the immune system and natural ways to defeat flu

ISBN 978-615-5169-27-4 Immune Stimulation (the immune system and natural ways to defeat flu)1

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1. AntibioticsIn my research it seems that the use ofAntibiotics is the co-factor that leads to death.There is no evidence of cure from Antibiotics,and much evidence of complication.This would imply a strong link to a positivebowel flora as a strong component of theneeded immune system. Antibiotics must beavoided at all costs. New research has shownthat the dental use of Antibiotics was veryirregular. The American Dental Associationnow is adamant“Do Not use Antibiotics in dentistry”These include lacto-immunitas and othersthat are excellent at immuno-stimulation.So immuno suppressed patients need to useprobiotic foods twice daily. Two tins of Actimelare excellent.ANTI-BIOTICS are contraindicated in viral orfungal conditions. They should only be usedsparingly and only for short duration and ofcourse only in emergency conditions.It was sewage not anti-biotics that helped theworld to overcome many diseases. Sewagehelped and anti-biotics followed around andclaimed the credit.Modern science does not like to research thebowel flora because it’s extreme complexitydoes not lend itself to reductionistic styles ofstatistic research.But modern science of food manufacturinghas helped. The science of Pro-biotic use orpositive bacteria for the body, has developedquickly. Actimel, Activia, and many othernatural food yogurt variation use a host ofpositive lactobacilli.8 9

2. Processed SugarThe body will benefit much more from aLevulose or left handed sugar that from aDextrose or right handed sugar. Dextroselowers hormone production, causes bloodsugar troubles, causes brain fatigue, andmost importantly causes a suppression ofthe immune system. Levulose stabilizes theblood sugar, stimulates hormone production,energizes the brain, and most importantlystimulates the immune system.Dextrose is in the white sugar of the sugarcane, and the grape. The stripping of theminerals and nutrients which give it awhite look are further culprits in immunosupression. Sucrose is a dextrose, as is honey.Use sparsely.Levulose is also a name for fructose. This isfruit sugar. So the sugar from strawberries,apples, oranges and most other fruits are richin Levulose. So use fruits for the sweet tooth.If berries are not sweet to you and you musthave a processed candy bar, perhaps there isan addiction to deal with. Natural fruit candiesand sweeteners are easily available today.I have written a superb and thorough bookon why sgar and cooking are a problem. “EatGood Sugars not Bad, Eat Good Oils not Badoils” is a book you should definitely read. Getfrom IMUNE.3 Street drugsThese all will further drop the immune system.They must be avoided. Use addiction controltherapy if you need help.4. Excess Stress, Stress can be usefulWe call this Eu-stress. But negative emotions10 11

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lots of energy. Cooking destroys the fattyacids and produces trans fatty acids and othercancer causing compounds.When the body is under stress, fatty acidsare released from the cell membrane tomake emergency energy. When the bodyis deficient in fatty acids the cell membranebecomes weak. This allows in viruses, andtoxins. This can lead to cancer or other viraldiseases. So get plenty of fresh and raw fruitsand vegetables. Cook little as possible. Chewwell. Your mouth is God’s juicer he gave you,use it to make good juice. A Juicer might helpto extract the fatty acids.What w e are going to ask is to read thisarticle, come back and ask questions of yourtherapist, and work for some time to produceresults.For more information on a natural lifestylesee the natural switch book, which can beordered from IMUNE. This manual has a listof ways to achieve a more natural life style.Let’s start with the toughest assignment therules of the stomach.Rules for the StomachThe stomach is an important part of ouranatomy. Food entering our mouths must beproperly prepared for digestion. After beingchewed and masticated by the mouth, thefood is now sent to the stomach for furtherprocessing. The stomach mixes the foodin an acid bath for further break-up of thenutrients. When the acid shifts alkaline toabout 5.5 ph the pylorus valve at the baseof the stomach opens and the food is passedalong to the primary digestive organ the smallintestine.Nature has provided us with a nerval systemthat regulates this process. This nervoussystem is des igned to prefer muscle actionover digestion. So if a threat or stress comesto us after a meal, such as a lion attack, ourbody will shift it’s energy from digestion tothe muscles and we can survive by runningaway. In our present society we have fewlions, but our nerves can still stop digestionjust as easily.When we allow the stomach to empty it’scontents prematurely the small intestineis over burdened. The food is not properlyprepared for digestion. Then we get anincrease in large undigested proteins andlarge undigested fats that can be absorbedinto the lymphatic system. This will enter thefree fatty acid and amino acid pool and eitherclog up the lymphatic system or be used tomake cells.Cells which will now be made of poor qualityparts. It is not much of a problem if wecircumvent the stomach just now and then,but for some the patients, this becomes a wayof life.They constantly use ant acids, too much liquidwith meals, coffee, milk, or a variety of waysto empty the stomach too early. When thestomach empties there is a release of CCK ahormone which has a slight anti depressionor euphoria. This and the release of the stuffystomach feeling intensifies the addictivequality of the effect. But the long term effectson nutrition are very detrimental. Thereare rules of the stomach that can maximizenutrition.The majority of our patients are partially sickbecause they violate the rules of the stomach.This is the key to weight loss and the healingof a host of other disease.We are seeing more and more evidence ofwhat good nutrition can do. But it is not justwhat we eat that is important, but what weabsorb. Even the best meal or nutrition canresult in inappropriate nutrition if we violatethe rules of the stomach.Food combining is just part of the answer. Asthat different foods have different times forstomach digestion. So the stomach can openprematurely from that.RULES OF THE STOMACH1. Fluids alone (no more than 4oz. Of fluidwith a meal, or for two hours after a meal)2. No coffee at meals (wait for 1.5 to 2 hoursafter or 1 hour before eating)3. No milk with meals (wait for 1.5 to 2 hoursafter or 1 hour before eating)4. Fruits alone(wait for 1.5 to 2 hours afteror 1 hour before eating)5. Melons alone (wait for 1.5 to 2 hoursafter or 1 hour before eating)6. Small meal is better Quality of nutritionnot quantity7. Slow meals. Savor, enjoy, rejoice, andcelebrate the meal8. Eat for nutrition not for stimulation, Eatwhen hungry, not when bored9. Rest comfortably after eating for atleast 35 to 45 min to maximize stomachfunction10. Make and eat food with love and kindness,no violent or negative emotions11. No ant-acids12. Do not sleep for 3 hours after eating.16 17

