On the Use of Offensive Cyber Capabilities - Belfer Center for ...

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distinctions for policy-making. To rectify this issue, we have developed thefollowing ontology based on a hierarchy of three criteria.1) Target of the cyber operation: based on ownership of affected networks2) Effect of the operation: by type (logical or physical) and degree (minimalto use of force)3) Objective of the operation: whether informational, offensive or defensiveUsing this system, it is clear that current classifications of offensive cyberoperations are overly broad, applying actually to external cyber operations.Given this distinction, we provide a detailed examination of external cyberoperations as shown in Figure 1. Within this ontology, we have identified eleventypes of external cyber actions, and have conducted detailed analyses of six: 1)Scanning, 2) Intrusion, 3) Information Collection, 4) Cyber Attack, 5)Counterattack, and 6) Cyber Force.Figure 1: External Cyber Actions Ontology (underlined subject to detailed analysis)5
FrameworkAssessing the implications for these actions requires a holistic frameworkthat recognizes the potential consequences for conducting external cyberoperations. Our framework, shown in Figure 2, contains three aspects and tenconsiderations. These aspects are weighted from left to right, with Normativeaspects being the most significant. Normative considerations include ethical andlegal implications of external cyber operations. Operational considerationsinclude the overall strategic and operational implications and could beconsidered first order effects. Consequential considerations include broaderimplications for politics, diplomacy and the nature of cyberspace as a medium,and could be considered second and higher order effects.Figure 2: Cyber Policy Analysis FrameworkRecommendationsUsing this framework, we examined the six external cyber operationsidentified above. For each of these operations, our analysis yielded general andspecific “severity of implication” ratings and policy recommendations for DoD toimplement. These recommendations are briefly summarized in Table 1.6
Page 1 and 2: On the Use of OffensiveCyber Capabi
Page 3 and 4: Table of ContentsAcknowledgements .
Page 5: Executive SummaryThe defining chara
Page 9 and 10: I. IntroductionThough conflict inev
Page 11 and 12: Unfortunately, we believe that ther
Page 13 and 14: To the maximum extent possible we u
Page 15 and 16: these cyberspace operations “comp
Page 17 and 18: Principles Driving the Ontological
Page 19 and 20: Cyber activity can have both logica
Page 21 and 22: cyberspace and complicates sound na
Page 23 and 24: cyber action, but we do find them t
Page 25 and 26: Cyber Pre-emption: External cyber o
Page 27 and 28: threatening external action or enta
Page 29 and 30: Figure 5: Framework for Cyber Polic
Page 31 and 32: effects of external cyber operation
Page 33 and 34: International LawInternational cons
Page 35 and 36: There is also an interaction betwee
Page 37 and 38: TemporalCommanders desire the abili
Page 39 and 40: InternationalMultilateral action is
Page 41 and 42: Potential changes to the “laws of
Page 43 and 44: Scanning:IV. Cyber Actions with Min
Page 45 and 46: The 4 th Amendment protects against
Page 47 and 48: operational intelligence collection
Page 49 and 50: security vulnerabilities are identi
Page 51 and 52: 1) Establish an interagency underst
Page 53 and 54: individual’s agency must be justi
Page 55 and 56: Finally section (f) exempts only la
Page 57 and 58:
argue it is not intended to limits
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intrusion methods are required to e
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SystemicDespite the first order eff
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is possible. The capabilities used
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d. Section (f) should be expanded t
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indicates a will to keep the inform
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protections for privacy. However, t
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information on U.S. persons collect
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Example ScenarioThe following scena
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the awkward position: if it is unkn
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less severe than attack are largely
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treaties. This second set of duties
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persons. Beyond the limitations pla
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instead of force, when cyber attack
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collection effort to generate all t
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and incentivize technology companie
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operational capabilities for employ
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2) To ensure the operational capabi
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and are entirely permissible ethica
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equires an external component. The
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any one branch’s overreach. (We h
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particularly from limiting espionag
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more destructive/disruptive. Though
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to reach an interagency understandi
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counterattacks to serve as a deterr
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however, may require a significant
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There is a possibility of a backlas
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2) The foreign external cyber opera
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For the purpose of this work, a pre
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Although the ethical considerations
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ight to “life, liberty and securi
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would be hard to overstate. 131 Thi
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ConsequentialDomesticAs mentioned i
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extent to which the executive branc
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public as new U.S. military technol
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IC believes that the HVT is using 3
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Policy Recommendations1) Use of cyb
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identified by our ontology, spannin
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Appendix 1: Summary of Recommendati
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c. Amended (a)(2) (a), (b), and (c)
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gained) and necessity (only the min
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2) If overt, cyber force should be
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Cyber Intrusion: Unauthorized acces
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BibliographyAllison, G. T., & Black
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Etzioni, A. (2011). Cybersecurity i
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Jacobellis v. Ohio, 11 (United Stat
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Nye, Jr., J. S. (2004). Soft Power.
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United Nations. (1948, December 10)
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