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Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012In the present study, the general characteristics of selected locations are given in Table 1.Figure1. Map showing location of the study areaTable 1. General features of all selected locationsS.N.Name oflocationsNature oflocationsTraffic characteristicsDominance ofRoad vehiclesRoad conditions1 Hapur more CommercialHeavy traffic flow withtraffic jam2 Old bus stand Commercial Heavy congested3 Chadhary more Commercial45Hapur chungimoreDelhi MeerutmoreCommercialCommercialHeavy traffic flow withtraffic jamHeavy with frequent trafficjamHeavy with frequent trafficcongestionTwo wheelers,three wheelers,four wheelers& HeavyvehiclesNarrow and poorlymaintainedNarrow andovercrowdedBroad andmaintained butovercrowdedBroad andmaintained butovercrowdedBroad andmaintainedIn the preparation of noise contour maps, GET DATA and Surfer version 8 and version 10 software were used. Thebase map of the study area was taken from the Google map and saved in the document exchange format (DXF) foreasy integration with the other softwares used for the study. Positional coordinates of sampling locations wereaccurately collected using Get Data software. The noise contour maps were created in Surfer-8 and surfer-10. Mapswere created using interpolation (ordinary kriging) method. Kriging is a flexible geostatistical gridding method thathas been proven useful and popular in many fields. This method produces visually appealing contour and surfaceplots from irregularly spaced data.There are some practical benefits of noise mapping. In some respects the benefits achieved are as much dependant onthe vision of those having control of the noise mapping system as the capabilities of the system itself [2][3].• The very existence of a noise map can act as a catalyst for raising the profile of noise with professionals,politicians, and the public.• It can be used as a useful tool to minimize the extent of noise pollution of a noisy place.767

Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012• It can predict the future status of noise pollution on the basis of noise producing source evaluation andmonitoring.Furthermore a questionnaire, as shown in Table 2, was distributed amongst the elected policemen of sample size of50 containing questions about their personal characteristic and the various factors that affect their task performanceduring the traffic conditions. The questionnaire was designed based on literature survey and discussion with trafficconstable about their physical, mental and their behavior during performing the task [1].Table 2.The evaluation questionnaire of traffic policemenNoise level:- [ ] dB (A) Location: ………….………..Temperature & Relative humidity:- ( ) 0 C, ( ) % No of Vehicle/hr:-…………Age:- ( ) Years Avg. speed/hr:-……………...Sex:- ( ) M/FS.N.12QuestionsWhich one of hazards is the mostimportant in your duty?Which one of noise pollution source is themost important for you?3 When you are most tensed?4 When are you most relaxed?5 When you feel most fatigue?Answers/OptionsA B C DAir pollution Noise pollutionLong termstandingAccidentsTraffic Crowd Car horns OthersMorning (6-11am)Morning (6-11am)Morning (6-11am)Afternoon (12-4pm)Afternoon (12-4pm)Afternoon (12-4pm)Evening (5-9pm)Evening (5-9pm)Evening (5-9pm)Both a &cBoth a &cBoth a &c3. Results and DiscussionThe results of the study and interpretation are given in this section. Table 5.1 summarizes the traffic noise parametersused in the study. Fig.5.1 represents typical road noise maps based on traffic data across five different types oflocations. Based on the computed data as shown in Table 2 and the developed noise maps, it is observed that all thefive location have the highest average Leq values which are significantly above the specified guidelines of CentralPollution Control Board, New Delhi (CPCB) and WHO specification. Their guidelines are summarized below intable: 3 [5][6].Table 3.National and International Noise StandardsS.N. Organization Standard Noise Level (dB(A))1 CPCB 652 WHO 553 EUROPEAN UNION (EU) 55Based on the Leq values and the other noise computed parameters, it can be mentioned that noise values aresignificantly higher, both during day and night time, than the prescribed safe limits. Near intersections, especially theOld Bus Stand on Ambedkar Road and Hapur Chungi near Income Tax Collectorate office have very elevated trafficvolumes and accounts for extremely high noise levels in and around the site. This area can be categorized as a highnoise risk zone and is significant in the sense that residential and health establishments are within 100 m radius. The768

Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012high noise prone identified areas included Hapur more (junction), Chaudhary more and Delhi-Meerut more. Theroads passing across through these areas is the G. T. Road, Ambedkar road, Hapur Road, NH-58 (National HighwayNo. 58) all being arterial roadways of the city. As represented in Fig. 2 to 6, the noise levels are much higher near theroadways and fade outwards according to the local topography. Open areas with relatively less traffic movementshow reduced noise levels. The Lmax is the highest at the Old Bus Stand and Hapur chungi more near collectorateoffice as these locations being an industrial, residential, and corporate office are always presented vulnerable to highlevels of occupational noise exposure. A continuous exposure may lead to hearing loss and noise induced permanentthreshold shift (NIPTS). Although the average traffic flow/hr is in the moderate to high range, but instantaneousnoise produced mostly by heavy vehicles is significantly high. In the mixed zone areas that consist of two or moreland use type, like residential-commercial or commercial-sensitive, etc. the two-wheeler class was the mostaccounted type and is one of the annoyance causing groups.The percentage of heavy goods vehicles, which includes the trucks, dumpers, trailers, buses, etc. ranges from 0 % to29.72 %. This group is the most significant factor for generation of traffic noise. Locations where heavy vehicularmovement was lower had less noise levels. This is due to not only they produce noise directly, but also hamper thesmooth flow of the traffic and causes frequent jams. The commercial and business establishments are of many typesand varieties, including single establishments, clusters of shops and designated areas in the form of supermarkets,markets, shopping complexes, malls, etc. These establishments are lined alongside of 75% of all the major andsecondary roadways of the city. The lack of proper footpaths and pavements causes the pedestrians to sprawl on theroads, which causes frequent traffic congestions and significant high noise environment. The noise levels in thesezones varied between 71.1 to 102.2 dB (A) during study period (Between 8.00 am to 8.00 pm) as shown in Table 2.The noise contour maps given in the Fig 2 to 6 shows the mapped Leq noise levels in terms of Space and time basedon collected data. This measure of noise gives an idea about the annoyance of exposed population due to trafficmovements.Table 4. Summarized mean noise level for each specified locationsS.N.LocationsMeasured value ofnoise levels(dB(A))L eq L min L maxTwowheelersVolume of vehicle per hour (%)ThreewheelersLightvehiclesHeavyvehiclesTotal no. ofvehicle perhours1 Hapur more 89.1 71.1 91.5 7.74 4.95 58.82 29.721 48452 Old Bus stand100.374102.226.13 5.57 55.75 12.54 43053 Chadhary more 84.5 72.9 88.3 21.6 8.9 48.87 20.63 4135.56Hapur Chungi101.496.3 76.428.8 7.54 52.34 11.32 3554.8more7Delhi Meerut587.9 72.7 96.8 18.75 6.76 51.8 22.69 4154.8moreLocationsHapurmoreSouthDistance(m)Table 5. Sound Level Data measured at Hapur More08:00 a.m. to 10:00 02:00 p.m. to 04:00a.m.p.m.dB (A)dB (A)06:00p.m. to 08:00 p.m.dB (A)L avg L max L avg L avg L max Lmax5 93.05 96.2 84.01 90.2 87.96 94.010 86.63 92.3 83.05 86.5 88.76 95.520 87.26 89.6 81.08 85.4 91.71 91.2769

Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 201230 85.33 90.3 80.06 84.5 89.96 92.240 85.0 89.1 78.96 83.2 86.70 95.2North 5 92.17 95.3 83.02 89.5 85.85 93.110 90.53 96.3 82.05 87.5 85.79 101.320 87.15 93.1 80.05 86.4 91.73 92.0330 87.57 91.6 79.8 83.1 89.25 90.2540 85.65 92.6 74.5 82.7 89.53 93.3East 5 91.7 96.2 85.5 88.5 88.24 100.510 89.23 94.7 84.5 89.2 92.51 92.320 86.64 92.6 83.2 88.9 91.48 89.130 86.83 90.1 80.0 85.5 87.57 87.540 83.58 93.4 78.9 84.3 89.84 90.4West 5 94.0 94.6 86.0 90.2 95.67 97.210 87.31 96.2 85.3 88.9 87.92 89.520 86.99 92.5 82.34 86.5 87.19 94.430 87.46 93.4 83.1 87.4 85.9 87.740 86.14 89.3 84.2 88.3 90.03 90.5LocationsHapurmoreSouthDistance(m)Table 6. Sound Level Data measured at Hapur More08:00 a.m. to 10:00 02:00 p.m. to 04:00a.m.p.m.dB (A)dB (A)06:00p.m. to 08:00 p.m.dB (A)L avg L max L avg L avg L max Lmax5 85.2 95.6 88.6 93.8 98.2 96.510 87.7 92.0 85.2 90.1 93.2 94.220 89.2 89.1 81.6 86.4 89.2 99.230 86.3 87.2 82.7 87.3 89.66 92.440 84.5 88.9 81.8 89.1 85.4 92.3North 5 89.7 93.2 88.3 90.3 96.7 10210 87.5 92.5 85.0 97.7 90.1 94.320 81.6 91.4 90.2 99.3 89.53 103.530 79.9 89.6 83.7 93.6 88.53 10540 87.9 90.7 82.1 90.8 99.9 113.5East 5 88.9 93.3 91.4 95.7 89.9 96.810 89.4 94.7 85.2 93.0 90.9 96.620 87.8 90.6 84.3 95.2 92.3 9930 84.7 93.2 83.2 92.6 87.85 100.140 80.6 89.4 81.7 94.5 84.42 88.7West 5 90.1 94.6 87.28 93.1 91.6 98.410 87.8 94.9 86.50 91.1 99.24 105.220 88.4 90.9 88.19 95.2 91.1 95.330 85.5 96.7 83.20 92.1 87.6 92.340 80.7 95.9 86.00 90.3 85.1 99.7The Noise maps shown in fig 2 to 6 based data collected at selected location as shown in the Table 5 to Table 6.TheNoise map indicates that the selected locations are exposed to high level of noise pollution which are well above thesafe limits prescribed by National and International standards.770

Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012Figure 2. Noise Map of Hapur Figure 3. Noise Map of Old Bus stand Figure 4. Noise Map of HapurChungiMore for L avg for L avg for L avg`Figure 5. Noise Map of Chaudhary More for L avgFigure 6. Noise Map of Meerut More for L avg `The questionnaire was pre-tested to determine various aspects of response of traffic constable to noise and its effectson their health and personal characteristics. There were the final results of the effects of noise pollution on trafficpolicemen. The final results of the biggest traffic-related problem that can be harmful for health are shown in Fig.7.The policemen were asked “What is the most important source of noise pollution in the cities?” The results areshown in Fig.8. The 23 % of the traffic policemen suffered from the effects of noise pollution. Furthermore, 72 % ofthe policemen have suffered from insomnia problem. More than 50 % of the traffic policemen had problem in workbecause of the noise pollution. 60 % of the policemen complained about buzzing sounds in their ears after a noisyworkday. This showed the primary effects of noise in their ears. For a self-evaluation of the mood characteristics, thefinal results are shown in Fig. 9. Like any other large cities in the world, the main streets of Ghaziabad are alsoloaded with traffic flow, shopping centers and other activities which lead the residents suffer from noise pollutioncaused by the traffic. Urban management should pay special attention to metropolises noise pollution and its controlmethods. The results showed that the street traffic level affects the noise pollution. The traffic policemen thought ofnoise pollution as the main environmental problem of their job and moreover, many of the residents of the mentionedarea have considered the noise problem as the most important one of their district. The results achieved in the presentresearch show that environmental noise can cause insomnia and this is more vivid in the less experienced trafficpolicemen.771

Proceedings of the National Conference onTrends and Advances in Mechanical Engineering,YMCA University of Science & Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, Oct 19-20, 2012Responses (%)252015105012AirPollution23NoisePollution15Longtermstanding11AccidentResponses (%)252015105021Traffichorn1815Crowd Car horn8etcFigure 7.The most important hazards for trafficPolicemen in Ghaziabad25Responses (%)2015 1210521Figure 8.The percentage of answers to the question“Which of noise pollution sources is the mostimportant for you?”16110VeryPatientPatient NervousVeryNervousFigure 9. The results of Self-evaluation of mental characteristics in traffic policemen4. CONCLUSIONThe study reveals the spatio-temporal distribution of noise, generated by urban traffic, by means of monitoring,mapping and questionnaire as a tool for evaluation of impact. The quantified data shows that the city is exposed tonoise levels ranging mostly from the moderate to extremely high levels in comparison to the national standards.Immediate administrative and technological mitigative measures should be adopted at the earliest to prevent auditoryand non-auditory health impacts on the local population. Control methodologies can include control of noise atsource of generation. Control in the transmission path by installation of barriers between noise source and receivercan attenuate the noise levels. The barrier may be either close to the source or receiver. The design of the buildingalong with the use of suitable noise absorbing material for wall/door/window/ceiling will reduce the noise levels.Other measures include raising the awareness among local community, locating more No Horn zones and strictenforcement of laws.The results can be considered as not being acquainted with the environmental noise. However, it was demonstratedthat this phenomena had some effects on the personal characteristics and nervousness of the individuals as socialconsequences. Therefore importance of noise controlling management should be taken into considerations. As asolution to all the harmful problems caused by the traffic noise, it is necessary for these people to undergo periodicalcheckups to eliminate late diagnosis of hearing capability loss and problems in the mental and nerve systems.Finally, the municipal management must have special noise management planning in metropolises like Ghaziabad;constructing shopping centers & entertainment venues with appropriate and equal costs at diversified location so thattraffics for shopping & entertainment purposes would decrease; making e-commerce popularized; optimizing publictransportation system with adequate capacity. The induction of batteries operated vehicles will also lead to reduce thenoise level.772

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