Cold and InfluenzaIn the old days people believed in the evil eyeor negative influence a person could haveon you. This Influence was thought to be ofa supernatural power and someone whowanted bad for you could influence you. Thisis what gave us the name Influenza.The loss of the adenoids, tonsils or appendixcan compromise the immune system defenseof viruses, like AIDS or Influenza.Fatty Acid DeficiencyThe first sign of fatty acid deficiency is shiveringand a cold chill. When y ou shiver or whenyou are stressed you liberate fatty acids fromthe membrane. The fatty acids are made intoemergency sugar. The porous membranes letin virus and toxins , so fatty acids deficiencyis the primary cause of cold and influenza. Soyou can get a COLD from Fatty Acid Deficiency,but Influenza is different.In a COLD you shiver, sweat, feel low, and weak.This is because of the Fatty Acid deficiency.Now you are much more susceptible to a virus.Add the immune-suppression of dextrosesugar, and excess stress from finances, worryemotions, etc, and you now get a majorsusceptibility to a virus. The Simple COLDvirus now expands the symptoms but doesnot destroy too many cells. Influenza is avirus that if allowed to get started from FAdeficiency and dextrose, will destroy massquantities of cells. These influenza viruses candestroy large areas of human cells. Now Youcould be in Danger. We will discuss what todo later.First signs of Fatty AcidDeficiency1. Sensation of chill or cold2. Lightheaded3. Brain Fatigue4. Hungry22 23

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What To Do for Cold and Fluat home1. Feed a cold, Starve a fever. Eat right, eatgood sugars (fructose) not ba d sugars(dextrose). Eat good oils uncookedunheated natural vegetable oils noitcooked or boiled oils and avoid all transfattyacids2. Do Yoga, especially the lion pose.7. DO NOT RUSH to the DOCTOR. Call if youneed him, go to him when he tells you to.8. Get some fresh air and get out even brieflyfor new air and some sunshine 30 minuteson just the face can stimulate the naturalvitamin D.9. Clean the room and bed often, use ascented candle, garlic and onions to killsviruses and bacteria in the air.3. Reduce stress, get go od deep muscle andmind relaxing b ed rest4. Get lots of fluids to flush out the virus andtoxins use cold and flu teas and lots ofwater.5. Use the cold and flu remedies that aresafe and natural6. The SCIO helps to balance the body’scellular membrane permeability to resistvirus spread.28 29

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Desiré’s Goddess formula for early preventionor for immune stimulation during cold or fluUse two large teaspoons of Turmeric the spiceinto a bowl. Freshly crush one clove of garlicinto the powder, add a pinch of curry powder,pinch of paprika, pinch of capsicum if you like.Mix with two large tablespoons of fructosehoney or natural brown honey with fructoseadded. This makes a paste and one teaspoonin the morning will help prevent flu. This isalso a treatment for the mid flu lows.Supplement Fatty Acids. Use Vitamin E, A,K, D, Flax seed oil, lecithin, omega 3-6, oliveoils etc. the Johanna Budwig plan will helpget absorption see the appendix. Dr Budwigused this for cancer treatment which all knowalso involves Fatty Acid Deficiency, but theprogram helps with virus as well.Here are Desiré and ProfNelson’s suggestionsSpecial DIET SUGGESTIONS:MORNINGS: start the day with 10 oz. of citrusjuice, alternate grapefruit , orange, lemon,lime. Use 100% juice absolutely no dextr osesugar allowed. Feel free to mix juices freely.Mix with water by 50% if juice is too strongand most store bought juice is often toostrong. This will help to clean the lymphatic32 33

