Booklet 7 - Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels

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Note to the reader: Information regarding registered trademarks or commercial products is provided only as a guide andcan be substituted for equivalent products.For additional informationCentre d’expertise en analyse environnementale du Québecto access our documents on our Web siteat the following address: www.ceaeq.gouv.qc.caor to contact us at:Centre d’expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec2700, rue Einstein, bureau E.2.220Québec (Québec) G1P 3W8Telephone: 418 643-1301Fax: 418 528-1091Email: ceaeq@mddep.gouv.qc.caBibliographic Reference:MINISTÈRE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE, DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT ET DES PARCS DU QUÉBEC, May2007, Sampling Guide for Environmental Analysis: Booklet 7 – Flow Measurement Methods in Open Channels, Centred’expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, 223 p.,http://www.ceaeq.gouv.qc.ca/documents/publications/guides_ech.htmLegal Deposit – Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec, 2009ISBN 978-2-550-55291-8 Guide d’échantillonnage à des fins d’analyse environnementaleISBN 978-2-550-55292-5 Guide d’échantillonnage à des fins d’analyse environnementale (English Version)ISBN 978-2-550-54958-1 (PDF) (previously published in English by Thompson - Groupe Modulo)ISBN 978-2-550-55509-4 (PDF) (French Edition: August 2008)ISBN 978-2-550-55309-0 (previously published in French by Les éditions le Griffon d’argile, ISBN 2-89443-075-2,1 st Edition 1998)© Gouvernement du Québec, 2007
Page 1: Centre d’expertise en analyse env
Page 7 and 8: TABLE OF CONTENTSLIST OF TABLES....
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF TABLESTable 1 - Dimensions
Page 11: INTRODUCTIONMany industrial process
Page 14 and 15: To express a flowrate, one of the v
Page 16 and 17: 1.3.2. Continuous flow measurementC
Page 18 and 19: −the Q = AU relation uses a wet s
Page 20 and 21: When a discharge is far enough away
Page 22 and 23: 1.8. Flow metering systemA flow met
Page 24 and 25: Figure 2 shows the main physical co
Page 26 and 27: FIGURE 3 - PARSHALL FLUME - CHAMBER
Page 28 and 29: Dimensions in millimeters and inche
Page 30 and 31: −−−a visual assessment of eff
Page 32 and 33: 1.12.7. PrecisionIt is important no
Page 34 and 35: Usually, in a calculation that invo
Page 36 and 37: 1.12.13. CalibrationA primary devic
Page 38 and 39: FIGURE 5 - PARSHALL FLUME - ILLUSTR
Page 40 and 41: FIGURE 6 - PARSHALL FLUME - PHYSICA
Page 42 and 43: It is important to respect standard
Page 44 and 45: TABLE 7 - PARSHALL FLUME - DISCHARG
Page 46 and 47: −inadequate approachthe convergin
Page 48 and 49: FIGURE 7 - PARSHALL FLUME - SLOPE O
Page 50 and 51: 2.1.11. Submerged flowA submerged f
Page 52 and 53:
FIGURE 10 - PARSHALL FLUME - H 2 /H
Page 54 and 55:
TABLE 8 - COEFFICIENTS AND EXPONENT
Page 56 and 57:
FIGURE 12 - LOSS OF HEAD - PARSHALL
Page 58 and 59:
The Palmer-Bowlus is a Venturi type
Page 60 and 61:
TABLE 9 - PALMER-BOWLUS FLUME - STA
Page 62 and 63:
FIGURE 14 - SHAPE OF A PALMER-BOWLU
Page 64 and 65:
TABLE 11 - PALMER-BOWLUS FLUME - RE
Page 66 and 67:
inspection of the horizontal positi
Page 68 and 69:
A steep slope in the conduit downst
Page 70 and 71:
2.3.2. Operating principleDue to ve
Page 72 and 73:
TABLE 12 - LEOPOLD-LAGCO FLUME - ST
Page 74 and 75:
TABLE 13 - LEOPOLD-LAGCO FLUME - RE
Page 76 and 77:
−sensitivity of water depth measu
Page 78 and 79:
2.3.14. Flume modificationsIf there
Page 80 and 81:
FIGURE 16 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - PHYSI
Page 82 and 83:
2.4.5. Range of measurementsCutthro
Page 84 and 85:
Table 16 shows the values of coeffi
Page 86 and 87:
