Vision by Radio - Early Television Foundation

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RADIO PICTURES

Vision by RadioRadio PhotographsRadio PhotogramsC. FRANCIS JENKINSWASHINGTON

COPYRIGHTED, 1925, BYJENKINS LABORATORIES, INC.WASHINGTON, D. C.

IfTo the splendid young fol^s, SybilL. AJmand, Florence M. Anthony,John H. Ogle, James W. Robinson,Stuart W. Jen\s, and Thornton P.Dewhirst, who so efficiently assistedin the attainment of Photographs byRadio, Radio Vision, and Radio Photograms,this boo^, in grateful appreciation, is dedicated.

Mr. C. FrancisJenkinsBorn in the country, north of Dayton, Ohio, in1868, of Quaker parents. Spent boyhood on farmnear Richmond, Indiana. Attended country school;a nearby high school; and Earlham College. "Explored" wheatfields and timber regions of Northwest,and cattle ranges and mining camps of SouthwestUnited States. Came to Washington, D. C., in1890, and served as secretary to Sumner I. Kimball,U. S. Life Saving Service. Resigned in 1895 to takeup inventing as a profession. Built the prototypeof the motion picture projector now in every picturetheatre the world over; developed the spiral -woundparaffined all-paper container; and produced the firstphotographs by radio, and mechanism for viewingdistant scenes by radio. Has over three hundredpatents; and maintains a private laboratory inWashington. He is a member of the Franklin Institute, the American Association for the Advancementof Science, and founder of the Society of MotionPicture Engineers. Has several times been honoredby scientific and other bodies for original researchand attainment.

ForewordThe rapid development of apparatus for the transmission of photographs by wire and by radio maynow be confidently expected, because the public isready for it. At this very moment it is going throughthe same empirical process by which motion picturesarrived, and out of which finally the long film stripwas born.In the motion picture development there appearedthe spiral picture disc; the picture "thumb book";picture cards radially mounted on drums and bands ;and the picture film continuously moved and intermittently illuminated.But finally the development resolved itself into asingle, long, transparent picture film, intermittentlymoved in the exposure aperture of the projectingmachine; and upon this has been built one of thelarge industries of the world.Doubtless this will be the history of the development of electrically transmitted photographs, and ofradio vision, for many schemes have already beentried and more may yet be seen before the final,practical form shall have been evolved, and this newaid to business and to entertainment shall have takenin human affairs.The transmission of a photograph electrically, aits placeportrait, for example, is not so much a matter ofmechanism, once the tools are perfected and theiroperation understood it is more a;matter of blendingof line and tone, just exactly as it is with the artist.The great portrait photographer uses the same toolsthe amateur uses, but an acquired technique of highorder enables him to produce a superior portrait,5

free of chalky contrasts, and soft in tone and blending. Just so in radio photography,it is a matter ofsimple mechanism, and an acquired skill in its use.The author expects to see, very soon, the radioamateurs using flash-light lamps and electric penswhere they now use headphones; and halftones orpotassium cells where they now use microphones,for the radio problem between the two is practicallythe same if anything rather more simple withlight than with sound. And new means for modulating electric current by changing light values may beexpected when the American boy starts to play withthis new toy.There has been a veritable army of engineersengaged in the development of radio as a service tothe ear, while relatively few engineers have beendeveloping radio as a service to the eye.It is believed that the distant electric modulationof light for many purposes will soon become a commonphenomena and eventually of inestimable service inscience, in engineering, in industry, and in the home.Nor will this service be confined to radio. Presentmetallic channels now employed for other purposes,i. e., high tension power lines, railroad rails, citylighting wires, and water pipes, can be made a newsource of revenue, and at a ridiculously insignificantcost.Radio is none the less valuable by reason of itsapplication as such a rider on the present metallicgrids of every city, and of interurban connections.There are many channels where only space radio canbe employed, but the neglect of the application ofhigh frequency currents to metallic channels whichlead into every place of business, and into everyhome, is unnecessary waste.The author confidently believes the application of

these several ideas to the control of light at distantpoints is the next great advance in electricity, and tohasten such development the information in thefollowing pages is set down to assist the researchworker and the application engineer. The mechanisms and circuits herein disclosed may be acceptedwith assurance.With a radio photographic technique, the result often years of concentration on this subject, it may beasserted with confidence that the requirement of aparticular application rather than a particularmachine is the governing factor in each case; forwith full working knowledge of the art, and thespecial application requirements known, the designof the machine best adapted to that service is asimple matter.THE AUTHOR.

ContentsPagePageLight Cell 42Amstutz Machines 73 Light Sources 112A. T. & T. Co. Pictures. . . 85 Light Wedge 48Baker's Scheme 77 Mechanisms employed. ... 40Belin Machine 83 Medals 121-126Braun Tube Receiver 91 Motion Picture Projector.. 120Capillary Pen 46 Multiple Signals 30Circuits, radio 117 Nipkow & Sutton 71Code Pictures 89 Oscillograph Receiver 47Color by Radio 93 Patents, list of 132Control Fork 29 Perforated Strips 43Corona Lamp 51 Photographic Receiver. ... 47Dot Pictures 88 Pneumatic Valve 49Duplex Machine 105 Prismatic Ring 25, 98, 110Electrograph of 1900 75 Prismatic Ring Machines. 95Electrolytic Receivers 46 Radio Circuits 117Engraving Receiver 73 Radio Corp. Pictures 87Eye Radio Service 39 Radio Motor 30Filament Lamp 28, 50 Radio Vision 33First Radio Channel 67 Radio Vision Machines . . .109First Picture Machine 120 Receiving Machines 45Fournier and Rignoux. ... 81 Receiving Methods 26Galvanometer 48 Sending Machines 40Genesis of Radio 127 Sources of Light 112Glow Lamp 29 Spark Gap Source 50Halftone, filled in 41 Strip Machine 103High Speed Camera 125 Stroboscopic Lamp 30Historical Sketch, Jenkins. 118 Sutton & Nipkow 71Hook-ups Jenkins 117 Swelled Gelatin 41Initial Activities 25 Synchronizing Forks 101Ink Pen Receivers 46 Talking Machine 107Korn, Dr., Machine 79 Transmitting Methods 25Lens Drum Machine 116 Washington 133Lens Disc Machine ..114, 115 Zinc Etching 40

IllustrationsA. T. & T. Co. .example.Page. 84Amstutz Machine 72Baker Machine 76Belin Machine 82Code Picture 89Comments 52-66Control Fork 100Dot Picture 88Duplex Machine 104Electrograph 74Examples Photograms 35-38. .Examples Radio Photos. 17-23Experimenter's Machine . . 106First Picture Projector. ... 120High Speed Camera 124Korn Example 78Light Sources 112Loomis Wireless . . .68PageMedals 121-126Photograms 35-38Prismatic Band Ring 99Prismatic Disc Ring 97Prism Combinations ..110, 111Radio Color Example 92Radio Corp'n Picture 86Radio Hook-up 117Radio Photographs 17-23Radio Photo Camera 96Radio Photo Transmitter. . 94Radio Picture Scheme .... 1 13Radio Vision Machines . . .108R. V. Mechanisms.. . .114-116Seeing by Radio 80Seeing by Wire 70Story World 122Strip Machine 102

Vision by RadioC. FRANCIS JENKINSTHE earliest attempts to send pictures and to seeelectrically date back some fifty years, beingpractically coincident with efforts to transmit soundelectrically.At first a metallic circuit was employed to carrythe impulses representing picture values, but whenradio was available several workers immediatelybegan the adaptation of their apparatus to radiocircuits.Some remarkably fine examples of pictures transmitted by both wire and radio have been producedin recent months; most of them showing the lines,but some of them without lines at all, i. .,truephotographic results.And as the transmission of images from livingsubjects in action differs from "still" pictures onlyin that they are more rapidly formed, it naturallyfollowed that the solution of this problem shouldalso be undertaken.When radio service to the eye shall have a comparable development with radio service to the ear, anew era will indeed have been ushered in, whendistance will no longer prevent our seeing our friendas easily as we hear him.Our President may then look on the faceof theKing of England as he talks with him; or upon thecountenance of the President of France when exchangingassurances of mutual esteem.n

The general staff of our Navy and Army may seeat headquarters all that a lens looks upon as it iscarried aloft in a scouting airplane over battle frontor fleet maneuvers.And from our easy chairs by the fireside, we stayat-homescan watch the earth below as a great ship,like the Shenandoah, carries our flag and a broadcasting lens, over the mountains and plains, thecities and farms, the lakes and forests, of our wonderful country.In due course, then, folks in California and inMaine, and all the way between, will be able to seethe inaugural ceremonies of their President, inWashington; the Army and Navy football games atFranklin Field, Philadelphia; and the struggle forsupremacy in our national sport, baseball.The new machine will come to the fireside as afascinating teacher and entertainer, without language,literacy, or age limitation; a visitor to the old homestead with photoplays, the opera, and a direct visionof world activities, without the hindrance of muddyroads or snow blockades, making farm life still moreattractive to the clever country-bred boys and girls.Already audible radio is rapidly changing our socialorder; those who may now listen to a great man orwoman are numbered in the millions. Our Presidentrecently talked to practically the whole citizenshipof the United States at the same time.When to this audible radio we add visible radio,we may both hear and see great events; inauguralceremonies, a football, polo, or baseball game; aregatta, mardi gras, flower festival, or baby parade;and an entire opera in both action and music.Educationally, the extension worker in our greatuniversities may then illustrate his lecture, for thedistant student can see as well as hear him by radio.12

It is not a visionary, or even a very difficult thingto do; speech and music are carried by radio, andsight can just as easily be so carried.To get music by radio, a microphone convertssound into electrical modulation, which, carried byradio to distant places, is then changed back intosound and we hear the music.To get pictures by radio, a sensitive cell convertslight into electrical current, and at radio distanceschanges these currents back into light values, andone may see the distant scene; for light is the thingof which pictures are made, as music is made ofsound.To further show the close relation, it might beadded that in receiving sets these same electricalvalues can be put back either into sound with headphones or into light with a radio camera; althoughit may be admitted that such radio signals do notmake much sense when with headphones one listensto the pictures.Already radio vision is a laboratory demonstration,and while it is not yet finished and ready for generalpublic introduction, it soon will be, for it should beborne in mind that animated pictures differ fromstill pictures only in the speed of presentation, andthe sending of "still" pictures by radio is now anaccomplished fact, radio photographs of no meanquality, examples of which appear as illustrations inthis volume.Just as is done in radio photographs the picturesurface is traversed by a small spot of light movingover the picture surface in successive parallel adjacentlines, with the value of the lines changed by theincoming radio signals to conform to a given order,the order being controlled by the light values of thescene at the distant sending station.13