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chilifers of the intestine and stimulate parasympathetichealth.• 1 hour l ater you can have breakfast, buton 5 days a week just fruit till noon. This isfor cleansing and detox.TEAS and HERBS (for Cancers): these areherbal forms of natural chemotherapy, Theseteas can be used freely but make weak notstrong : Periwinkel (Vinca Minor), Burdock,Mistletoe, Plantain , Blood root (Sanguinaria), almond, blackberry, Green tea, dandelion.Orange peel, lemon peel, grapefruit peel,ginger, ginseng, cinnamon, tang kuei, licorice,kelp, musk, myrrh, California yew, peony,angelica, aloe, sesame seed, apricot seed,Mentha, rhubarb, bull thistleMix freely for taste. RotateVITAMINS: good all around natural liquid isbest. But extra vitamin C, vitamin A, vitaminE, vitamin D, Fatty acids, lecithin, pantothenicacid, and B12.CHEW, CHEW, CHEW: food digestion startsin the mouth. Here is where the foodneeds to be masticated, lubricated, andenzyme processing starts. The enzymes arecarbohydrate type so sugar is released in themouth as carbohydrates become saccarhides.It is very important to chew food very welland s lowly. As the food breaks up the partsof the food are released. So good nutritiousfood will improve in flavor as we chew. Butbad food such as processed carbohydratestaste worse as you chew.So we are conditioned in our society to eatfast and chew fast. Now as you shift to goodnatural food chew slowly. Each mouthfulneeds to be chewed 30 to 40 times. When theflavor peaks and your natural juicer your teethhave juiced the food it is time to swallow.Eat three to four mouthfuls of broccoli, andone to two sprigs of parsley per day and cheweach 100 times. Treat it like chewing gum andset totally free all of the nutrients. Get overthe bad attitude this could save your life. Thisis a powerful anti Immuno Failure therapy.JUICES: During the day take at least Twolarge glasses of broccoli, cauliflower, parsley,nutmeg, pear, blackberry, blueberry, apricot,carrot, beet a nd green pepper juice.Concentrate on the broccoli. Fresh juice notmore than one day old. Mix to best taste.FOODS TO EAT MORE OF: Fresh and rawfruits and vegetables are the main suggestionbut some foods are stimlants to the immunesystem. Use organic when possible. Thesefoods are rich in lectins that stimulate theT-cell immune system, see article at the end.1. Jequirity Bean2. Jack Bean3. Soybean ( unprocessed)4. Lentil ( rich in opsonins for allergy relief)5. Sweet Pea6. Red Kidney Bean7. Pea8. Wheat Germ9. Sambucca Berry (elderberry)10. Aloe vera11. ClovesENZYME INHIBITORS: seeds can last virtuallyforever in dry circumstances. There arepowerful enzyme inhibitors at work to stopgermination. When the inside of the seed isexposed to water the enzyme inhibitors(whichare water soluble) wash away and the enzymestrigger germination. Any seed product, beanor nut must be germinated to remove theenzyme inhibitors and the nutrition improved.Thus any sprouts are necessary in the diet ofany one desperately ill. For all beans, nuts andseed products, cover them with a damp clothor submerse them in water for 12 to 24 hours.Dry in the sun or at temperatures below 106degrees F.TEMPERATURE: Most Immuno Failure startwith a deficiency of fatty acids, these areessential for life, but are heat sensitive. Someare destroyed even temperatures as lowas 106 degrees F. So we must get plenty offresh and raw fruits and vegetables in ourdiet. Over cooking and disobeying the rules ofthe stomach are two of the most importantproblems in modern life. These decrease thenutritional deficiency problem. The answer isnot just in what we eat but how we eat.DETOX: Toxins are a major cause of ImmunoFailure as well. We all know about carcinogenictoxins. When the immune system breaksdown Immuno Failure cells there is a rushof autotoxins. So it is extremely importantfor the body to detox. Extra fiber in the dietfrom fruits and vegetables helps. We need tokeep the bowels working daily. Good regularbowel movements are the best detoxifier. Butif there is ever a problem with constipation,then we need to use an enema or somethingto promote stool.Also we need to detox from sweat. Antiperspirants,deoderants, and others canstop the detox do not use them. Use aromatherapy for your body , natural only.We also need to remove toxins with urination,so water intake is very important.WATER: Most of us do not drink enoughwater. The regulating process in our brainthat controls thirst seem to malfunction afterthe age of 20. We need to remind ourselfs todrink more water. Filtered RO water is best,Charcoal or carbon filtered water is good,bottled water is often good but expensive, buteven tap water is better than no water at all.For you to get better drink at least 8 glasses ofwater a day.MEDITATION: Focusing the mind canstimulate the immune system. There arespa where people with Immuno Failure paylarge sums of money for meditation help.This type of guided imagery is essential forhealing dramatic disease. A tape of relaxationexercises for the Immuno Failure patient is inthe program. You can play it on the computeror make a tape of it for use at home. Mentallyreleasing the negativity and increasingawareness of the self is very important to thecure. Most people need help with this. Seekout networks and support to share ideas andfoster growth. Keep in mind the best sign ofmental health is the ability to laugh at yourself.EXERCISE: The conditioning of the patient isalso important. The body is designed to chopwood and carry water. An exercise programis essential for health. Yoga and stretching ofthe body is also important. The natural switchbook from the International Journal of theMedical art of Homeopathy will outline moredetail on exercise. Some form of exerciseroutine can be designed for any patient. Evenjust imagining exercise has benefits. So amental exercise program can be used by bedridden patients. In influenza stick with yogaand non stressful exercises to get the bloodflowing without excess stress.The wellness of an organism is best measuredby it’s ability to oxygenate. So the bettershape your in the better you’ll be able to healyourself. Take it easy take it slow, too muchtoo fast can aggravate disease.HOME SPA: The main thing of the Europeanspas is reduced stress. For your home spa, getthe family to cooperate by helping to reducestress. Change some small things at home tocreate a new atmosphere to stimulate the36 37

