The Applications of Chemical Analyses of Sediments and Soils in ...

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Organic carbon can be measured by converting carbon to carbon dioxide in afurnace and collecting and measuring the CO 2. The Walkley and Black chromic acid wetoxidation method (Jackson, 1958) can be used to determine readily oxidizable organicmatter even in the presence of up to 50% CaCO 3 . Recoveries of 60-86 per cent of theorganic carbon are obtained. Other oxidizable material and higher oxides of manganeseand reduced iron interfere. Low temperature ignition at 350 - 400°C for 7 - 8 hours canbe used. Using some West Virginia mine soils there was a high correlation (r = 0.977)between low temperature ignition and the Walkley - Black method although the resultswere almost twice as high (Smith et al, 1974):Y (Walkley-Black) = 0.3079 + 0.4122 x IgnitionLoss on ignition is routinely analyzed at the Ministry of the Environment as theweight loss at 600°C. Analysis of major nutrients is also important in relation toestablishing vegetation on mine soils.Available phosphorus can be measured after acid or alkaline extraction. Acidextraction has been found to give unreliable results on alkaline soils due to solution ofcarbonate weakening the strength of the acid, or solution of non available apatite. Onacid soils solution of iron can give erratic results (Smith et al, 1974). Sodiumbicarbonate extraction has been found to relate to plant response (Olsen et al, 1954;Olsen and Dean, 1965) and a satisfactory correlation (R = 0.86 ) with acid ammoniumfluoride extractable P for acid minesoils (Smith et al, 1974).31
IIDREDGING OPERATIONSIn the process of dredging large quantities of sediments can be suspended withmobilization and transport of pollutants. The EPA has defined "polluted" in terms ofmercury, lead, zinc, oil and grease, total kjeldahl N (TKN) COD, and volatile solids. TheMOE has defined similar parameters, more stringent for mercury and TKN (0.3 ppm &0.1%, respectively), as limits for open water disposal.A standard Elutriate test has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers (Keeley and Engler, 1974). The test consists of shaking the dredged materialin 1:4 ratio with disposal site water for 30 minutes. Filtered receiving water (Xi) andthe elutriate (X) are analyzed for the specified parameters. If X >1.5Xi, the constituentexceeds the pollution criteria.Most of the U.S. harbours along the Great Lakes are polluted by the EPAstandard (IJC, 1974). High zinc and lead have been found in Toronto Harbour (Wilkins,1974).It has been found that dredging can lead to phosphorus release to the waterway,principally because of the higher phosphorus content of the interstitial water (Posneret al, 1975).On the U.S. side of the Great Lakes, approximately 11 million cubic yards ofdredged spoil must be moved each year (Hansen, 1971). All dredged material was32
Page 1 and 2: THE APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICALANALYSE
Page 3: THE APPLICATIONS OF CHEMICAL ANALYS
Page 6 and 7: Sediments and soils play important
Page 8 and 9: An understanding of physical, chemi
Page 10 and 11: Transportation of natural and man-m
Page 12 and 13: operation. Wastewater is a major so
Page 14 and 15: Chaney et al (1972) studied iron up
Page 16 and 17: near a large zinc smelter in Japan
Page 18 and 19: Lead in soil is relatively unavaila
Page 20 and 21: Of interest is the form of chromium
Page 22 and 23: appreciably available. In acid soil
Page 24 and 25: A correlation was found between tot
Page 26 and 27: could cause uni-directional migrati
Page 28 and 29: mobile through chelation with humic
Page 30 and 31: The surface 5 cm of sediment from M
Page 32 and 33: Organic matter content of soils has
Page 34 and 35: Pyritic sulphur content, measured a
Page 38 and 39: previously disposed of in open wate
Page 40 and 41: eference samples are included in ea
Page 42 and 43: investigated based on HNO 3 HClO 4
Page 44 and 45: Ignition loss at 350-400°C has bee
Page 46 and 47: Ministry of the Environment and nut
Page 48 and 49: (total N and P, and Loss on Ignitio
Page 50 and 51: IDENTIFICATIONSAttempts are made to
Page 53 and 54: REFERENCESALLAN, R. J., 1974. Metal
Page 55 and 56: Air and Waste Chemistry. Amer. Chem
Page 57 and 58: GORHAM, E., and SWAINS, D. J., 1965
Page 59 and 60: JOHN, M. K., 1972. Cadmium Adsorpti
Page 61 and 62: Harvest, Location and Level of N an
Page 63 and 64: Sudbury Lake. Ontario Ministry of t
Page 65 and 66: UNDERWOOD, E. J., 1971. Trace Eleme

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