In sending pictures electrically, there have beenbut two methods employed, perhaps the only methodspossible; namely (a) a cylinder mechanism; and (b)a flat surface.Without exception, every scheme which hadattained any degree of success, before the authoradopted flat surfaces, has depended upon synchronousrotation of two cylinders, one at the sending stationwith the picture thereon to be sent ;and the otherat the receiving station where the picture is to beput.Perhaps the very obviousness of the cylinderscheme, and that there are no patents to prevent,explains why it has been employed by so many.And there have been many workers in this line ofendeavor; for example, in England, Lord Northcliff,Sir Thompson, Mr. Evans and Mr. Baker; in France,MM. Armengaud, Ruhmer, Rignoux, Fournier, andBelin; in Germany, Paul Nipkow, Dr. Anchutz, andDr. Korn.In America, Mr. Ballard, Mr. Brown, and Mr.Amstutz, the latter deserving particular mention,for, from a distant picture, a swelled gelatine print,he engraved a printing plate which could be putdirectly on a printing press for reproduction.All these many workers have adopted the cylindermethod of sending and receiving, and all have arrivedat approximately the final stage of developmentpermitted by concurrent science.It may be well to explain that, in these olderschemes, the picture to be sent is wrapped aroundthe cylinder, usually a cylinder of glass where lightsensitive cellsare employed, mounted on a rotatingshaft, which also has longitudinal displacement.The light values which make up the picture areconverted into electric current of corresponding14

values and put upon a wire or other channel whichdelivers them to the distant receiving station.At the receiving station a suitable film-like sheet(paper, for example) is wrapped around a cylindersimilar to that at the sending station. As thiscylinder is rotated and longitudinally advancedunder a stationary point in contact with the paperon the cylinder, a spiral is traced thereon. As theincoming electrical current represents picture values,and as the two cylinders are turning in exact synchronism, a picture duplicate of that at the sendingstation appears thereon. After the picture is completed the paper sheet can then be taken off thecylinder and flattened out for such use as may bedesired.It is quite obvious that vision by radio and radiomovies can never be attained by a cylinder method,for as the picture must appear to the eye complete,by reason of persistence of vision, itnaturallyfollows that the eye must make up the whole picturefrom a single focal plane.The attainment of "television" or Radio Vision, asit is now coming more commonly to be called, requiresthat the sending shall be from a flat plane, andreception on a flat plane, and a modulation whichwill give not only the high lights and shadows but thehalftones as well.These "flat planes" may, of course, be the focalplanes of the lenses employed at the receiving station,and from the focal depth of the lens at the sendingstation where the picture may perhaps be taken fromliving actors in the studio or from an outdoor scene.At the receiving station the "flat surface" may bea photographic plate, a white wall, or a miniature ofthe usual "silver sheet" of the motion picture theatre.It may aid in a clearer and quicker understanding15

of the text ifthe words telephone and television belimited to metallic circuit service, while radio phoneand radio vision is applied to radio carried signals,and this designation will be employed in the followingpages.16

This and succeeding pages are examples of photographs received by radio from a distance, by the Jenkins system, someof them from Washington to Philadelphia, and represent thebest work done in 1922, 1923, and 1924.

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INITIAL ACTIVITIES:The author's work began with the publication inthe Motion Picture News, of October 4, 1913, of anarticle entitled "Motion Pictures by Wireless."Thiscontemplated the employment of a flat receivingsurface, but in the light of subsequent experiencethe scheme proposed therein is believed to be impractical. It did, however, provoke discussion ofthe subject and initiated the work which was thereafter rather continuously prosecuted, except forinterruption to aid in the great World War.After failure to find a practical, workable mechanism made up of devices already in use in appliedeffort was made to discover thescience, diligentnecessary, missing part.PRISMATIC RING:At length a devicedescribed as a prismatic ringwas developed, a new contribution to optical science.In use it is comparable to a solid glass prism whichchanges the angle between its sides, giving to a beamof light passing therethrough a hinged or oscillatingaction on one side of the prism while maintaining afixed axis of the beam on the other side of the prism.As a convenience in fabrication this prismaticring is ground into the face of a glass disc of suitablesize, of selected mirror plate, which gives the ringits own support on the rotating shaft upon which itis mounted.TRANSMITTING METHODS:Success in sending pictures by radio from flatphotographs and receiving them on flat photo nega-25

tive plates (and subsequently of radio vision),really began with the perfection of automaticmachines for the making of these prismatic rings,for by means of these prisms and a light sensitive cellat the sending station the light values which makeup the pictureare converted into electrical values,and broadcast.So to put this picture on a radio carrier wave wesimply slice up the picture (figuratively) into slicesone-hundredth of an inch in width, in the best pictures, by sweeping the picture across the lightsensitive cell by means of these rotating prismaticrings. With each downward sweep the picture ismoved one-hundredth of an inch to the right untilthe whole picture has crossed the cell, the cell converting the light strengths of the different parts ofeach such slice into corresponding electrical values.The process very much resembles a bacon slicerin the market, each slice showing fat and lean.Similarly these imaginary slices of our picture showlight and dark parts, and these lights and shadowsmoving across the sensitive cell produce corresponding strength of electric current, modulating the radiocarrier wave of the broadcasting set accordingly.Further, of course, it is immaterial whether thecurrent modulation is taken directly from a flatphotograph, from a solid object, or from an out-doorscene at which the transmitter is pointed.RECEIVING METHODS:To put these light values back together again atthe distant receiving station to make up a negativeof the picture being broadcast from the sendingstation, it is only necessary to reverse the process;first, with a point of light to draw lines across aphotographic plate, which the rotating prismatic26

ings do; and, second, to vary the density of thedifferent parts of the successive lines correspondingto lights and shadows of the picture at the sendingstation, and this the varying strength of the incomingradio signal does by varying the intensity of thelight.Dense areas in the negative are built up where thelight is successively very bright at the same place inadjacent lines; halftones where the light is lessintense; while where the light is very faint, little orno exposure occurs, and shadows will result.It is thus the lights and shadows which make thepicture are built up, line by line, for when thisnegative is developed, and paper prints made therefrom, the dense areas produce high-lights in thepicture; the less dense areas the halftones; and thethin areas the shadows of the picture, person orscene broadcast at the sending station.It is simplythat a photographic negative has been made ofwhat the lens at the sending station is looking at.So, then, to receive pictures by radio, it is onlynecessary (1) to cover a photographic plate inparallel adjacent lines, and (2) to vary the densityof the lines, to build up the shadows, the halftones,and the high-lights of the picture.If one puts a nickel under a piece of paper anddraws straight lines across it with a dull pencil, apicture of the Indian appears. And that is exactlythe way photographs by radio are received,exceptthat a photographic plate is used instead of a pieceof white paper, and a pencil of light instead of thepencil of lead, the light pencil changing the exposurein various parts of the successive adjacent parallellines by reason of the variation of the incoming radiosignals.The scheme is just a long camera with miles instead27

of inches between lens and plate.For example, thelens in Washington and its photographic plate inBoston; with this exception, that the one lens inWashington can put a negative on one, ten or onehundred photographic plates in as many differentcities at the same time, and at distances limitedonly by the power of the broadcasting station, radioinstead of light carrying the image from lens to plate.The time for transmitting a picture depends uponthe size of the picture and strength of light, say,from three to six minutes, using a filament lamp as asource.The radio photograph receiving instruments arerather simple and inexpensive and, like a loudspeaker,can be attached to any standard amplifying audioradioreceiving set.FILAMENT LAMP:For the light source for radio photographs a filament lamp is employed, and in a single turn coilenclosed in a hydrogen atmosphere.This miniaturefilament coil is imaged on a photo negative plate,and the variation in the light is caused by puttingthe incoming radio signals through this lamp, perhaps after the filament has been brought to a redglow by a battery current. By adjusting the speedof the motor to the temperature change of thisfilament soft gradations of light and shade areobtained which probably can never be equaled byany other device, a photograph of true photographicvalue, entirely free of lines.The author wishes to take this occasion to expresshis appreciation of the splendid assistance of theGeneral Electric Company, under the personalsupervision and hearty cooperation of Mr. L. C.Porter, who from the very first has shown his con-28

fidence in the ultimate successful conclusion of thisdevelopment.GLOW LAMP:For the high speed radio photograms, where onlyblacks and whites are needed, a corona glow lamp ofvery high frequency has been developed. This lampis lighted by the plate current of the last tube of theamplifier; and as the lamp can be lighted and extinguished a million times a second, it is obviousthat the permissible speed is almost limitless, and athousand words per minute is believed ultimatelypossible.This lamp has been developed for the author byProfessor D. McFarlan Moore, an expert in lampsincorporating this phenomena, and who some yearsago, it may be remembered, produced a lamp of thistype more than two hundred feet long. It isprobably safe to predict that no other lamp will ever beable to compete in speed.As photography is the quickest means of copyinganything; and radio the swiftest in travel, it seemedlogical that the two hitched together should constitute the most rapid means of communicationpossible.CONTROL FORK:Of course, the sending machine and the receivingmachines must run in exact synchronism. Thissynchronous control of the sending and receivingmotors is maintained by the vibration of a ratherheavy fork at each station, and adjusted to beattogether, with such slight automatic correction byradio as may be required to keep all receiving forksin step with the fork of the station which at themoment is sending. It is a very simple and depend-29

able mechanism, by which any number of motors, ofany size,separated by any distance, can be made torun in synchronism.RADIO MOTOR:Another scheme of the rotary type, perhaps evenbetter adapted to the distant control of large motors,is a small synchronous radio motor driven by powercarried by radio from the broadcasting station to thereceiving stations. It is, of course, rotated partly byradio power from the distant station, and partly bylocal current, just as a loudspeaker is operated.These small motors, rotating in synchronism withthe motor at the sending station, control the rotationof a larger motor in each receiving camera, and so allstations keep in step.STROBOSCOPIC LAMP:Of course, it would be fatal if it were necessary towait until the picture was developed before it couldbe discovered that the receiving camera was gettingout of control. So a special "neon" lamp is locatedto shine on a revolving marker on the motor shaftof the receiving instrument, and flashed by the incoming radio signals, which latter bear a definite relationto the rotation of the sending station motor.SAME WAVE:It should be noted that the same radio wavecarries both the picture frequency which builds upthe photograph and the synchronism frequency whichcontrols the motors, and also that it lights thestroboscopic lamp.MULTIPLE-SIGNAL RADIO:A further advance step was made when an audiblemessage was added to the same radio wave which30

carried the picture. This is done by modulatingthe carrier wave to give audibility, while interruptingthe same carrier wave at a frequency far above theaudible range, say, two hundred thousand cycles, tomake our picture.By means of this duplex employment of the sameradio wave, it is possible to get, for example, boththe gesture and the voice of an inaugural address;the play and the cheers of a national sport; or theacting and song of grand opera.Perhaps it might be explained that synchronismin visual-audible radio reception isaccomplished bythe simple expedient of keeping the radio picture*'framed," exactly as this is done in the motionpicture theatre.But continuing the description of the still pictureprocesses a little further, before taking up RadioVision and Radio Movies, it might be added thatwhile photographs by radio is the more interestingand impressive process, there is little doubt but thatradio photo letters will be of much greater immediateservice in business.Commerce, like an army, can go forward no fasterthan its means of communication. The history ofindustrial advance in all ages shows that with everyaddition to communication facilities the volume ofbusiness has increased. Obviously a third electricalmeans of communication will enlarge business, andspeed up commerce and industry.As an aid in national defense the chief of staff of theSignal Corps of the Army, in a recently publishedreport to the Secretary of War, said (WashingtonStar, November 22, 1924):''Looking into the future of signal communicationfor a moment, it appears that the basic method ofbreaking messages up into words, words into letters,31

letters into dots-and-dashes, and then passing thesethrough the wrist of an operator, as has been thepractice since Morse's fundamental invention of theelectric telegraph, seems to be nearing the end of acycle. Mechanical transmitters with higher speedqualities are becoming stabilized and Americaninvention seems to be making further and rapidprogress in associating photography with radio,which bids fair to revolutionize fundamental methodsof transmission."The message of the future, whether it be written,printed, of mixed with diagrams and photographs,including the signature of the sender, will, it seemscertain, soon be transmitted photographically byradio frequency at a rate tens of times faster thanwas ever possible by the dot-and-dash methods ofhand transmission."Military messages of the future, particularly inactive operations, may contain diagrams andsketches, or even entire sheets of maps, all transmitted as part of the same message and by meansof which detection or listening-in will be reduced toa very low minimum."The author suggests that it might be added thatthe newcomer, the radio photogram, has meritsdistinctly its own, e. g. :(1) It is autographically authentic; (2) it is photographically accurate ; (3) it is potentially very rapid ;(4) it is little effected by static; (5) it is not effectedby storms; and (6) it is automatic and tireless.It can also be used to enlarge the individual newspaper's influence and prestige by the establishment ofphotostat branch printing plants at strategic points,like summer camps, and winter resorts, and atridiculously little cost.Such copies of the news, financial and marketreport pages of the paper could be distributed inthese distant places before they could possiblyappear on the streets of the home city of the paper.32