mind. The mind likes some change. A newposter in the bath, a candle near the bath tuba new conditioner or aroma therapy. Somenew music, some new massage technique.Put the phone on hold. Clear the time foryou to focus on the relaxation needs yourbody needs for healing. For every minute youspend on preparation, spend ten minutesin relaxation. So don’t over do things inpreparation.AT BEDTIME: no solid food for three hoursbefore bed. One glass of pineapple or papayajuice and a multiple natural enzyme tablet.The enzymes at bed on an empty stomachwill help to circulate into the blood streamto breakup congested lymph and attack themembrane of tumor cells. A desiccated Liversupplement at bed time once a week is alsohelpful. Twice a month take one tablespoonof sodium or potassium bicarb at bed with theenzymes. This is to strengthen the pancreasas well.Some recipies for HealingProf. Nelson’s SALSATake one cup (mixed germinated soybeans,jackbeans, peas, snow peas, red kidney bean)and one cup onion, two cups tomatoes, andone cup of sprouts. Put into a food processorand mix into a salsa. Use corn chips unlessthere is candida or fungus( candida grows beston or with corn meal). Use oat or wheat brancrackers to eat this nutritious and immunestimulating meal.Prof. Nelson’s salad Oil:To get all of your fatty acids you must usecold processed oils of many types. Blendsesame, safflower, soybean, sunflower, olive,and avocado oil in equal parts, to get someof the high end fatty acids soak finely crushednutmeg, cloves, mustard seed and parsley incanola oil or sesame oil. Let it sit in the sunfor 2 days. Blend this into the oil and this willmake a fine source of all your fatty acids. If youcan get nutmeg, parsley, mustard, or clove oilall the better then you won’t have to make it.This is important for all diseases and formaintaining health. Any nervous disease,degeneration, and immunity disease willrespond much better if the patient takessome of this oil. A small quantity is all that isneeded. Just put some on bread, or a saladProf. Nelson’s better butterFor those of you who are not ready to giveup the taste of butter, this is an excellentway to reduce your saturated fats. Itcombines the saturated fats in butter withthe polyunsaturated fats in sunflower oil. Byusing cold pressed oil, you are giving yourselfthe essential fatty acids your body needs somuch. If you eat the same amount of BetterButter as plain butter, you are cutting yoursaturated fat intake by half.• ¼ pound all natural butter at roomtemperature• 1/3 cup cold-pressed oil combo fromabove• Blend with a fork and refrigerate. Makes¼ pound. It will soften quick in the heat.Whole Grain PancakesThese pancakes are wheat-free and can bemade with a variety of grains. One grainshould be sticky, such as oats. You can changethe recipe by adding millet or buckwheat,ground into flour in a small seed grinder, alittle rye flour, or anything else that happensto be around. A few whole grain pancakes inthe morning makes a delicious breakfast.They contain no added fats and, if you eatthem with a little unsweetened jam or blendfruits (blueberries, grapes, strawberries etc)into a compote for a syrup. However, thepsychological freedom that comes from eatingpancakes can be exhilarating to someone whois used to dieting.Mix together:• 2 cups of whole grain flours (either theones suggested here or our variations):• 1 cup corn meal, or add or mix cat tailpollen for an extra culinary treat (puta paper bag over a cat tail this pollenseason. Shake vigorously. The pollen willbe released into the bag.) Mix with grain.• ½ cup brown rice flour• 3 tablespoons of wheat germ• ½ cup oat flour (grind oatmeal in blender)38 39Add:• 1 ½ cups of low-fat milk or soy milk• 1 egg• ½ teaspoon baking powder (use Rumfordbrand or other brand without aluminum)Serves a hungry family of four. Save anyleftover batter in the refrigerator for anotherbreakfast. Use natural fruit compost in ablender, and sorghum or maple syrup fortopping.Eggplant Pancakes:Use the same batter as above. Cut off andslice skin of eggplant into circles. Dip circlesinto batter and fry in sunflower oil till brown.Oatmeal with apple juiceTry this if you like hot cereal and want toavoid both cow*s milk and soy milk. It is apre-sweetened, moist cereal without sugaror honey that cooks while you are dressingin the morning. Nothing could be simpler toprepare or more beneficial to help eliminatecholesterol buildup, keep blood sugar level,and provide natural fiber. Besides, it tastesgood.• ¼ to ½ cup of dry rolled oats (oatmeal)• Cover with apple juice diluted by half withwater.• Bring to boil and simmer, covered, 5 to10 minutes. Add more juice if additionalmoisture or sweetener is desired.• Add a small quantity of berries or fruit totaste.Makes one serving.Soy milkWhen you want to cut back on dairy productsto prevent calcium overkill or because ofa dairy sensitivity, soy milk is an excellentsubstitute both in cooking and with cereal.Do-it-yourself-protein-milkGerminated seeds and nuts are added tosoy protein for this variation of the standardprotein-powder and juice drink. To germinate,simply soak the nuts and seeds overnight.Their protein content is increased and theirfat content decreased through germination.Rinse and refrigerate any extra to be usedlater in the week.The refrigerated nuts and seeds should berinsed once a day to keep them fresh. Soymilk or tofu can be used in place of moreexpensive protein powder, which oftencontains unwanted sugar.Blend together:• ½ cup soy milk or 1/6 pound tofu• ¼ cup apple juice• ½ cup berries or ½ piece of fruit (banana,peach, or other)

• 6 germinated almonds• 6 germinated sambucca seeds• 3 tablespoons of wheat germ• 1 tablespoon germinated sunflower seedsMakes one serving.For added B vitamins and energy, addbrewer*s yeast powder or flakes. Beginwith ½ teaspoon and gradually build up to 2tablespoons. If you begin with too much atfirst, you could get gas. A gradual increaseavoids this problem.Prof. Nelson’s immune cookie• 1/6 pound tofu• 1 cup apple juice• ½ cup berries or ½ piece of fruit (banana,peach, or other)• 16 ground germinated almonds• 8 ground germinated sambucca seeds• 3 tablespoons of wheat germ• 15 tablespoons germinated sesame seeds• 15 tablespoons of honey• 5-ounces of sprouts, rinsed, germinatedand drained• use kidney bean, jack bean, black bean,soybean, pea, snow pea, lentil, sesameseedMince ingredients and blend pour on a cookiepan and cook at 250 degrees for twentyminutes. Serve as cookies.Prof. Nelson’s immunity building soup anddip• 1 large red onion, chopped• ¾ cup thinly sliced celery• 1 teaspoon dried minced garlic• 3 cups defatted chicken broth• 1 tablespoon Worcestershire sauce• 1 tablespoon kelp• 2 teaspoons tamari soy sauce• 1/8 teaspoon pepper• 1/8 teaspoon ginger• 45-ounces of beans, rinsed, germinatedand drained• use kidney bean, jack bean, black bean,soybean, pea, snow pea, lentil, sesameseedBrown onion. Add celery and garlic. Cook onemore minute. Add rest of ingredients. Simmer15 minutes. Remove from Dutch oven andpuree in a food processor or blender.Return to Dutch oven. Simmer 30 moreminutes. Serve over brown rice and top withchopped onion.Serves four to six.Lentil Barley soup• 1 cup germinated lentils• 1 cup germinated barley• 1 cup of beans, rinsed, germinated anddrained• use kidney bean, jack bean, black bean,soybean, pea, snow pea, lentil, sesameseed• 1 16-ounce can tomatoes, chopped• 1 cup sliced celery• 1 cup chopped onion• ¾ cup sliced carrot• 2 tablespoons tamari soy sauce• ½ teaspoon pepper• 1 teaspoon dried dill weed• 1 teaspoon garlic powder• 10 cups defatted chicken brothPlace all ingredients in a large saucepan. Bringto a boil. Cover and reduce heat to simmer.Cook 50 minutes, stirring occasionally. Addwater if soup becomes too thick. Serves sixto eight.Prof. Nelson’s cocktailSambucca is an immune stimulant, as is redwine. Mix equal parts of each or use port forthe red wine and take only one glass a day.Only use when neded not everyday. Therelaxation effects are good and there is aslight immune stimulating effect.Prof. Nelson’s sorbetUse no white sugar and only natural fruit, mixpineapple and papaya, possible to use berriesin the mix, or use melon separately. For extrasugar you can use some fructose or honey.Mix into puree and freeze while stirringregularly. Chop and blend after into a sorbet.This makes an excellent enzyme rich desert.Prof. Nelson’s stir fry• 1 teaspoon olive oil or sunflower oil• 1 teaspoon low-sodium soy sauce• ¼ cup broccoli• ¼ cup carrots• ¼ cup onions• ¼ cup peppers• ¼ cup peas• ¼ cup red kidney bean• ¼ cup soybean• ¼ cup snow peas• ¼ cup sprouts• ¼ cup mushrooms (you may substitutebased on availability of ingredients)• 4 ounces tofu, diced fineSeasonings: choose from fresh ginger, basilthyme, oregano, parsley, cilantro, scallions,garlic, shallotsStir fry in very hot skillet. Serve over 2/3 cuprice or pasta. Makes one serving.Buckwheat Pizza CrustAdd beans, raw vegetables and fruits to yourpizza.• 1 tablespoon active dry yeas (usegerminated seed flower if possible)• ¼ cup warm water• 1 ½ cup hard whole wheat flour• ½ cup buckwheat flour• 3 tablespoons of wheat germ• 1 teaspoon sea salt or herbal salt substitute• 1 tablespoon cold-pressed vegetable oilDissolve yeast in ¼ cup warm water. Addremaining ingredients. Knead on flouredboard until smooth and elastic, adding morewhole wheat flour if needed. Let rise inwarming oven one hour. Knead down. Divideinto two balls. Roll out to fit pizza pie pans.Let rise again 30 to 45 minutes. Fill and bake.May be frozen.Prof. Nelson’s sprout salad• ¼ cup broccoli• ¼ cup carrots• ¼ cup onions• ¼ cup peppers• ¼ cup sprouted peas• ¼ cup sprouted red kidney bean• ¼ cup sprouted soybean• ¼ cup sprouted snow peas• ¼ cup other misc sprouts• lettuce, kale,• ¼ cup mushrooms (you may substitutebased on availability of ingredients)• 4 ounces tofu, diced fineSeasonings: choose from fresh ginger, basil40 41