TABLE 17 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - DISCHA
Page 88 and 89:
transversely: if the base of the fl
Page 90 and 91:
After the diverging section, there
Page 92 and 93:
TABLE 19 - CUTTHROAT FLUME - VALUES
Page 94 and 95:
2.4.14. Flume modificationsIt is im
Page 96 and 97:
FIGURE 17 - HS FLUME - PHYSICAL CHA
Page 98 and 99:
FIGURE 19 - HL FLUME - PHYSICAL CHA
Page 100 and 101:
TABLE 20 - HS FLUME - STANDARD DIME
Page 102 and 103:
TABLE 22 - HL FLUME - STANDARD DIME
Page 104 and 105:
2.5.5. Ranges of measurementH flume
Page 106 and 107:
2.5.7. PrecisionIn free flow condit
Page 108 and 109:
2.5.11. Submerged flowThe upstream
Page 110 and 111:
3.1.3. Installation specificationsM
Page 112 and 113:
Flow measurements can be taken dire
Page 114 and 115:
The transverse of a weir crest must
Page 116 and 117:
3.2. Rectangular weir without contr
Page 118 and 119:
For cost reasons, the maximum lengt
Page 120 and 121:
Use of the Kindsvater-Carter equati
Page 122 and 123:
3.3. Rectangular weir with contract
Page 124 and 125:
For cost reasons, the maximum lengt
Page 126 and 127:
TABLE 27 - RECTANGULAR WEIR WITH CO
Page 128 and 129:
Length of contractionsIf side contr
Page 130 and 131:
3.4. Trapezoidal weir (Cipolletti)A
Page 132 and 133:
3.4.3. Range of measurementsTrapezo
Page 134 and 135:
3.4.5. PrecisionIn free flow condit
Page 136 and 137:
FIGURE 23 - TRIANGULAR WEIR - PHYSI
Page 138 and 139:
TABLE 30 - TRIANGULAR WEIR - RECOMM
Page 140 and 141:
TABLE 31 - TRIANGULAR WEIR - VALUE
Page 142 and 143:
FIGURE 24 - COMBINED WEIR - PHYSICA
Page 144 and 145:
Example: Suppose that a combined we
Page 146 and 147:
3.7.1. DescriptionA combined compou
Page 148 and 149:
3.7.3. Range of measurementsCompoun
Page 150 and 151:
4. OTHER METHODS OF MEASUREMENTThe
Page 152 and 153:
4.1.1.4.1 Preparation of a concentr
Page 154 and 155:
4.1.2.1 GeneralUse of this method r
Page 156 and 157:
4.1.2.1.8 PersonnelThis procedure r
Page 158 and 159:
4.1.2.2.4 Advantages of chemical tr
Page 160 and 161:
4.1.2.2.10 PrecisionWhen performed
Page 162 and 163:
4.1.2.3.5 Disadvantages of dye trac
Page 164 and 165:
4.1.2.3.11 Causes for errorThe prin
Page 166 and 167:
4.1.2.4.6 Detection and measurement
Page 168 and 169:
4.1.3.1 GeneralUse of the dilution
Page 170 and 171:
4.1.3.1.7 Types of tracersGo to sec
Page 172 and 173:
In pipelines, this calculation meth
Page 174 and 175:
4.1.3.1.11 Method of executionFlow
Page 176 and 177:
(A c ) {concentration by the amount
Page 178 and 179:
• Field workTracer injection:−
Page 180 and 181:
• Analysis of resultsThe concentr
Page 182 and 183:
4.1.3.3.3 ProcedureThis method cons
Page 184 and 185:
• Preparing the tracerThe tracer
Page 186 and 187:
eginning and end of the procedure,
Page 188 and 189:
The tracer injection period must be
Page 190 and 191:
4.1.3.3.8 PrecisionIn normal condit
Page 192 and 193:
4.2.7.1 Number of testsThe method r
Page 194 and 195:
4.3.3. Calibration of pumpsCalibrat
Page 196 and 197:
4.3.8.1.2 Circular wellCalculation
Page 198 and 199:
−determine the water-level recove
Page 200 and 201:
4.4. Area/velocity methodThe method
Page 202 and 203:
and converted to suction to produce
Page 204 and 205:
4.4.11. Velocity measurementSince t
Page 206 and 207:
−−lack of precision of the flow
Page 208 and 209:
−−−inadequate mixing of the t
Page 210 and 211:
REFERENCES1. MANNING ENVIRONMENTAL
Page 212 and 213:
24. KINDSVATER, C. E., Carter, R. W
Page 215 and 216:
BIBLIOGRAPHYAASTAD, Johan and Szgne
Page 217 and 218:
DISKIN, M. H., Sharp Crested Weirs
Page 219 and 220:
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATIO
Page 221 and 222:
NEDVED, T. K., Fochtman, E. G., Lan
Page 223 and 224:
SOUCEK, E., Howe, H. E. and Mavis,
Page 225:
WILSON Jr., J. F., Time-of-Travel M
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