Of course, produce market reports, stock marketnews, and similar matter could be so distributed verymuch quicker than could be done by any othersystem, certainly so to the farmer and gardener.RADIO VISION:Radio Photographs and Radio Vision, when bothare done by the flat-plate method, are identical inprinciple, the difference being only in the speed ofthe apparatus, with such modification in the apparatus as will permit of the required speed.Just as in the Radio Photograph the picture surfaceof the Radio Vision is covered with a small spot oflight moving over the picture surface in successiveparallel lines, with the light value of the lines changedby the incoming radio signals to conform to a givenorder, the order being controlled by the distantscene at the sending station.And as the whole picture surface is covered inone-twelfth to one-sixteenth of a second, persistenceof vision of the human eye is sufficient to get thepicture from the white receiving screen a photographic plate is not necessary.When the machine of Radio Vision is turned overslowly, the little spot of light on the screen whichmakes up the picture looks for all the world like atiny, twinkling star as it travels across the whitesurface of the screen in adjacent parallel lines, changing in light value to correspond in position and intensity to the light values of the scene before the lensat the broadcasting station.But when the machine is speeded up until the succession of lines recur with a frequency which deceivesthe eye into the belief that it sees all these lines allthe time, then a picture suddenly flashes out on thewhite screen in all the glory of its pantomime mystery.33

To accomplish this, the apparatus must be speededup until a whole picture can be assembled on thescreen, say, in one-sixteenth of a second, to be seenby the eye directly.It was necessary to modify the Radio Photoapparatus to permit this increase in speed. So alens disc is substituted for the fast pair of prismaticplates. Each lens draws a line while the relativelyslow rotation of the prismatic plates distributes thelines over the whole picture surface, just exactly asthe plates do in the Radio Photo Camera.The Radio Vision receiving set and the RadioMovies set are identical, and one may, therefore,see in one's home what is happening in a distantplace, an inaugural parade, football, baseball, orpolo game (and we call it Radio Vision) ;or one maysee the motion picture taken from the screen of adistant theatre (and we call it Radio Movies).The Radio Vision receiving set, as now designed,is very simple; namely, a mahogany box, or smalllidded cabinet, containing, beside the radio receivingset and a loudspeaker, only a small motor rotating apair of glass discs, and a miniature, high frequencylamp for outlining the pantomime picture on a smallmotion picture screen in the raised lid of the cabinet,synchronism being maintained by the simple expedient of ' 'framing" the picture on the screen exactlyas this is done in a moving picture theatre.The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to his friend, Professor D. McFarlan Moore,for a word name for this new device, i.e., "telorama"for the radio vision instrument, and "teloramaphone"for the instrument when it includes simultaneousreproduction of the music or sound accompanyingthe living scene.34

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RADIO SERVICE TO THE EYE:Since the initiation of broadcasting, a veritablearmy of engineers have been devoting themselves tothe development of radio as a service to the ear.The author for several years has been, ratherlonesomely, devoting his efforts to the developmentof radio as a service to the eye.Incidentally it is suggested that there are undreamed of possibilities in radio in the unlimitedfrequencies above audibility, in which speed transmission is greatly accelerated by the tolerance ofeyesight, not possible in an appeal to the ear. Witness, the motion picture theatre screen upon which apicture is taken off and put back again forty-eighttimes per second without discovery by the eye while;the slightest error in a note in the orchestra isdetected at once and grates harshly on the ear.Just as the motion picture depends for success onthe fact that the eye is easily deceived, so in RadioVision the eye is fooled into the belief that it sees theradio picture as a whole, though in fact the eye seesat any one moment only the tiny spot of light bywhich, with almost lightning likespeed, the pictureis made up.Audio radio engineers have been working inthevery limited audio-frequency band below, say, tenthousand cycles, whereas the workable range wherelight instead of sound is employed goes away up tomillions of cycles. It is confidently predicted thatthe next great development in radio is in this area.When the "teloramaphone" is made generallyavailable, then pictures at the fireside sent fromdistant world points will be the daily source of news;the daily instructional class; and the evening'sentertainment; and equally the long day of the sickand shut-ins will be more endurable, and life in the39

far places less lonely, for the flight of radio is nothindered by rain, or storm, or snow blockades.MECHANISMS EMPLOYED:The successful study of the problemof the transmission of light effects electrically (vision, pictures,light signals, etc.) might well begin with the divisionof the subject into its elements and sub-elements.The major division is, naturally, into (a) thesending station apparatus; and (6) the receivingstation apparatus. A great variety of devices havebeen invented for analysis of the picture at thesending station, and the translation of the light values(which make up the picture) into electrical modulation; and likewise a variety of methods for receivingthese electrical signals at a distant place (or places)and there changing the electrical modulations backinto light values with which the picture isSENDING MACHINESZINC ETCHING:built up.Before the refinement of light sensitive cells, actualelectrical contact was oftenest employed in sendingthe impulses which represented light gradations inthe picture.Usually, therefore, a zinc etching of a pen and inkpicture was made, and curved into a cylinder.Thispicture cylinder was then slipped onto a rotatingmandril, which was also moved axially by a screwthread on the mandril shaft; or the cylinder rotatedand a contact arm moved along by the screw, likethe old wax cylinder phonograph.A delicately suspended arm, moved along by thescrew as just described and carrying, instead of thephonograph sound box, a very small and smoothof the zincpoint which was lifted by the high partsetched picture. When so lifted the arm makes40

electrical contact with an adjustable point andcurrent is put into the inter-station wire circuit.By this means the values of the picture are converted into corresponding duration values of anelectric current, and put onto a wire connecting thesending machine with a distant receiving machine(described in detail later in the text).It will thus be seen that the electric impulses sentout over a wire attached to the contact point represent the value of the light and dark portions of thepicture.The electric impulses are similar to letter-codedots-and-dashes, for the picture actually opens andcloses the circuit, like a telegraph key, the darkportions of the picture sending dashes and the lightportions of the picture sending dots. With thepoint set at one end of the cylinder, and the contactarm advancing longitudinally by reason of the threadon the shaft, the point traverses a spiral around thecylinder until the whole picture isSWELLED GELATINE PRINT:covered.In another process a swelled gelatine picture printwas used to raise and lower the contact-making arm,and a carbon contact button was employed, butotherwise the sending machine was much the same.FILLED-IN HALFTONES:Somewhat later halftones of photos were available,and these were similarly bent into cylinders. Theinterstices between the metal points of the halftoneswere filled with an insulating wax, and the wholesmoothed off until the bright metal points (of differentsize and representing the different values of thepicture) were exposed.When this picture cylinder was rotated under a41

contact point, the cylinder and the point beingparts of an electric circuit, current flowed in thecircuit whenever the point touched the metal partsof the picture, but no current flowed when theinsulation passed under the point.Because the point does not jump up and down,but has a smooth surface to ride on, greater speedand accuracy is possible with the filled -in etching.LIGHT-SENSITIVE CELLS:As is quite generally known there are certain"semi-metals" which have the property of changingtheir resistence to an electric current when light fallsthereon.Of this group selenium is typical, although thereare several others, thalium, strontium, barium, etc.More recently it was discovered that some of therarer alkali metals had the property, under certainconditions, of actually converting lightinto electriccurrent. In this group are potassium, sodium,caesium, rubidium, etc.These light-sensitive cells vary the electric currentquite accurately in proportion to the intensity ofthe light falling thereon, and when available werequickly seized upon by the workers in "pictures-byelectricity."When these light sensitive cells were employed,a modification of the previous picture-translatingmethods and mechanisms was made, for now amodulation instead of an interruption of the electriccurrent was possible, the modulation representingthe values of the halftones of a picture transparencyas well as its blacks and whites.The rotating cylinder now employed was of glass,around which the picture, on transparent film, waswrapped. Inside the cylinder a light was put to42

shine through the passing picture film as a minutepoint of light falling on the light sensitive celllocated in a dark box.Just as in the other cylinder schemes the pictureis made to traverse this point of light until the wholepictureis converted into electric current of corresponding values, which, as before, can be put ona wire, or can be made to modulate a radio wave.PERFORATED PAPER STRIPS:One of the oddities of picture analytical translationconsists of running a perforated paper strip betweena source of light and a light sensitive cell,the paperribbon perforated with a series of groups of holes.It is intended that the number of holes in successive groups along the ribbon shall represent successive values of light in the different parts of the pictureto be transmitted.While it is possible to perforate such a ribbon it isquite likely that the experienced engineer wouldadopt some of the simpler forms of picture translation, for there are enough of them which may beused without hesitation, such basic patents as haveever existed having long since expired.An unusual scheme consists in writing the messagein ink made of saltpeter, and then setting fire to theink line. The ink line of the message burns itselfout leaving the paper intact.Thereupon the paperis carefully laid on the metal cylinder of the sendingmachine, or on "silver paper" which is put on thesending cylinder. The contact point drops throughthe burnt lines making contact, and the out-goingsignals, received on a like cylinder at a distantstation, make a duplicate of the original message.A more satisfactory scheme is to put a thin coatingof hard wax on a thin sheet of metal, or metal coated43

papers. These sheets as wanted are laid on anelectric hot-plate and the message, picture, or sketch,is written through the warm wax coating with a leadpencil or stylus. Then the paper with its messageetched therein, is wrapped around the sendingcylinder and rotated under the contact-makingringer, which sends out the electrical impulses.One may also take the sketch, line drawing, orpen picture, to the zinc etcher (halftone engravingplant), and have him make a print on very thinmetal, and develop and harden it, but not etch it.This will give a photographically accurate copy.This copy on the metal sheet can then be bent aroundthe cylinder of your sending machine, and sent outby wire or radio, to be received at all stations tunedin. If etched the etching may be filled in with hardwax and this put on the cylinder, and run under thecontact finger.It is possible to write on paper with copper sulphate (blue vitral) solution, for the acidulated linecarries the current through the paper to the metalcylinder beneath, and completes the circuit. Theacid may even be strong enough to eat through thepaper exposing the metal cylinder underneath.Salt water with a little glycerine to keep it fromdrying up too fast will also perform.Another method which has been proposed isprint or write on paper with sticky material, likeJapan drier, and sprinkle thereon a fine powderedwax, battery sealing wax, for example. This willstick to the tacky lines and can be melted over atohot plate or in an oven. The melted wax leavesstanding lines which will raise a contact-closing penpassing over it. If the lines are sprinkled withmetallic powder a double contact pen can be used44

and the mechanism is still simpler, less delicate, andmore dependable.One of the newer methods of photogram transmission is to use a rotating table, like a talking machinetable, with a rectangular piece of paper thereon(tucked under at the corners), from which to send acommunication ;market bulletins, for example, broadcast by a progressive newspaper to the farmers andtruck gardener patrons in their vicinity.The contact point is advanced from the outer edgeto the centre by a spiral cut on the under side of thetable; or by a threaded edge of a detachable tabletopand a reducing gear to move the contact armacross the message, or other scheme.(Of course, the receiving machine should be aduplicate of the sending machine, with suitablereceiving surface.)The bulletin sheet can not be advantageously usedto the very centre, any more than a music recordcan, but this space can be employed by the broadcaster for printed announcements (as music disc records are so used) the, receiving paper being furnishedthe broadcaster.byBut of all the schemes it is very doubtful if anywill ever equal the writing of the message or sketchin lead pencil on paper, and rotate it under a twocontactcollector. The graphite of the lines makescontact across the twin-blade terminals, effectingthe transmitter as would a telegraph key in thecircuit.RECEIVING MACHINES:Coming now to the design of a suitable receivingmachine, it will be found that an even greater varietyof schemes have been tried.45