thyme, oregano, parsley, cilantro, scallions,garlic, shallotsUse the oil combo from above with vinegar asa dressingProf. Nelson’s anti-Immuno Failure massageoilUse the oil we made above as a base, addan equal amount of olive oil. Grind up onepart cinnamon, one part cascara, two partsmyrrh, two parts cloves, one part eucalyptus,one part wintergreen, one part blood root,one part dried pineapple and papaya, mixinto the oil and let sit in the sun for two days.Massage into the skin and pour over anylesion.Immuno Failure More notes on foodFor overall prevention: green leafy vegetables,with emphasis on these six - broccoli, spinach,cabbage, kale, brussels sprouts and leaflettuce. Other high-fiber vegetables, fruits,grains, and legumes. Also, radishes, chard,tomatoes, citrus fruits, dried fruits (apricots,prunes, raisins), strawberries and deep andcold water fish high in omega-3 fatty acidsmay help prevent various kinds of ImmunoFailure . Garlic, onions, kelp, olive oil, tea(especially green tea), as well as seed foods,such as legumes, nuts, rice, and grains, arerich in antiImmuno Failure chemicals. Freshand raw: plenty of vegetables, juices, andfiber are best.Bladder: carrots, milk, broccoli, brusselssprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, coleslaw, kale,parsnips, turnips.Breast: yogurt. Fruits and vegetables high incarotenoids.Colon: green leafy vegetables, notablycabbage, broccoli, brussels sprouts. Alsocauliflower. Acidophilus milk or yogurt,especially that made with acidophilus culture.Wide mixture of vegetable juices. Wheatbran.Esophagus: green and yellow vegetables,apples, cherries, grapes, melons, onions,peas, beans, plums, pumpkin.Larynx: green and yellow vegetables.Lung: carrots, kale, spinach, broccoli, darkyellowsquash, pumpkin, sweet potatoes,apricot. All dark-green and dark-orangevegetables, red and yellow fruits high incarotenoids. If you have ever smoked, loadup on these foods. They may help preventlung Immuno Failure years later.Pancreatic: Citrus fruits, carrots.Prostate: yellow and green vegetables.Carrots, tomatoes, cabbage, sunflower andpumpkin seeds, peas, broccoli, brusselssprouts, cauliflower, bee pollen. Reducestress.Stomach: raw carrots, coleslaw, lettuce,cabbage, tomatoes, corn, eggplant, milk,onion, sweet potatoes, squash.Avoid: high-fat and meat diets (whichpredispose to Immuno Failure ), sugar,processed foods, overeating.Healthy DietTips on Food and EatingEat slowly, in a relaxed atmosphere. This willaid digestion.Eat small quantities of protein and vitaminrichfood instead of large helpings of overrefinedfood.Eat a good breakfast. Include fruit juice orraw fruit, wheat germ, and whole meal bread.42 43

Foods which are allowedBeveragesHerb teas (no caffeine), fresh fruit juice,fresh coffee, vegetable juice no more thanone glass pasteurized juices per dayDairyRaw milk, yogurt, butter-cottage cheeseand white cheeseEggspoached or boiled eggsFishfresh white-fleshedFruitall dried (unsulfured), stewed, fresh, frozen(unsweetened) fruitGrainssprouted when possibleMeatsno more than three servings per week; allred meat produdts; if chronically ill, noneshould be eaten sparinglyNutsall fresh, raw nuts sproutedOilscold-processed oils, soybean, safflower,corn, sunflower, canola, sesameSeasoningsherbs, garlic, onion, pepper, chives, parsley,marjoram, paprikaSoups (not with other food)all made from scratch, salt-free vegetable,millet, barley, chicken, bron rice, boullionSproutsall, especially wheat, pea, lentil, alfalfa,mungFoods not allowed / Foods to be avoidedexcess alcohol, cocoa, cola; all sweetenedcarbonated beverages; only one small galssof alcohol per day; no artificial fruit drinksall processed and imitation products, milk; inlimited quantities butter; ice cream; to (notwith meals); nonfat pings, all orange andpasteurized cheesesfried eggscanned, sweetened fruitwhole white processed flour; grain cereals;muffins ducts, hull-less grains; e.g. rye,bran, buckwheat, and seeds (e.g. pasta,oat, wheat, millet), cream of snack foods,white rice, wheat, brown rice, whole seedsprepared or cold cereals, (e.g. sesame,pumpkin, sun-crackers, cooked seeds)Roasted and/or salted nutsSaturated or animal oils (e.g. eggless andoils (unsaturated as mayonnaise well assaturated), hydrogenated margarinesalt, hot spicese.g. canned and creamed (thickened) soups,commercial fat stock44 45

