On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities - Belfer Center for ...

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On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities by Robert Belk and Matthew Noyes is licensed underthe Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License. To view acopy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ or send a letter toCreative Commons, 444 Castro Street, Suite 900, Mountain View, California, 94041, USA.This work is funded by the Office of Naval Research under award number N00014-09-1-0597.Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Office of Naval Research.About the Authors:Robert Belk is a Naval aviator and Politico-Military Fellow, studyinginternational and global affairs at the Harvard Kennedy School. In his 16 years ofservice, he has made four carrier-based deployments and one ground-baseddeployment to Iraq. Following graduation, he is scheduled to report to the NavalOperations staff in the Pentagon to develop and execute Navy network andcybersecurity policy.Matthew Noyes studies international security policy and is a senior associatewith the cybersecurity practice at Good Harbor Consulting. Prior to attendingthe Harvard Kennedy School, he served for five years as an infantry officer in theUS army serving multiple tours in Iraq. Following graduation he plans tocontinue working on cybersecurity issues. He has a degree in Computer Scienceand Applied Computational Mathematics from the University of Washington.The authors have completed this project to fulfill the capstone Policy AnalysisExercise (PAE) requirement for the Master in Public Policy (MPP) program at theHarvard Kennedy School of Government. All views expressed are our own anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of Defense.1
Table of ContentsAcknowledgements ......................................................................................................... 3Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 4I. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 8II. Cyber Policy Ontology .......................................................................................... 11III. Framework for Cyber Policy Analysis ................................................................ 27Normative Considerations ....................................................................................... 29Operational Considerations...................................................................................... 33Consequential ............................................................................................................. 36IV. Cyber Actions with Minimal Effect ..................................................................... 42Scanning ...................................................................................................................... 42Intrusion ...................................................................................................................... 51V. Non-Disruptive Cyber Actions ............................................................................ 65Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 65VI. Cyber Attack ........................................................................................................... 75Cyber Attack ............................................................................................................... 75Counterattack ............................................................................................................. 91VII. Cyber Force ........................................................................................................ 111VIII. Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 129Appendix 1: Summary of Recommendations .......................................................... 132Appendix 2: Glossary .................................................................................................. 139Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 1422
Page 1: On the Use of OffensiveCyber Capabi
Page 5 and 6: Executive SummaryThe defining chara
Page 7 and 8: FrameworkAssessing the implications
Page 9 and 10: I. IntroductionThough conflict inev
Page 11 and 12: Unfortunately, we believe that ther
Page 13 and 14: To the maximum extent possible we u
Page 15 and 16: these cyberspace operations “comp
Page 17 and 18: Principles Driving the Ontological
Page 19 and 20: Cyber activity can have both logica
Page 21 and 22: cyberspace and complicates sound na
Page 23 and 24: cyber action, but we do find them t
Page 25 and 26: Cyber Pre-emption: External cyber o
Page 27 and 28: threatening external action or enta
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5: Framework for Cyber Polic
Page 31 and 32: effects of external cyber operation
Page 33 and 34: International LawInternational cons
Page 35 and 36: There is also an interaction betwee
Page 37 and 38: TemporalCommanders desire the abili
Page 39 and 40: InternationalMultilateral action is
Page 41 and 42: Potential changes to the “laws of
Page 43 and 44: Scanning:IV. Cyber Actions with Min
Page 45 and 46: The 4 th Amendment protects against
Page 47 and 48: operational intelligence collection
Page 49 and 50: security vulnerabilities are identi
Page 51 and 52: 1) Establish an interagency underst
Page 53 and 54:
individual’s agency must be justi
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Finally section (f) exempts only la
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argue it is not intended to limits
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intrusion methods are required to e
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SystemicDespite the first order eff
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is possible. The capabilities used
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d. Section (f) should be expanded t
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indicates a will to keep the inform
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protections for privacy. However, t
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information on U.S. persons collect
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Example ScenarioThe following scena
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the awkward position: if it is unkn
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less severe than attack are largely
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treaties. This second set of duties
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persons. Beyond the limitations pla
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instead of force, when cyber attack
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collection effort to generate all t
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and incentivize technology companie
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operational capabilities for employ
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2) To ensure the operational capabi
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and are entirely permissible ethica
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equires an external component. The
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any one branch’s overreach. (We h
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particularly from limiting espionag
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more destructive/disruptive. Though
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to reach an interagency understandi
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counterattacks to serve as a deterr
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however, may require a significant
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There is a possibility of a backlas
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2) The foreign external cyber opera
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For the purpose of this work, a pre
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Although the ethical considerations
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ight to “life, liberty and securi
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would be hard to overstate. 131 Thi
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ConsequentialDomesticAs mentioned i
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extent to which the executive branc
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public as new U.S. military technol
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IC believes that the HVT is using 3
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Policy Recommendations1) Use of cyb
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identified by our ontology, spannin
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Appendix 1: Summary of Recommendati
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c. Amended (a)(2) (a), (b), and (c)
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gained) and necessity (only the min
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2) If overt, cyber force should be
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Cyber Intrusion: Unauthorized acces
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BibliographyAllison, G. T., & Black
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Etzioni, A. (2011). Cybersecurity i
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Jacobellis v. Ohio, 11 (United Stat
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Nye, Jr., J. S. (2004). Soft Power.
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United Nations. (1948, December 10)
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152
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