INK PEN RECEIVERS:Upon a rotating and longitudinally moving cylinder, similar to that of the sending machine firstdescribed, a paper is put, and upon this paper, asthe cylinder rotates, an ink pen, mounted on a pivotedarm, touches intermittently, being drawn down toink the paper with every incoming electrical impulse, and lifted off the paper by a gentle spring.CAPILLARY PEN:In another ink and pen scheme the electric currentis passed through a capillary ink tube to make itflow and black the paper; no lifting of the pen armis necessary.As the order of these dots-and-dashes is controlledby the impulses put into the line by the picture atthe sending station, a picture is built up on thepaper on the receiving machine cylinder, a copy ofthe picture on the cylinder of the sending machine.ELECTROLYTIC RECEIVERS:In another and similar scheme a chemicallytreated paper is put on the cylinder, and upon this,as it rotates, a metallic point is gently pressed.When the incoming electric current from the sending station passes through the paper under the contact point an electrolysis occurs which appears as adiscoloration of the paper.And as these discolored dots-and-dashes appear,as before, in an order controlled by the distantstation, a picture is again built up on the paper, acopy of the picture at the sending station.One of the best solutions for the purpose is madeup of Iodide of Potassium one-half pound; Bromideof Potassium two pounds; Dextrine or Starch oneounce; and Distilled Water one gallon. (Use an46

iron contact needle). There are other solutionsmade of Ferricyanide, but are not so satisfactory.Still another scheme, the simplest of mechanisms,consists of a metal disc upon which electrolytic paperis clipped. This plateis then put on the rotatingtable of a talking machine. A rubbing electricalcontact is made with the disc, and the other wireattached to the tone arm to complete the circuitthrough the steel needle of the sound box.As no groove is available to carry the arm towardthe centre of the disc, a spurred-wheel is attachedthereto, so as to engage the paper on the disc. Thewheel can be adjusted diagonally of the tone arm togive any separation required in the convolutions ofthe spiral line.One of the schemes employed, and with considerable success for its time, consisted of an engravingtool, moved up and down radially of a coated cylinder, cutting a groove of varying width in the softcoating of the cylinder.When this coating was stripped off the cylinder,iaid out flat and hardened, it was mounted on aprinting block, inked, and impressions taken therefrom on a suitable printing press.PHOTOGRAPHIC RECEIVERS:But doubtless photographic paper, wrapped aroundthe cylinder, has been used oftener than any othermedium.With photo paper or film a point of lightthe film.is usually employed to exposeOSCILLOGRAPH RECEIVERS:The point sources of light used and methods ofmodulation have been almost as varied as thetemperamentsof the several workers. One of thefirst was the employment of a steady light sourcewhich, reflected in the tiny mirror of an oscillograph,47

is caused to vibrate at a high frequency across aminute aperture which in turn is imaged on thefilm on the cylinder. As the amplitude of vibrationof the mirror determines the amount of light passingthrough the aperture and falling on the film, it willreadily be understood that the strength of theincoming electric signals, representing light valuesof the picture at the distant station, reproduceduplicate values on the exposed film. When thisfilm is developed a copy of the picture on the cylinderof the sending machine is obtained.LIGHT WEDGE MODULATION:Another scheme for modulating the light fallingon the film on the cylinder, consists in placing alight wedge against the face of a lens which images thevibrating mirror (or light source) on the film.As the light is constantly imaged on the film bythe lens its slight displacement toward the dark endof the light-wedge by the vibration of the mirrordecreases the strength of the light falling on thefilm, while displacement toward the thin edgelight-wedge gives greater exposure on the film.of theIt is obvious, therefore, that the vibration of themirror determines the exposure at successive positions on the film; and as these displacements followthe varying strength of the incoming electric current,and the latter in turn is determined by the lightvalues of the picture at the sending station, it naturally follows that when the film is developed a duplicate of the distant picture results.SILVER WIRE GALVANOMETER:Another method of varying the light falling onthe photo film on the cylinder consists in mountingtwo very minute overlapping shutters one on each48

of the two wires of an electric circuit suspended in astrong magnetic field. On these overlapping shuttersa light source is focused, so that greater or lesserdisplacement of the shutters,by reason of varyingstrengths of current in the adjacent runs of the wire,allows more or less light to pass there between.Another lens images these tiny shutters onto thefilm covered cylinder, so that when the shutters areopened by the incoming currents in the two wires, thelight is concentrated on the film.As the exposure depends on (a) the shutter openings, and the shutter opening on (b) the incomingcurrent strength, and the incoming current strengthon (c) the light values at the sending station, development of the film again gives a duplicate of thepicture at the sending station.PNEUMATIC VALVE:An interesting scheme of picture reception isknown as the pneumatic light valve, the vibration ofwhich causes a shadow band to oscillate across alens opening into the camera.In a circular center opening in a magnetized irondiaphragm is suspended an iron disc somewhatsmaller than the opening. This small disc is magnetically held by its edge to the inside edge of theopening in the diaphragm, with its plane in the planeof the magnetic field of the diaphragm.Upon the disc is mounted a tiny mirror, and as thesuspension of the disc is in the magneticthere by the strength of the field itself, it is extremelyfield heldeasily disturbed, so that a small beam of lightreflected from the mirror can be vibrated with a verylittle current through great amplitude.As the beam of light has a transverse shadowband therein of a width to normally close the lens49

openingTinto the camera, the varying amplificationof the vibration of the mirror, and therefore, of theshadow, admits a proportional amount of light.SPARK GAP:One of the very simplest light sources for exposingthe film on the receiving cylinder consists of aminute spark-gap located in contact with the movingfilm.The strength of the incoming current charges asmall condenser until the gap breaks down and thepassing spark exposes the film (or perhaps perforatesit). If the current is strong the sparks pass the gapat a high frequency,while if the current is weak thefrequency is less. The range may be from 500 to5,000 per second perhaps, depending on the currentstrength, and, of course, the film exposure correspondingly varies, and the different degrees of densityof the picture results.This scheme requires about as small current as islikely to be practical,perhaps, especially when thespark is in a suitable degree of vacuum, and, ofcourse, the incoming radio signals require correspondingly small amplification.FILAMENT LAMP:The direct source of light which in the author'slaboratory has produced the most perfect photographic effects, i. e., photographs absolutely withoutlines, consists of a lamp about an inch in diameterand two inches long, fitted with a standard screwbase. The tube contains a .6 mil filament with asmall single turn coil in a hydrogen atmosphere.The coil is offset until it almost touches the glasswall. Such location of the coiled filament permitsthe effective placing of a minute aperture in very50

close relation to the filament; whereas an apertureon the outside of a bulb with the light source in thecentre of the bulb acts like a pin-hole camera, andsharpness of image is practically impossible (unlessa lens is used).The lamp described above will respond to fluctuations in current well above a thousand times persecond, but requires voltages about four timesnormal. It was made for the author by courtesyof the General Electric Company, under the direction of Mr. L. C. Porter, of Harrison, N. J.CORONA LAMP:But the lamp that reallyelicits the author'sunqualified admiration is the corona glow lamp madefor the author by Professor D. McFarlan Moore.It consists of a small glass bulb containing a neatfittingmetallic cylinder, one terminal of an attachedcircuit. Inside and concentric with the cylinder isa second cylindrical capsule made of a solid roddrilled to a predetermined depth.The electron stream from the outside cylinder tothe capsule naturally takes the long path, and as thelongest path is down into the capsule, the result isthat the small central opening of the capsule glowswith great intensity while the other parts of thelamp remain dark. This lamp, Professor Mooreadvises, has a light and dark frequency of a millionper second. 51

UNIONAMNEWCOMB CARLTON. PRESIDENTGEORGE W. E. ATKINS. FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT153W 1W 1 EXTRA OF TELEPHONED MESSAGEP ROCHESTER NY 114P OCT 12 1922CFRANCIS JENKINS1519 CONN AVENUE NW WASHINGTON DCSOCIETY MOTION PICTURE ENGINEERS REGRETS YOUR ABSENCE FROM THE CONVENTIONBEST WISHES FOR YOUR SUCCESSIN RADIOTRANSMISSION OF PICTURESA R DBNNINGTON SECY22 5P

GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANYWEST LYNN, MASS.In Reply Refer toNovember 28 , 1922 .Mr .0 .Francis Jenkins,1519 Connecticut Ave.,Washington ,D .0 .Dear Mr .Jenkins:I sun in receipt of yours ofNovember 25th, enclosing the radio picture, for which I thank you. It certainly shows a successful result.When I first read of your prismatic ring arrangement in the "ScientificAmerican 11 ,I recognized that itwas the solution of a problem which Ihad often thought of as possible, andI can well understand that it may haveapplications which we do not even nowthink of. It is perfectly possible, asyou say, to employ the method of radiotransmission of pictures on a very considerable scale, which would hardly bepossible in transmitting them by theordinary telegraph.With best regards, and gratification to know that you are progressing , I am ,Very truly yours ,

THE WHITE HOUSEWASHINGTONDecember 5,1922.Dear Mr. JenkinsPlease accept my thanks for theradiophotograph which you were goodenough to send to me. The productionof a picture in this fashion is certainly one of the marvels of our timeand I am under obligation to you forsending methis handsomely mountedcopy which will be preserved as a verymuch prizedsouvenir.Gratefully yours ,/9/T^^^^^^7/Hr .0 .Francis Jenkins1519 Connecticut AvenueWashington ,D.G .

Westinghouse Eleclric& Manufacturing CompanyEastPiUsburgh,Pa.Mr .C .Francis Jenkins,1519 Connecticut Ave . ,Washington ,D .0 .March 7,1923.My dear Jenkins :Ihave been reading with muchinterest the newspapers giving anaccount or your success in sendingphotographs by Radiofrom Washingtonto Philadelphia. After my visit toyour laboratory a few weeks ago whenyou told me of this proposedtransmission ,I have been looking forwardto it feeling assured it would befully as successrui as the papers haverelated ,andI want to add my congratulations tothe many you must have already .received , and which you so welldeserve. May your success continue.With kindest regards, I am,Yours very sincerely,

THE FRANKUN INSTITUTEOF THE: STATE or PENNSYLVANIAPHILADELPHIAMarchMr .Francis Jenkins,5502 -Sixteenth Street.N.W.,Washington, D .0My dear Mr .Jenkins:I want to say to you howdelighted I was to receive your letter ofMarch 6th, accompanied by. the beautifulexamples of your success in transmittingphotographs by radio. I enjoyed very decidedly the opportunity that you gave meof seeing the process of receiving thesepictures and have found since that a number of those whose attention I called- toyour work, took advantage of the opportunity and were greatly pleased with theresults .I can only say that Iappreciate to a certain extent, at least,the tremendous energy and persistence thatyou have put into the development of thisnew. .art and -most heartily congratulate youon the success that you have obtained.I am promising myselfthat if I come to Washington at any timein the near future to make a visit to yourlaboratory and see you in your own privatelair. Hoping that such an opportunitywill not be too long delayed. I am,Sincerely yours,S. and A. Assistant

CHARLES FRANCIS JENKINS232 SOUTH 7IS STREETPHILADELPHIA. PENNA.Charles FrancisWashington ,D .C .March 12th ,1923.Jenkins,Dear Friend:The receipt of the Journal ofthe English Historical Society a few daysago, in which is given a list of Friendswho have achieved distinction through inventions and in which your name is given,shows that we have another point of contact in addition to our exactly similarnames, and that is, we are both Membersof the Society of Friends.If you ever get to Philadelphia,I hope you will stop in and see me andarrange to have lunch with me , if possibleI have been much interested inthe considerable amount of publicitygiven your work lately and I enclose apage from the Evening Bulletin, althoughI think it more than likely you have seenit.With best wishes,Very truly,