Foods which are allowedSweetsraw honey, unsulfured molasses, carobVegetalbes40% raw and not over-cookedFruits60% fresh and rawRefrain from eating a large meal at the end ofthe day before retiring.You will sleep soundly if you avoid stimulatingfoods such as tea and coffee.Try to cook sufficient food for one meal only.Reheated food has little nutriment value.The human body needs a certain amount ofsalt in order to function properly. Few of usare aware that most vegetables contain saltand that when cooked correctly they requirelittle, if any. There are vanities of salt availablewhich have been extracted from vegetables.These are beneficial to our health.Store food correctly in sealed containers.Keep perishable food in the refrigerator andnon-perishable food in a dark, dry cupboard.Use stainless steel or pyrex glass saucepansrather than aluminum ones, as the latterleaves traces of aluminum in the food.Always rinse eating utensils with clear waterafter washing with detergents.Eat raw, fresh fruits and vegetables wheneverpossible. Buy in small quantities, as they losetheir vitamin content quickly.When using frozen ingredients, followinstructions on the packet. This will ensurethat food does not lose valuable nutriments.Whenever possible, leave outer leavesand skin on vegetables and fruits, as theseFoods not allowed / Foods to be avoidedRefined sugars (white, chocolate, pure maplesyrup (in late, candy, syrups limited)all canned vegetables; baked or boiled; cornchipsoften discarded parts are a valuable sourceof vitamins. When vegetables are peeled,remove immediate skin only.Use water in which vegetables have beencooked, for home-made soups and stock.Home-made soups are nutritious. Simmeruntil ingredients are tender and eatimmediately.Do not boil for hours or reheat several times.Eat raw sugar and honey instead of refinedsugar. Avoid over-dosing on any sweets.Eat whole meal flour, whole meal spaghettiand brown rice instead of refined varieties.Use polyunsaturated oils whenever possible.Tips on Grocery Store Shopping• Read labels.• Buy Probiotic yogurt, and other probioticfoods.• Buy fructose fruit sugars, notdextrose(sucrose)• Buy sodas that contain fructose (Corr*s,Hansen, etc.) instead of sucrose. Buyunsweetened juices, and dilute.• Buy snack foods that contain nopreservatives.• Buy foods low in sodium, or salt-free.• Buy whole wheat bread products, insteadof white bread, buns, etc.• Buy brown rice instead of white rice.• Buy herbal tea instead of tea containingcaffeine.• Buy decaffeinated (water processed)coffee or coffee substitute, instead ofcoffee containing caffeine.• Buy frozen foods that are not stored inaluminum containers.• Buy deodorant instead of antiperspirantsthat contain aluminum.• Buy chicken or turkey instead of beef.This includes chicken and turkey hot dogsand turkey ground meat. Minimize foodadditives.• Buy natural cereal.• Avoid sugared cereals.• Avoid nitrates, bisulfides, salicylates,additives, and insecticides.• Avoid palm oil, coconut oil, coffeewhiteners or other saturated fats. Look forthe “Health Mark” signs in your grocerystore.Suggested FoodsFoods That Can Be Eaten DailyEggs: can be eaten daily if rotated with severalspecies or cheese. Eggs are rich in lecithin,which can help to control cholesterol.Meat, Seafood, Poultry: eat twice weekly,rotate freely, trim off excess fat, restrict friedfoods, and eat complex protein in the morningand early afternoon. Protein does not have toinclude animal protein.Fruit and Fruit Juices: use unsweetened androtate daily.Vegetables: eat four or more servings a dayand rotate freely. Eat two servings raw a day,and avoid canned . Canned vegetables alsocontain fewer vitamins. Tomato juice canhelp digest meals that contain meat.46 47Bread and Cereals: eat four servings a dayof whole grain foods. Avoid processed andchemical-laden flour.Nuts and Seeds: these contain essentialfatty acids are necessary in our diet. Allseed products contain enzyme inhibitors andshould be germinated before eating.Water: drink a quart and a half of water a day,use thoroughly-filtered spring or well water,or reenergized distilled water. Chemicalsin city water may lead to severe problems ifused over long periods of time.Foods To Be partially AVOIDEDFat: animal fat should be kept to a minimum.Excess fat can increase cholesterol.Salt: everyone can benefit from reduced saltintake. Excess salt can aggravate nerves,cardiovascular functions, the immune system,and kidney and blood conditions.Coffee and Caffeinated: Caffeine Tea: maycause or aggravate nervous conditions. Neveruse with meals; use two hours after or onehour before meals.Milk: try not to drink pasteurized. Naturalmilk can help bowel flora. Milk can producemucous, and should be avoided if a respiratorycondition is active. Only use small quantities;never with meals. Rotate all foods. Don*t eatany food every day. The body likes weeklyvariation.More Foods To Avoid (Avoid all processedfoods)Refined Sugar: most harmful, can causeoverweight, diabetes, hypoglycemia, dentalcavities, periodontal disease, kidney stones,urinary infections, cardiovascular disease,intestinal Immuno Failure, diverticulosis,indigestion, hormone disorder, mental illness.

