatanunfamiliartag <strong>of</strong>speech.Section3recapitulates<strong>the</strong>in<strong>for</strong>mationinSection2,butthistime<strong>the</strong>in<strong>for</strong>mationis<br />
conventions.Onegeneralrule,however,issoimportantthatwestatei<strong>the</strong>re.Manytextsarenotmodels<strong>of</strong> onhowtotagproblematiccases.Ifyouareuncertainaboutwhe<strong>the</strong>ragiventagiscorrectornot,referto<br />
goodprose,andsomecontainoutrighterrorsandslips<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>pen.Donotbetemptedtocorrectatagto <strong>the</strong>sesectionsinordertoensureaconsistentlyannotatedtext.Section4.1discussesparts<strong>of</strong>speechthat list<strong>of</strong>specicproblematicwordsandcollocations.Finally,Section5discussessomegeneraltagging whatitwouldbeif<strong>the</strong>textwerecorrect;ra<strong>the</strong>r,itis<strong>the</strong>incorrectwordthatshouldbetaggedcorrectly. areeasilyconfusedandgivesguidelinesonhowtotagsuchcases,whileSection4.2containsanalphabetical<br />
2 List<strong>of</strong>parts<strong>of</strong>speechwithcorrespondingtag adiscussion<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong>mintoupdates<strong>of</strong>thisguide. Ifyouhavequestionsthatyoudonotndcovered,besuretoletusknowsothatwecanincorporate<br />
Hyphenatedcompoundsthatareusedasmodiersaretaggedasadjectives(JJ). Adjective|JJ EXAMPLES:happy-go-lucky/JJ<br />
Ordinalnumbersaretaggedasadjectives(JJ),asarecompounds<strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong><strong>for</strong>mn-thX-est,likefourth-largest. one-<strong>of</strong>-a-kind/JJ run-<strong>of</strong>-<strong>the</strong>-mill/JJ<br />
Adjective,comparative|JJR Adjectiveswith<strong>the</strong>comparativeending-erandacomparativemeaningaretaggedJJR.Moreandless whenusedasadjectives,asinmoreorlessmail,arealsotaggedasJJR.Moreandlesscanalsobetagged asJJRwhen<strong>the</strong>yoccurby<strong>the</strong>mselves;see<strong>the</strong>entries<strong>for</strong><strong>the</strong>sewordsinSection4.2.Adjectiveswitha comparativemeaningbutwithout<strong>the</strong>comparativeending-er,likesuperior,shouldsimplybetaggedasJJ. fur<strong>the</strong>rdetails,shouldalsosimplybetaggedasJJ. Adjectiveswith<strong>the</strong>ending-erbutwithoutastrictlycomparativemeaning(\moreX"),likefur<strong>the</strong>rin<br />
JJSwhen<strong>the</strong>yoccurby<strong>the</strong>mselves;see<strong>the</strong>entries<strong>for</strong><strong>the</strong>sewordsinSection4.2.Adjectiveswitha asadjectives,asin<strong>the</strong>mostor<strong>the</strong>leastmail,arealsotaggedasJJS.Mostandleastcanalsobetaggedas Adjectiveswith<strong>the</strong>superlativeending-est(aswellasworst)aretaggedasJJS.Mostandleastwhenused Adjective,superlative|JJS<br />
superlativemeaningbutwithout<strong>the</strong>superlativeending-est,likerst,lastorunsurpassed,shouldsimply betaggedasJJ.
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