NAVAL RESEARCH LABORATORY"BELLEVUE,'* ANACOSTIA, D. C.21 August 1923.Mr.C .F.Jenkins,1519 Connecticut Ave . ,Washington ,D .C .My dear Jenkins :Thanks very much for the samples of yourrecent work. They look very good. I wasparticularly interested in what you saidconcerning the Chinese and Japanese 'methodsof transmitting telegraphy. I had heardsomething of this before but never realizedhow complicated it would make the processfor them.As soon as I can get (this laboratorywell started I will -certainly find time, tolook in on- you and I hope arrangements maybe made for continuing some cooperativework with you. We have designated a geetionof our organization to work on1methods of secret communication but justnow we are unable to put anyone on thatwork.I hope you will* keep me in touch withyour developments and let me know in particular, what progress you are making towards high speed work. One of the bestarguments that I can make for the Navytaking up such work will be the matter ofsaving time in handling coded messages.With best regards, I am,Very truly yours,Physicist,TTSN

POPULAR RADIO9 EAST 4O T -tiSTREET, NEW YORKKENDALL BANNING, Editor & UanderbilfSeptember 11,1923.C .Francis Jenkins ,Bsq. ,1519 Connecticut Avenue,Washington ,D .G .My dear Mr .Jenkins:I certainly appreciate your interestingletter of September 10th, as wellas the three photographic enclosures.I am tremendously impressed, not onlywith what you have accomplished in thetransmission of pictures by radio-, butalso with the limitless possibilitiesthat you are opening up. It is entirelyconceivablethat the work you are doingright now may have an effect upon civilization that will be almost revolutionary.You must have had a corking good timeon your airplane trip from Omaha toChicago Yes, we have been, undoubtedly.backward in the development of our airplane commercial traffic. Some day wewill make up for lost time.Cordially,

v s I*K c:,ToK s* o F F i c HONE MADISONNEW YORK CITYOctober 6,1923.Dr. C.Francis Jenkins,Radio Pictures Corporation,Washington-;D.C.Dear Dr.Jenkins:Thank you for your kindnote of October 4th enclosing somesplendid reproductions of the messageI wrote when I called upon you at yourLaboratory.Upon my return to Japan I, shall inform our Home authorities about the merits of your highspeed camera and radio apparatus andwill also present the fine samples yousent me .By the way, kindlyaccept this expression of gratitudefor the courtesies you extended to meand my 'associates during our recentvisit to Washington.Very truly yours,V.ENGINEER-CAPTAIN,I. J. N

HARRISBUROOctober 23, 1923.Mr. C. Francis Jenkins,5502 Sixteenth Street,Vfe-shington, E.G.Dear Mr.Jenkins:My heartiest thanlc for your letterof October. 17th and for the cojy of my firstphotograph by radio. I appreciate it more thanI can easily say, and think it Is a perfectlymarvelous piece of .work under the circumstances.Also it is more than pleasant to 'have' it fromyou, in view of our long association, and sobeautifully mounted.V/ith renewed appreciation, and heartiestthanks for all the trouble you took in getting it

1339-1351 DIVERSEY PARKWAYCHICAGODecember 21,1923.Mr .C .Francis Jenkins,Radio Pictures Corporation,Washington'.D .0 .Dear Mr .Jenkins:I was delighted to receive your letterof the 19th. Heartiest congratulations on making such wonderful progress with the Radio Pictures, I amsure that I am going to be one ofthose fellows who can proudly say"I knew him when -".With all good wishes for. a MerryChristmas and a Happy New Year, I am,Sincerely,Rothacker Film Mfg. CoWRR:GLD

EASTMAN KODAK COMPANYROCH ESTER ,N. Y.February 18,1924,Mr .0. Franc isJenkins,Washington ,D .0 .Dear Mr .Jenkins:I am in receipt ofyour lettor of February 6th enclosingthe copies of photographs sent byradio. Your feat seems marvelous tome and I heartily congratulate youupon its accomplishment.With kindestregards,Iam,Sincerely yours ,

WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYANVILLA SERENAMIAMI. FLORIDAJuly 29,1924.Mr .c .Francis Jenkins,1519 Connecticut Avenue,Wash ing t on ',D .C .Dear Mr .Jenkins:I thank you for the Radio Photograph--it is wonderful! What iethere left to be discovered?interest, I am,Appreciating your friendlyVery truly yours ,

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCEOFFICE OF THE SECRETARYWASHINGTONMr.C.Francis Jenkins,1519 Connecticut Avenue,Washington ,D .C .Dear Mr -.Jenkins:February 1,1924I wish to express myappreciation for thephotograph whichyou so kindly sent me. It representsa very startling development in radioand sometime when I have some leisureI would be interested in discussingthe method with you .Yours faithfully,

CARL AKELEY77TH STREET AND CENTRAL. PARK WESTNEW YORK CITYMarch 16,1925.Dear Mr.Jenkins:You are perfectly welcome to publish anything I may havewritten you.I think few peoplerealize or appreciate the practicalpossibilities of the transraiosion ofradiophotographs and the high development to which you have brought thisart. I congratulate you on your success and wish a speedy realization ofyour dreams .Sincerely yours,Mr .C.Francis JenkinsJenkins Laboratories1519 Connecticut Avenue,Washington D C

The First Radio ChannelWhile perhaps not singly applicable to the subjectof pictures by radio, it is certain that without thediscovery that signals could be transmitted throughthe air without wires, we should not now have eitheraudible or visual radio.While in 1832 Professor Joseph Henry discoveredthat electrical oscillations could be detected a considerable distance from the oscillator, it remainedfor a dentist, Dr. Mahlon Loomis, of Washington,D. C., to actually send the first radio messages. In1865 he built an oscillating circuit, and connectedit to a wire aerial supported in the air by a kite.One station was set up on the top of Bear DenMountain, in Virginia, not very far from Washington ;a duplicate station being set up on top of CatoctinSpur, some fifteen miles distant.Messages were sent alternately from one stationto the other station, by dot-and-dash interruption ofa buzzer spark circuit; while reception was attainedby deflecting a galvanometer needle at the stationwhich was at the moment receiving.In Leslie's Weekly (1868) Frank Leslie personallydescribes these " successful experiments in communication without the aid of wires."Later (1869) a bill was introduced in the U. S.Congress to incorporate the Loomis Aerial Telegraph Company (though nobody would buy thestock, and it remained for others, years later, toreap the reward of radio broadcasting).In speaking on the bill, Senator Conger repeated,he said, the explanation that Dr. Loomis made tohim, that67

"The system consists of causing electrical vibrations, or waves (from the kite wire aerial) to passaround the world, as upon the surface of some quietlake into which a stone islows another from the point ofcast one wave circlet foldisturbance to theremotest shores; so that from any other mountain topupon the globe another conductor which shall receive the impressed vibrations may be connected toan inductor which will mark the duration of suchvibration, and indicate by an agreed system of notation, convertible into human language, the messageof the operator at the point of first disturbance."From Congressional Globe, Library of Congress.Perhaps it may be a coincidence, or perhaps a bloodstrain of the pioneer, that the first radio school everset up by a woman should have been founded byhis granddaughter, Miss Mary Texanna Loomis,Washington, D. C.69

Nipkowand SuttonOne of the most interesting examples of the attempts to see by radio was made the subject of apatent by Nipkow in 1884. The proposed transmitter consisted of a selenium cell and an objectivelens, with a spirally perforated disc rotating betweenthe cell and lens "to dissect the scene."The receiving device employed the polarizing lightvalve used by Major George O. Squire, and Professor A. C. Crehore, to measure the flight of gun shellsat Fort Monroe, Virginia, in 1895.The Nipkow scheme was preceded by ShelfordBidwell's device for "the telegraphic transmissionof pictures of natural objects," described in Telegraphic Journal, 1881, Vol. 9, page 83; and lateralmost exactly duplicated by M. Henri Sutton, andrather fully described in Lumiere Electrique, Vol. 38,page 538, 1890.71

Of allThe Amstuts Systemthe mechanisms which have been designedfor the transmission of pictures electrically, that ofN. S. Amstutz, of Valparaiso, Indiana, U. S. A., inthe author's opinion, stands out as the most conspicuous, not only for fine work, but for the clevernessof its accomplishment, the first successful picturebeing sent in May, 1891, over a 25-mile wire ineight minutes."Mr. Amstutz was not the first to send picturesover wire, but he was the first to send pictures withhalftones, the others were simply line drawings. Inthis first method Mr. Amstutz used a relief photograph. The amount of relief was in direct proportion to the amount of light which had acted on thesensitive gelatine, resulting in an irregular surface,representing in elevation all the variations of lightand shade in a regular picture."The picture received is actually a phonographicspiral around the receiving drum carrying thecelluloid sheet. When finished it is removed fromthe cylinder and flattened out and a stereotype orelectrotype made from it for relief printing; or theengraved celluloid sheet can be inked and printedimmediately on the intaglio press." (From exhibit inU. S. National Museum.}73

THIS 1'IOTUKE WAS TAKEN FROMTHK RECEIVING MACHINE AFTERHAVING BEEN TRANSMITTED KIGHTHUNI>KKI) MILES OVER A TJSLE-CRAPH \VIRE.INTKKNATJONAI.1JO.Xov. IST, 1OOO. C'I,KVEI.AN1>.

willThe ElectrographFrom the accompanying illustration and title itreadily be seen that rather good pictures werereproduced with pen-and-ink method in 1890.The original of this picture was given the author byMr. T. A. Witherspoon, who at the time of theexperiment (1900) was a principal examiner in theU. S. Patent Office, and detailed in charge of thePatent Office Exhibit at the Buffalo Exposition,where, also, these machines were on exhibition.It may be a coincidence of passing interest thatfrom Cleveland twenty-four years later the AmericanTelephone and Telegraph Company sent their firstwire pictures.75

1910. Baker.1. PHOTOGRAPH WIRED FROM PARIS TO LONDON

The Baker MachineThe machine of the opposite illustration, "thetelestrograph," is the invention of T. Thorn Baker,Esq., of England, and "was used by the LondonDaily Mirror in July, 1909, and was worked by wirerather regularly between London and Paris, andLondon and Manchester." The picture to be sentwas "a halftone photograph printed in fish glue onlead foil, and wrapped on a sending cylinder, rotatingonce every two seconds with a metal point riding onit."The receiving cylinder carried "an absorbentpaper impregnated with a colorless solution whichturns black or brown when decomposed by the incoming electric current."What electrolytic solution was employed is notstated in the report, but was probably sodium iodideor potassium bromide judging from the descriptionof its color and behavior.To synchronize, the receiving drum turns fasterthan the sending drum, and is caught each revolutionuntil the other catches up. (Smithsonian Report,1910.)77

2. FASHION PLATE TRANSMITTED BY PROFESSOR KORN'STELAUTOGRAPH.

The Dr. Korn MachineThe accompanying illustration shows the work ofa machine developed by Dr. Korn, of Germany, andfirst used by the Daily Mirror between London andParis in 1907. "On a revolving glass cylinder" atransparent picture was put. He used a Nernstlamp and "selenium cells on opposite sides of aWheatstone bridge" to overcome the inherent lag ofthe selenium cell.Signals were sent over a wire and received onphotographic film on a cylinder, using "two finesilver strings free to move laterally in a strongmagnetic A field.' 'light was focused on the obstructing "silver strings," which the incoming electricsignals, passing through the "strings," separated toa greater or lesser degree "to widen or thin thephotographed line.""When the film is developed it is laid out flat, andthe spiral line becomes resolved into so many parallellines." The sending and the receiving machineswere synchronized by "well calibrated clocks whichreleased the cylinders at end of every(Mr. Baker in Smithsonian Report, 1910.)five seconds."79