White Flour: even enriched flour is stillrobbed of needed amino acids, minerals andvitamins. This can cause malnutrition andImmuno Failure.Hydrogenated Fat (saturated): oleo,margarine and coffee whiteners should beavoided. Limit and rotate all cooking oils.These products can cause heart problems andmay provoke allergies.Sodium Nitrite and Sodium Bicarbonate:frequently used in meats and meat products.These combine in the body to producenitrosamines that can cause cancer. Neveruse together.Artificial Colors and Flavors: avoid syntheticadditives, and preservatives. Our bodiescannot handle them. May cause hyperactivity,nervousness and anxiety.Food Combination RulesTo reduce gas and improve digestion,remember that to digest protein the stomachneeds to be acid (taking antacids is a definitedon*t). to digest fruit, the stomach needsto be more alkaline. Remember that fats,carbohydrates and proteins require differentintestinal preparation and should not bemixed inappropriately. Also excess liquidsdilute stomach digestive fluids.The three simple rules are:• Fruits alone• Melons alone• Fluids aloneLeave at least one hour between these; twohours for large protein meal.Other SuggestionsEnemas and laxatives, even natural ones,can overstretch the bowel muscles and makethem weak by robbing needed potassium.Prolonged use can lead to dependency andeven greater problems. Only use naturalstimulants when absolutely necessary. If youhave any questions, consult your doctor.While mixing in saliva and ptyalin, your teethcan masticate the food thoroughly and savorthe natural flavors. Don*t rush throughmeals, celebrate them. JUICING The recentglut of juicer salesmen on TV is not withoutreason. Juicing works. It does improve theabsorbability of the vitamins, minerals,and life factors of fruits and vegetables. Iheartily recommend purchasing a juicer andexperiencing its beneficial effects. Juicers areinexpensive, don*t wait. Your best juicers,however, are your teeth and gums.The following is a list of fruits and vegetablesgood for juicing. Bon apetit!Suggestions for MealsHigh Volume, Low Fat, Sodium andPreservatives(Avoid processed foods and syntheticpreservatives)When dining out, always look for a restaurantof similar philosophy and attitude to yourown. Make sure the owner and cooksappreciate the value of natural, organic, andunprocessed foods. Ask if hidden lard, MSG,sulfides, animal fats or oils are used.Express concern over irradiated and syntheticfoods. Make sure the restaurant has passedcivil cleanliness inspections. Make surethere is a protected nonsmoking section, notjust a token one. Make sure the staff andeating environment are happy, friendly andharmonious.Express concerns quickly, with respect andcare. Many health food restaurants attractemployees with low resistance to strangeideas.These employees often resist order, timeliness,and altruism. Help the owner by expressingyour concerns with compassion and care.BreakfastEating Breakfast at Home (Always rotate)• Whole grain toast or muffins with BetterButter or apple butter• Whole grain pancakes with a little puremaple syrup, unsweetened applesauce,or jam made with pure fruit (no honey orsugar)• A poached or boiled egg with whole wheattoast or muffin• Scrambled egg with sauteed onions andmushrooms• Cold cereal with soy milk or low-fat milk• Oatmeal with raisins and almonds• Millet with raisins and almonds• Rice cakes with almond butter• A piece of fruit• Baked yam• Do-It-Yourself Protein Drink (NatureKnows Protein Powder)• Unsweetened yogurt with fruit or cerealEating Breakfast Out• Oatmeal with low-fat milk or apple juice• Omelet (spinach and mushroom, sauteedvegetable, ratatouille, Spanish)• Grape nuts or other low-sugar cereal withlow-fat milk or apple cider• Fruit (always a winner for breakfast)• Bran muffin (usually too sweet, but anemergency breakfast with some beneficialingredients48 49LunchEating Lunch at Home or Bringing It To Work• Salad with beans (pinto, red, garbanzo)and whole grain roll• Salad with a small amount of chicken,turkey, tuna, egg, or sardines• Salad with a little low-fat cheese (a niceoccasional treat)• A hearty soup, like lentil or bean, withwhole grain crackers and a salad• Vegetable slaw with chicken on corntortilla• Chicken breast and marinated vegetables• Steamed or sauteed vegetables withbrown rice or millet• Pasta Primavera (cold pasta salad)• Hummus (garbanzo bean dip) with wholegrain crackers and salad• Tabbouli (cold cracked wheat salad) andHummus with raw vegetables• Raw vegetables• Occasionally, cottage cheese• Lightly-steamed vegetablesEating Lunch Out• Salad with tuna, egg, or chicken• Salad bar with bean salad and/or garbanzobeans, and bread or crackers (a littlecheese occasionally)• Chicken or fish with salad or cookedvegetables• Tuna, chicken, turkey, or egg-saladsandwich with coleslaw (get the bestbread available)• Soup, salad, and a roll or crackers• Chinese vegetables with chicken and alittle rice (no MSG)• Vegetable omelet with roll or crackers• Avoid salyciate or sulfide using restaurants

DinnerEating Dinner at Home• Spicy Chinese Vegetables and Sobanoodles• Sauteed vegetables with brown rice, kasha• Steamed vegetables with millet or brownrice• Lentil and barley soup with salad• Whole grain pasta with marinara sauceand salad• Chicken breasts in wine and tamari sauce• Broiled fish or chicken with salad orvegetables• Curried vegetables with tofu and brownrice• Vegetable soup with whole grain noodlesor rye crackers• Corn tortillas with beans and hot sauce(salsa) and salad• Corn bread and baked beans with salad• Spanish rice with vegetables or salad• Whole grain pasta with steamedvegetables and tomato sauce• Salad and baked potatoEating Dinner Out• Broiled fish or chicken with vegetablesand salad• Chicken or fish dishes with sauces on theside (use sparingly), with vegetables andsalad• Chinese food (no MSG) with chicken orbean curd (tofu) and a little rice (no porkor shrimp)• Italian food: veal, chicken, or fish, withsalad and side of pasta• Chicken enchilada or chicken tostada (nocheese) with salsa• Soup and saladSnacks• Homemade cookies using maple syrup orsorghum and whole grains Whole grainbran or corn muffins with ,,better butter”• Nuts and seeds (8 to 12 nuts, small handfulof seeds)• Small amounts of dried apples, apricots,figs, or pears• Whole grain crackers with nut butter(almond, cashew, and so on)• Corn chips made with sunflower or otheracceptable oil (a few)• Whole wheat pretzels with sesame seedsinstead of salt• Cold sliced yam• Raw vegetables• Fruit Lightly-steamed vegetableBeveragesGood water with a little fresh lemon juiceBottled water with lemon juice or a little fruitjuiceHerb teas, hot or iced (sweetened with licoriceroot)Coffee substitutes (natural, not synthetic)Fruit juice Vegetable juiceNatural sodas (or seltzers)Don’t eat unless you are truly hungry. Eating forsimulation, pain relief, stress relief, sociability,habit, or for any reason besides hunger ismaladaptive. Listen to body communication.Eat for nutrition, not for stimulation. Celebrateeach meal with love, friendship, sunshine andharmony. Relax and allow your body to focuson recovering the nutrition God has grantedit.50 51