Rignouxand Fournier SchemeOne of the early suggestions had for its fundamental principle a surface studded with thousands of"selenium cells" each a part of an individual circuit,and upon which a picture was projected. The ideawas that the different cells would transmit a differentvalue of current with each different intensity oflight which made up the picture.At the distant station a given surface had a corresponding number of tiny lamps, each attached toits respective cell at the sending station, and beinglighted thereby the ensemble would reproduce thedistant picture.The scheme is possible but hardly practical, for ifonly fifty lines per inch each way were sufficient ona picture but one foot square, there would have tobe three hundred and sixty thousand cells at theat the resending end, and a like number of lampsceiving end, each but one-fiftieth of an inch in diameter. Such a problem would seem to present difficulties, though the author himself in the bravery ofignorance suggested this very scheme in the ElectricalEngineer, of July 25, 1894. (Illustration by courtesyof Science and Invention.)81

The Belin MachineThe "Belinograph" is the invention of EdouardWith these machines "the first stepBelin, of Paris.in transmitting a picture is to convert the latter intoa bas-relief. Or a drawing can be made in a specialink, which, when dry, leaves the lines in relief. Thepicture when ready for transmission has an unevensurface, the irregularities of which correspond withthe pictorial details. The transmitter resembles thecylinder of a phonograph. The picture is wrappedaround this metal cylinder, and a style presses downon the picture-cylinder as it is rotated by clockwork.As the style moves up and down over the irregularitiesof the picture, a microphone varies the strength of anelectric transmitting current."At the receiving end another cylinder in a lighttightbox carries a sensitized paper upon which apoint of light is reflected from the mirror of a galvanometer actuated by the incoming current fromthe distant station."Two very accurately regulated chronometers areemployed to keep the machines in synchronism, onechronometer for the sending machine and one forthe distant receiving machine. (From Review ofReviews, 1922.)83

American Telephone6? TelegraphCompany MachineThe picture opposite is one of those sent by theA. T. & T. Company on May 20, 1924, by wire fromCleveland to Ne'w York. Some of the pictures sentwere from photographs taken earlier, and some weretaken only a few minutes before being transmitted.In the sending machine, "the film picture is insertedin the machine simply by rolling itup in a cylindricalform and slipped into the drum. During operationa very small and intense beam of light shines throughthe film upon a photo-electric cell within."In the receiving machine, "the sensitive film isput on a rotating cylinder and turns like the cylinderrecord on a phonograph. On this film falls a pointof intense white light varied constantly."For synchronizing "-two separate currents weresent over the wires, one is called the picture channel,the other the synchronizing channel.""Forty-four minutes elapsed from the time thepicture was taken in Cleveland until it was reproduced in New York." (New York Times, May20, 1924.)It seems unlikely that returns from the daily wiretransmission of pictures can equal the day-by-dayrevenue from the wires used for the transmission ofspeech when balanced up for the principalphantom circuits,and carrier circuits.circuit,85

Radio CorporationMachineThe accompanying "photoradiogram" is a development by the Radio Corporation of America, and wastransmitted from London to New York on November30, 1924."The transparent picture film is placed on a glasscylinder. An incandescent lamp inside the cylinderis focused in a minute beam onto the film as thecylinder rotates, and this transfers the light valuesin a Generalof the picture into electrical impulses,Electric Company photo-electric cell."The receiving cylinder has white paper placedthereon, and the incoming dots-and-dashes, amplifiedin passing through a bank of vacuum tubes, arerecorded in ink on this paper with a special vibratingfountain pen, drawn down by magnet coils to recordthe picture much in the style of an artistic stippledThe cylinders of both the sending andengraving."the receiving machines are "rotated back and forth,the electric camera itself advancing down the lengthof the picture one notch at a time.""The necessary synchronism of the two machinesis maintained by the use of special driving motors,and a special controlling mechanism based on theconstant pitch of a tuning fork."February, 1925.)(See Radio News,87

By eoortMT of "The World." New York.A RADIO CODED PHOTOGRAPH.How the picture looked after being sent from Romeby radio and decoded on Professor Korn's machine.The above is an example of one of the rather oddmethods of ' 'sending pictures by radio." The picture to be sent is divided into many small squareswith varying values of dark in the squares. Seventeen different grades of light in these squares aretranslated into seventeen letters printed on a tape.This coded pictureis transmitted to a distantplace and there decoded into dots of sizes corresponding to the seventeen values, and each dot placed inits corresponding square on a white paper. Thecollection of large dots builds up the dark areas; athe halfsimilar collection of smaller dots makes uptones; and still other collections of very minutedots make up the light areas. (From the New YorkWorld.)

LVGtSTEIBQTDEKAMVEQQMBFWQKVFWQLJEGQSAAMQTUBTQUADMQTXFFQTWCMQMQFEE^SFAQQAFDMQMFLGQAFIQQRF1QQPFGVMBGWQQUJDQTGGQOSMEUQMJEKALVGIQKTFTQLQDQOSKAMQTXBVQUAEIQTUFQQUAGXQQFFEQQBEWAQJFDMQGFI.QQEFKQQFFJQ-QjFISMJIJQSDIXQTMFQQQXBMQMEEIQLMGKQLDFBQLUBWQTDAVQTVDAATWELATVFVQTS1GQQMF1QQAEVAMTFFEMXFJQQGFJQQFF1QOKFKA3. This is Part of the Program orFig.Code Telegraphic Message the Form inWhich the Picture is Flashed Over theWires.Pig. 4. This is the Complete Outline Obtained from the Code, with Proper ShadeLattcrs Within Enclosures (Right),?ig. 2, Photograph \ 'ith FeaturesOutlined and Shad< w Divided -into Five Degrees o! ShadeA telegraphic code scheme in which points in apicture are determined by the crossing of straightlines, ordinates and abscissas, and in which theshades of light, of gray, and of black which make upthe picture are also indicated by letters.This coded information istelegraphed to the distantstations where the receiving artist determines thelocation of these points and shades by (1)a similarpair of crossed straight lines, and (2) letters indicatingthe light values to be washed in on paper.The process depends for its success largely on theskill and cleverness of the receiving artist, and ishardly more than a "filler-in" pending the adaptionof the directly photographic process. (CourtesyScience and Invention.}89

The Braun Tube ReceiverOne of the theoretically attractive forms ofreceivers is the Braun oscillograph tube, for it is sovery easy to wobble the cathode ray spot about overthe fluorescent screen, to form figures. It has animponderable pencil of light which can be movedover the picture screen with very little electricalenergy. Its use has been proposed by many.But the feature of the system which is most oftenoverlooked in this scheme is the necessity for ananalytical picture machine at the sending station,and no such device in satisfactory workable form hasyet been suggested.The Braun tube system awaits, therefore, theattention of the practical-application engineer beforeit can compete with other forms of receivers.91

Pictures by Radio in Natural ColorsIt is well known that pictures in color are in common use in magazine printing in window,transparencies, decorations, etc. The process consisting in making three negatives, one through a red screen, a secondthrough a green screen, and a third through a bluescreen. When transparencies from these three negatives, each stained in its complementary color, red,green and blue, are superimposed and viewed bytransmitted light, the resultant picture is seen in itsnatural colors.With this process generally well known, it isobvious that three such negatives transmitted byradio or wire could be colored and combined to makea "picture sent by radio in natural colors." Ofcourse, the picture is not sent in color at all, and theauthor hesitates to claim for such a feat more thanthat the resultant picture proves the excellence of thesynchronism of the machines employed in the transmission of the three successive pictures which aftertheir reception are to be colored and combinedinto one.93

Prismatic Disc MachinesThese machines are principally used in radiotransmission of photographs;employ four overlappingprismatic discs or "rings" in both the sending andthe receiving machines. Either a transparent or anopaque picture is used in the sending instrument;and in the receiving camera a filament lamp, modulated by the incoming radio signals, recorded on aphotographic negative plate.In the sending machine (first illustration) thepicture is projected with a magic lantern (1) throughfour overlapping prismatic rings, (2) two of which inrotation sweep the picture vertically across the lightsensitive cell, at the same time the image is movedlaterally by the other pair of prisms. The differentlight values of the picture are changed into electricvalues in light cell 4, and broadcast. A rotatingperforated disc, (3) interposed between the lens andlight-cell, produces a pulsating direct current whichcan immediately be amplified through the usual radiotransformers, on its way to the broadcasting set.In the radio camera (second illustration) a photographic negative (1) is used and a pencil of lightfrom lamp 2. The rotating plates (3) draw thelines and the radio signals vary the light intensitiesof the lamp to give gradations of exposure on thenegative plate.(See next page.)95

The Jenkins Prismatic RingThe prismatic ring or plate isa new contributionto optical science, and was designed for use in amachine for the transmission of radio pictures froma flat surface, and for recording them on a flat surface,the only way in which radio vision and radio movieswill ever be produced; and a method which permitsof the reception of portraits having true photographicvalue, without lines, and having tone and shadingunequaled by any other known process to date.The prismatic ring section is ground into the faceof a glass disc, and from one end to a point halfaround it has its base outward, and from this midwaypoint around to the other end having its base inward.The warp from one end to the other is gradual.A beam of light passing through this ring, in rotation, is caused to oscillate, having its hinged actionfulcrumed in the plane of rotation of the prism ring.The oscillation is always in the plane of the diameterof the disc from the point where the light passesthrough the prismatic ring section.The plates (made with the initial grinding machine)may have one, two, or four prismatic sections to thering, and may be made right or left hand, and in 10inch and in 7 inch sizes, and also in disc ring (firstillustration)or band ring form (second illustration).98

Jenkins Synchronising ForksThe accompanying photographs show a vibratingfork-controlemployed to keep distantly separatedmotors in synchronism. This is the motor controlemployed in the system developed by the author forthe sending and receiving of photographs andphotograms, by radio and by wire.The control unit is surprisingly simple and dependable, and is believed might be found useful for manyother purposes where it is desired to keep motors instep with each other which are separated by longdistances, the control signals being sent by wire orby radio, and from fixed or moveable stations, onland, on water, or in the air.The fork illustrated is about fifteen inches long,mounted on a cast brass frame with a bakelite coverplate upon which the fork, motor coil, and bindingposts are mounted. A single cell of dry batterykeeps the fork in vibration.The device is designed on a new principle, andhas a very sharp control of the motor revolutions.Simple means are provided for easily verifying thecontinuity of the motor control.These fork motor units will control any numberof motors of any size, at any distance, and on moveableor stationary platforms.101

The Jenkins Pid:ure'StripMachineIn the transmission of news, market reports, etc.,as a continuous process a long strip of paper of typewritten copy is put into this machine, and the blacksand whites of the letters and figures falling on thelight sensitive cell open and close a C. W. broadcastor wire circuit; which at distant points is translatedback into light and recorded on a long strip of photographic paper.This can be a continuous process ifthe sendingstrip is added too from time to time, and the receivingphotographic strip of paper, as it is exposed, passescontinuously through a developing, fixing, washingand drying bath. This process might be required bythe conditions of service. A white strip and anelectric pen may be used instead of photo paper.In the sending machine the rotating prisms sweepthe image of the typewriter line across the lightsensitive cell; and the strip is moved longitudinallyby winding on a drum.In the receiving machine the strip is drawn alongwhile it is curved around a rotating cylinder insidewhich the modulating light is located, turned offand on by radio. A corona glow lamp is preferablyemployed with the photographic paper.103

Jenkins Duplex MachineThe Jenkins duplex cylinder type of machine wasdesigned for simultaneously sending and receivingphotograms, letters, maps, drawings, etc. The motorruns all day long, like an electric fan, in control ofthe vibrating fork. The right hand (glass) cylindersends; and the left hand cylinder receives. Themessages are put on and taken off without stoppingthe machine, and without one function interferingwith the other.The machine may be used on radio or on wire, andis an easily operated machine, the perfect functioningof which can be determined by a glance at theperforated rotating disc illuminated by the synchronizing signal lamp.It is believed to be the first duplex two-way servicemachine ever built, and is complete as shown, exceptwhichfor the batteries and the radio receiving set,latter may be any standard set which will operate aloudspeaker.The illustration shows a machine in which a picture transparency and a sensitive cell is used at thesending cylinder; and a high speed lamp and photographic paper at the receiving cylinder.105

"Talking Machine" PhotogramsThe spring driven machine illustrated is probablythe simplest device possible for the experimentalstudy of transmission of pictures and picture messages by radio or by wire. A conducting ink orpencil line on paper and put on one cylinder (or aninsulating coating cut through with a stylus) overwhich the sending point rides for sending; and anelectrolytic bromide (or photo) paper on the othercylinder under the receiving pen for receiving; thecontact points being attached to the sending and thereceiving sets respectively.The upper illustration shows a machine electricallydriven and equipped to transmit and receive handwritings, maps, sketches, pictures, etc., of an areaof about 5x7 inches. The sending is from pencillines on paper, the reception on electrolytic paper.The machine is also made with a glass cylinder tosend from a picture transparency, and to receive onphotographic paper. It must, therefore, be used ina dark or subdued lighted room to receive.Each machine is capable of the very highest qualityof work of its particular kind, and is simple and easyto operate.107

Radio VisionThe machines here shown are the laboratory modelsused in the development of Radio Vision and RadioMovies for the reception in the home of broadcaststudio performances, i. e., dancing girls, publicspeakers, pantomime, marionettes, motion pictures;and, by remote control, outdoor events, sports, etc.The lower illustration shows a 10" disc rotatingin front of a prismatic ring, synchronized by avariable speed of the motor. The light is in theround box at the top of the standard behind the lenscarrier, and shines through lenses and prism (ontoa picture screen) as they pass, the light fluctuatingin value with the incoming radio signals to make upa complete picture every one-sixteenth of a second.The upper illustrated mechanism differs from thelower one in that it has a second overlapping prismfor optical correction.The casing enclosing the mechanism is not verylarge, and contains, besides the radio vision mechanism, the radio receiving set, and a loudspeaker, sothat an entire opera in both action and music maybe received.109

The prismatic ring can be rotated to follow any movingobject; e.g., a motion picture film; or if fitted with a highreadingautomobile speedometer the speed of an airplane ordirigible can be read directly off a dial by the navigating officer.

w/ne-off-scthell OVYfilled.ivitkNEWLIGHTRADIO

The rotation of the disc A carrying lenses b, c, d, etc., sweepsthe image of the light source C across the screen F in a horizontal direction, while line displacement in a vertical directionis effected by reason of the changing angle of successive prismelements.

The rotation of the disc A carrying lenses arranged in aspiral causes the light L to sweep across the screen M. Arevolution every sixteenth second gives a motion picture screeneffect.

RADIO MOTION PICTURE MECHANISMThe rotation of the drum A carrying the lenses b, b' tb", etc.,causes the image of the light source 5 to sweep across thescreen Y in two directions. A complete rotation every sixteenth of a second is motion picture speed.

Radio Vision hook-up circuits. A is the light cell. Theupper circuit puts a "chopper" frequency onto the radio carrierwave by the inductive coupling.The lower diagram shows an intermediate frequency oscillator to be controlled by a light-celldiate being put on the carrier wave.(not shown), the interme

Historical Sketch of Jenkins RadioPhotography1894. Jenkins publishes article on transmission ofpictures electrically with illustration of proposedapparatus. Electrical Engineer, July 25, 1894.1913. Proposes another mechanism, for "MotionPictures by Wireless." Motion Picture News, September 27, 1913.1920. Reads paper on the Prismatic Ring, a newcontribution to optical science (an essential elementin transmission of radio pictures). TransactionsSociety Motion Picture Engineers, Toronto Meeting,May, 1920.1922. Sends first radio photograph; sent from aphotograph, and received photographically; andpredicts motion pictures by radio in the home.Washington Evening Star, May 19, 1922.1922. Sends photographs by telephone wire ofAmerican Telephone & Telegraph Company, throughhis desk telephone, from 1519 Connecticut Avenue(Washington) to Navy Radio Station, NOF, atThe signalsAnacostia, D. C., and there broadcast.were picked up and recorded on a photographicplate at 5502 Sixteenth Street N.W., Washington,D. C., in presence of Commander A. Hoyt Taylor,of the U. S. Navy, and J. C. Edgerton, of the PostOffice; October 3, 1922.1922. Makes official demonstration of his radiotransmission of photographs for Navy officials December 12, 1922, in presence of Admirals S. S. Robisonand H. J. Ziegemeier, Captain J. T. Tompkins,Commander S. C. Hooper, Lt. Commanders E. H.Loftin and H. P. LeClair; the report of which waslater released for publication.Star, January 14, 1923.118Washington Evening

1923. Sends radio photographs of President Warren G. Harding, Secretary Herbert Hoover, GovernorGifford Pinchot, and others, from U. S. Navy RadioStation, NOF, Washington, to Evening BulletinBuilding, Philadelphia, by courtesy of Robt. McLean,Jr., March 2, 1923. Reproduced in the Bulletin, andin the Washington Star, March 3, 1923.1923. Makes his first laboratory demonstrationof Radio Vision (the instantaneous reproduction on asmall picture screen of a distant performer or a distant scene), and of Radio Movies (the transmissionof pictures from a theatre screen to a small screenin the home), June 14, 1923. See Visitor's Register.1924. Makes his first hundred-line photograph,June 15, 1924, portraits of true photographic valuesin which no lines appear. Photographs of PresidentCalvin Coolidge, Dr. J. S. Montgomery, Chaplain ofthe House, William Jennings Bryan, etc.See lettersof congratulations from subjects of these photographic tests.1924. Sends message, in Japanese characters,from Charge d'Affairs, I. Yoshida, of the JapaneseEmbassy, Washington, i.e., sending from the oldNavy Station, NOF, to Amrad Station, WGI, MedfordHillside, Massachusetts; reported and reproduced in Boston Traveler, December 4, 1924.1924. Apparatus bought and used experimentallyby U. S. Post Office Department, on night-flyingsection, Air Mail route, New York-San Francisco,first message night of December 3, 1924. See JamesW. Robinson's telegram, December 15, 1924.1925. Transmits Motion Pictures by Radio fromstandard motion picture film to be looked at directlyon a small motion picture screen in the distant radioreceiving set; Tuesday, March 31, 1925. S.L.A.,F.M.A., J.N.O., J.W.R., T.P.D.119

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The accompanying cuts show the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal,awarded by the Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia, for amachine exhibited before the Institute in 1895 by Mr. C. FrancisJenkins.Later, in making a second award, that of the John ScottMedal, "in recognition of the value of this invention," theInstitute Committee said: "Eighteen years ago the applicantexhibited a commercial motion picture projecting machinewhich he termed the Tlantoscope.' This was recognized bythe Institute and subsequently proved to be the first successfulform of projecting machine for the production of life-size motionpictures from a narrow strip of film containing successive phasesof motion."

jrendtereq \p t/u? screen byJC-Francis Jen&ns * - ~as iauonior of^iji

The Jenkins High Speed CameraThis camera was designed forthe study of highspeed motions; i.e., the flight of birds, recoil of guns,the impact of shell on plate, muscular activity ofathletes, airplane behavior, mechanical motions, etc.The normal rate of exposures is 1,000 to 3,000pictures per second (4,000 pictures per second havebeen made).It uses standard motion picture super-speed negative film. Prints from these negatives are made inany standard motion picture printer, and developedin the usual way.The prints may then be projected in any standardmotion picture projecting machine, giving an apparent reduction of 100 to 200 times in the speed of movement of the object photographed, and thereforeeasily studied.The camera is fitted with 48 Zeiss Tessar lenses,F-3.5 and 2" focus, and is driven by an automobilestarting motor.It weighs approximately 100 pounds, and thereforeeasily moved from place to place. (Weight of two6-volt automobile batteries additional.)Sunshine is adequate for illumination. If artificialillumination is employed, it should be equal tosunshine.(NOTE: The explanation of the unusual speed possible with this camera lies in its lens system, for eachlens may work as much as 150 per cent of the time;that is,the exposures overlap.)125

The Genesis of RadioA Broadcast from WRC, November 20, 1924C. FRANCIS JENKINSTHE history of radio is unique at first only ascientific curiosity, and for years thereafter aboy's plaything; when, all at once, without warning,the public takes it up with a suddenness no oneforesaw, and for which no one was prepared.An invention which behaves so peculiarly excitesone's curiosity to a study of its strange attraction;and of the beginnings of the scientific principlesinvolved, now so knowingly discussed by mereyoungsters.Why, boys in the whole range of their 'teens discourse with fluency and understanding such mysteries as inductance, impedence and capacities; reactance, reluctance and rotors; harmonics, aerials, andmush; choppers, chokes and cheese; heterodyne,neutrodyne, and iodine; and we oldsters don't knowwhether they are talking of medicine, music or food.The only thing that saves us from everlasting embarrassment is that we have the gumption to keepour mouths shut.So, determined to be ready for these "kids" thenext time they come into my august presence, Istart in to "bone up" on some of these funny words,and for a start I turn to a musty volume printed byCongress in 1879.It appears that on January 16 of that year thebusiness of Congress was stopped, and, in solemnprocession, led by the Sergeant-at-Arms, the Chaplain, and the Vice-President, the Senate proceededto the House chamber, where the Speaker handed127

his official gavel to the Vice-President, who said:"The Senators and Members of the Congressof TheUnited States are here assembled to take part inservices to be observed in memory of the late JosephHenry."And, as I read the addresses made on that memorable occasion, and look up the references cited, I getthe solution to my problem.I find it was Joseph Henry who first discoveredthat breaking the circuit in a coiled wire ' 'gives amore intense spark than the same wire uncoiled."And so inductance was born, and later in his honorwe name its unit of measure a "henry."Then he put iron inside the coil andgot the firstmagnetic field; next he found that when he arrangeda second similar coil near the first, the spark appearedin a gap of the second circuit, and so we have thefirst transformer.He put parallel metal plates across the circuit, andhe had a condenser; and finally he separated thecircuits by many hundred feet, and the first radiosignals were broadcast and picked up.So we learn that to this modest but remarkableman we owe the simple coupling coil that the boys ofthe past twenty-five years have been using to telegraph to each other wirelessly.And it is these American youngsters who havedeveloped radio who first set;up two-way communication half-way around the world; who, throughtheir Radio Relay League, kept Captain McMillanin touch with home during his long winter night inthe Arctic ice ;who kept the Shenandoah in constantcontact with headquarters in Washington during herrecent transcontinental trip, official acknowledgmentof which was publicly made by the Secretary of theNavy.128

Radio eventually will touch our lives at morepoints directly and indirectly than anyother discovery in the history of mankind, unless, perhaps, Ishould make an exception in favor of fire.And the delightful thing about it all is that theinaccessible places are benefited the most by radio,those in the out-of-the way places are less lonesome, and the long day of the sick and shut-in ismore endurable.The farmer has his market reports on the minute,his weather forecasts in time for action, and he setshis clock by radio and gets his entertainment fromthe air.Dispatched and guided by radio,the flying mailgoes day and night with such clocklike regularitythat its remarkable performance is no longer "news/'although industry has not yet waked up to the advantage and economy which can be effected by alarger use of the airmail.Ships are guided into harbor through fog by wireless direction, and the captain was guided thereto byradio compass and radio beacon, and at sea summonsaid in case of mishap or danger.In commerce one may send letters, telegrams,bank drafts, or engineer's drawings, as radio photographs of the originals, with photographic accuracyand autographic authenticity.Men on the ground talk with men in a flying machine out of sightifi the sky, an almost inconceivablefact.This reason alone would warrant one in predictingthat the defense of our country is definitely going topass from the limited activities of the Army andNavy to an Air Department, for the plane has noboundary or limit of range in offense or defense.And in addition there is the wireless direction of129

omb-dropping airplanes, torpedo submarines, andfloating mines, inanimate agencies obeying thedistant, unseen hand.And ultimately power will be transmitted topopulous areas, over wireless channels, from theenormous unworked coal fields away up in the ArcticCircle.The applications of radio are coming so fast inindustry that it is hard to keep informed, but doubtless its most extended use will be in the home.The use of microphone modulated radio to carrymusic and speech to our homes celebrated its fourthanniversary only two weeks ago.And yet in this brief space (1) millions on millionshave been entertained with the very best the artisthas to offer; (2) a singer has been heard around theworld ; (3) and our President has addressed his fellowAmericans as a single audience.When onto the boundless range of audible radiois grafted the world-wide appeal of the picture,the ideal means of entertainment would seem to havebeen attained, for the picture is without language,literacy or age limitation.By radio we shall see what is happening in a distantplace inaugural ceremonies, football, baseball or polo;games; flower festival, mardi gras, or baby parade.So when the development of radio as a service tothe eye has progressed to a like extent with earserviceradio, we will bring the entire opera to yourhome in both acting and music, or even the Olympicgames from across the sea.It has been most satisfying to have had a part inthe development of this wonderful medium of contact between individuals and between nations.Mypart being principally visual radio, I expect greatthings from Radio Vision.130

And did you ever notice the curious fact that agreat laboratory, despite its inestimable contributions to science and engineering, has never yet broughtforth a great, revolutionary invention which has subsequently started a new industry, like the telegraph,telephone, and telescope; motion picture, typecastingand talking machines; typewriter, bicycle and locomotive; automobile, flying machine, and radio vision.It has always been a poor man to firstsee thesethings, and as a rule the bigger the vision the poorerthe man.And, do you know, that isright comforting, too;for I sometimes think that perhaps I myself may yetdo something worth while if I only stay poor enough,long enough.131

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Note: As Washington isthe birthplace of radio, andhas been the birthplace ofmore revolutionary inventions, upon which great industries have been built,than any other ten-mile territory, it may be interesting,and appropriate, to add herea recount by Mr. Jenkins ofWashington's claims to intellectual stimulus. EDITOR.Washington, the City ofEnchantmentBroadcast from WCAP, September 26, 1924WASHINGTONC. FRANCIS JENKINSis the home of our FederalGovernment; but it is more than thatit is adelightful place to work, a stimulus to excellence inmental activity. Those of us who had wanderedabout more or less aimlessly before we discoveredWashington well understand how its genial climatecalled forth the Presidential praise of our honor guestfrom the cool, green hills of Vermont.Add to the delight of the climate, the charm ofWashington's setting, and one appreciates why,from the Executive Mansion outward to the veryrim of federal activity, all remain, if they can, afterleaving office.Woodrow Wilson stayed here, untilhe passed away. President Harding was hurrying133

home when his end came. The only living ex-president resides in the District.Abraham Lincoln was loath to leave Washington,it is said, and so preferred a summer cottage in theSoldier's Home Grounds, as did many of his successors, rather than a more elaborate executive residence elsewhere, while the White House was gettingits annual dressing.In the house now occupied by the Cosmos Club,Dolly Madison ruled social Washington in such ascintillating setting that even the widows of presidents, with few exceptions, have made their laterhomes here.Nor is it strange, for this is the city the unequaledplan of which was worked out with such loving careby Major Charles L' Enfant, as he leaned over adrawing board in his home near the old Tudor Manthe parks of the plan later beautified by thesion;landscape gardener, Andrew J. Downing.And this magnificent dream city had the properantecedents, too, for it was from this very site theold Indian chief Powhatan ruled his own vast territory before ever the white man had set up the capitalof a nation dedicated to peace and opportunity.Many eminent statesmen and great orators havefound Washington environs so satisfying that theyhave spent their last years within this forest-likeThe inimitable Henry Clay was buried herecity.in 1852; Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declarationof Independence, lies in the Congressional Cemetery;and John Lee Carroll, a former Governor of Maryland,found his last resting place in a local graveyard.It was in Washington as the head of the FederalParty that that distinguished orator, Daniel Webster,made his indelible impress on American history.In the old ' 'Union Tavern" on a site now occupied134

y a large apartment building one could havefound hobnobbing with resident genius, in thatearly yesterday, such guests as Louis Phillipe, CountValney, Lord Lyons, Baron Humboldt, CharlesTalleyrand, Jerome Bonaparte, Washington Irving,Charles Dickens, General St. Clair, Lorenzo Dow,John Randolph, and perhaps Charles Goodyear,when he was asking for a patent for vulcanizingrubber.Even the dashing Robert E. Lee, leaving his ancestral home overlooking Washington, rode regretfully away to duty in his beloved south.concede that associations wouldOne may perhapsattract retired admirals and generals to a residencehere Admirals Evans, Dewey, Schley, Sampson,Peary, and Generals Greely, Crook, Wheeler, Milesand Pershing, within my own unprompted memory,but what is the secret which brings back to Washington those who have looked upon the enchanting spotsof our wonderful country; the three Johns,for example, John C. Freemont, the great northwest pathfinder; John W. Powell, explorer of the GrandCanon of the Colorado ; John A. Sutter, discoverer ofgold in California.Even Governor Shepherd, who made Washington,and afterward was practically banished to Mexico,prayed that he might be brought back to the city ofhis dreams, and his wish gratified, he lies at restamid the grassy slopes of Rock Creek Cemetery.It was ever thus; even stubborn old Davy Burnsmust have thought well of Washington for he broughtfrom his native land not only a charming daughterbut the bricks with which he builded a cottage forher, and from whose humble door this Scottishlassie later went to a haughty family and a mansionas the wife of Major General Van Ness.135

Not only from official life, but from all fields ofactivity, the capital city attracts to itself an unusualaggregation of mentalityindustrial.scientific and literary andPoets and great writers, noted scientists and renowned inventors have done their best work in theinvigorating atmosphere of the capital, washed clearby the mist of the Great Falls of the Potomac.It was here Francis Scott Key lived when hewrote "The Star Spangled Banner," a spot markedby the new memorial bridge just completed; hereHarriet Beecher Stowe wrote that immortal story,"Uncle Tom's Cabin"; Walt Whitman the first edition of his "Leaves of Grass"; James Bryce "TheAmerican Commonwealth"; and Owen Meredith his"Lucile."In a rose-covered cottage on the heights overlooking the river, across from the Arlington NationalCemetery, Mrs. E. D. E. N. Southworth wrought;and in a less flowery abode impecunious Edgar AllanPoe wrote much of his "spooky stuff."Looking down upon the city from the east, JohnHoward Payne, in tranquil contentment, on hisreturn from a sojourn in a foreign land, wrote theone song which will never die, "Home, Sweet Home."In isolated serenity in Rock Creek Park stands thecabin of Joaquin Miller, "the poet of the Sierras,"now the shrine of the artist as well as the writer.Across Lafayette Park, opposite the White House,George Bancroft, the great historian, calmly laiddown his pen in his 91st year and passed to his greatreward.And itwas here that the painter James McNeillWhistler began his climb to an artistic, world-renowned fame.As for science, why Washington is the scientific136

center of the world. More revolutionary discoverieswhich have been the foundations of great industrieshave been made in the District of Columbia thanany other ten miles square in all the world.It was here that the great Joseph Henry spent themost prolific period of his sixty years of usefulness.On the bosom of Rock Creek, Fulton first floatedthe model of his steamboat, the Clermont\ and on thePotomac River, Professor Langley tested out theaerodynamic principles upon which all airplanes areand at a time when the "flying machine" wasbuilt,a subject not mentioned in elite scientific circles.In the observatory on Cathedral Heights, thatgreat astronomer, Simon Newcomb, worked; andnearby Cleveland Abbe, the famous meteorologist,published the first daily weather reports.Between Washington and Baltimore, ProfessorS. F. B. Morse, in 1844, put his telegraph to work,the first telegraph operator being Theodore N. Vail,late president of the A. T. & T. Company. Dr.Graham Bell perfected his telephone here, ProfessorTainter the wax cylinder phonograph, and Mr.Berliner the talking machine.Both the typecasting machines, the linotype andmonotype, were invented in the District; and herea stenographer in the Life Saving Service inventedmotion picture machine, the prototype ofthe firstthe projector used in every picture theatre the worldover to this very day.From the hills of Virginia, across the river, the firstwireless messageever transmitted was sent intoWashington; and from Washington to Philadelphiathe first photographs by radio were sent.When the Daughters of the American Revolutionsought a permanent home no place could successfullycompete with the charm of Washington; and here137

also the American Red Cross and the Pan AmericanUnion set up their respective domiciles.In Kendall Green Park, in the northeast sectionof the city, the Columbia Institute for the Deaf wasset up, the only Institution of its kind in the world,the gift of Gallaudet to the afflicted.It was in Washington that another philanthropist,William W. Corcoran, built the Louise Home forSouthern gentlewomen, as well as the Corcoran ArtGallery, the latter a gift to the city. He was laidaway in Oak Hill Cemetery, the resting place of anunequaled gathering of distinguished Americans.In the north of the city is the Walter Reed Hospital, named in honor of Dr. Walter Reed, whoheroically risked his life to prove that yellow fevergerms were communicated by mosquitos.The Carnegie Institute "for the encouragement ofinvestigation, research and discovery/* and theCarnegie Geophysical Laboratory are both locatedhere.In Washington the Geographic Society was established, and the unique Geographic Magazine is published; and here the beautiful home for the NationalAcademy of Science has just been dedicated.So the atmosphere of Washington works itswitchery on resident as well as those who stop herebut briefly, a mental stimulus of no uncertainpotency; and as for scenic beauty, it is unequaledand getting more beautiful and more attractive allthe time.As I fly above the city its streets are hidden undera criss-cross of green trees, with the superb whitedome of the Capitol standing out above the verdurein majestic splendor; and over to the west the LincolnMemorial, looking for all the world like a jewel boxof alabaster. And on the rim of the mist beyond138

stands a bowl-like marble amphitheatre keepingwatch over the grave of the Unknown Soldier, whilestill farther around to the north looms the greatNational Cathedral on Mount St. Albans, where lies''the man of peace."And it was this inspiring sight that greeted thehomeward bound, round-the-world flyers as theyglided over the city to a landing in Boiling Field.An annual pilgrimage to this mecca of gloriouspast and wondrous present, with its wealth of whitebuildings, its miles of park roads, its spring cherryblossoms and autumn colors is always inspiring.From whatever point of view, Washington welldeserves the pride of possession of all worthyAmericans.139

Every normal man instinctively seeks a recreational activity hunting, fishing, riding, tennis,golf.The author's relaxation from research workis flying an airplaneand it's delightful sport.

Jenkins, C. Francis.Vision by radio, radio photographs, radio photograms.Antitrust TK 6600 . J45Jenkins, Charles Francis,1B6Q-I034.Vision bv r^Hio, radiophotoqraphs, radio