How to Make the Switch toNatural CookingRotating FoodRotation of food is very important, becauseit diminishes allergies and supplies a varietyof nutrients to the system. Our bodies aredesigned for natural foods and rotatednutrients, not processed, synthetic boredom.No culture has every existed that had onefood as its dominant diet. The Mayan Indiansate corn as their primary food. After a while,their pituitaries atrophied and childbearingdecreased. So within one or two generations,their number greatly decreased. You have torotate foods.Foods that help to build the body’s defensesshould be your mainstay. These foods containvitamins, minerals, protein, carbohydrates andessential fats that not only build resistance,but more vibrant radiant health.The rotation diet allows for maximumnutrition and minimum allergies. Our bodiesare designed for natural foods and rotatednutrients, not processed, synthetic repetition.If there are any special additions or deletionsyour therapist or doctor will notify you, butanyone can improve their health by followingthe procedure below.Rotation: Most allergies develop because ofover use of a food source. Toxic build-up ofphenyl-aromatic compounds occur due tothe constant use of certain foods of similarfamilies. Allergies can result from othersystemic intolerance which need specialtreatment, but toxic allergies respond wellto this rotation diet. Many people eat limitednumbers of food types. They always havethe same salad and vary the vegetables justslightly. How many different vegetables andfruits have you consumed in the last month?To get the full benefits from your diet, researchtells us that 15 different vegetables and 10different fruits are needed as a minimum.Start by having a salad a day and rotating thesalad parts on the four-day plan. For leafyparts, use leaf lettuce day 1, romaine day 2,spinach day 3, endive, chard, or escarole forday 4. Then back to day 1. Rotate garnishesand dressing likewise.And once or twice a month bring in somethingspecial or rare like turnip greens or milkweed.Rotate cooking oils by using safflower day 1,sunflower day 2, corn oil day 3, olive oil day4, and others occasionally. Rotate herbal teason the four-day plan. This is very important.Over use of herbal products may provokeother symptoms. Rotate other beverages aswell. Use of processed white sugar and whiteflour is discouraged, but rotation of grainsand sugars encouraged. Use whole wheatday 1, rye day 2, millet day 3, oats, barley orbuckwheat on day 4. Use beet or maple sugarday 1, date sugar or fructose day 2, carobdextrosemolasses day 3, honey or sorghumday 4. Take the time to bring in special extrafoods and spices once a week and your healthwill show the benefit. If varying large numbersof foods aggravates symptoms, there is agood possibility that insecticide or bi-sulfidepoisoning has occurred. See your doctor forguidance if there is any difficulty.Food CombiningIf you start combining foods improperly, thestomach might get confused. For example:The stomach might say there is fruit juiceand protein in me. The stomach may treatthe fruit juice as more important and releaseeverything into the small intestine. This inturn will not allow the protein time enough tobe prepared for further digestion.To make food combining very easy, here is asimple rule. Fruits alone, melons alone andfluids alone. Two to four ounces of fluidswith a meal, will actually help to facilitatedigestion. Anymore than that and youdecrease the hydrochloric acid effectivenessin your stomach.Fruit and vegetable juices will stay in thestomach approximately 30 minutes. Fruit,itself, will stay in the stomach around 45minutes to an hour. Vegetables stay in thestomach for approximately 1-1/2 to 2 hours, asa general rule. The more starchy the vegetablethe longer it will stay in the stomach. Proteinwill stay in the stomach approximately 2 to2-1l2 hours. The more dense the protein andthe more you take in, the longer if will remainin the stomach. Heavy fatty products such asanimal fat products will remain in the stomach3 hours to as long as 5 hours.Improper Food CombiningWhat happens when food is not combinedcorrectly? Bad quality nutrition is beingabsorbed. Inappropriate nutrition is nowcoming into the body, which is not beingbroken up properly and contributes to weightgain. This is due to the making of bad tissues.When the body makes bad tissues, it makesmore of them. If you have inferior cells, thebody has to make five of them to do the samejob as one good cell.Another thing we have to realize about foodis that it only takes seven mouthfuls of goodfood to give us all the nutrition we need; buttoday, the quality of our food is getting worseand worse.We are literally cooking 75-80 percent of thenutrients out of our food. So now we need 28mouthfuls of food to get all of our nutrients.The normal American person is eatingsomewhere between 35 and 40 mouthfuls aday. We are overeating due to the nutritionaldepletion of our over processed foods.52 53

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HerbalsTaken at the first sign of symptoms, echinaceacan reduce a cold’s in tensity and duration,often even preventing it from becoming a fullfledgedinfection.Goldenseal helps clear mucus from thethroat. It also contains the natural antibioticberberine, which can help prevent bacterialinfections that often follow colds.One of the Best Cold RemedyFor a good “cold tea,” combine equal parts ofelder (Sambucus nigra), peppermint (Menthapiperita), and yarrow (Achillea millefolium)and steep 1 to 2 tsp of the mixture in 1 cuphot water. Take it hot just before going tobed. This will induce a sweat, and if the coldis caught early enough, may stop it altogether.Even if it is too late for this it will still be veryuseful. This tea can help the body handlefever and reduce achiness, congestion, andinflammation. They may be taken with a pinchof mixed spice and a little honey to soothe apainful throat.Other herbs that may be added to the infusioninclude:Cayenne (Capsicum minimum): a favoriteNorth American Indian remedy: use 1/4 tsp ofthe powder to really stimulate the circulation.Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum): use acinnamon stick, and break it into the mixtureof herbs, for a gentle, warming and sweatinducingeffect.Ginger (Zingiber officinalis): grate a smallpiece of fresh root ginger into the mixture forextra heat.Caution: Peppermint tea may interferewith the beneficial action of homoeopathicremedies.Herbal Fever Remedy• 1 ounce dried Elder Flowers• 1 ounce dried Peppermint Leaves• ½ pint distilled waterMix the herbs. Place in a quart saucepan.Pour 1/2 pints of distilled boiling water overit. Cover and allow to steep in a hot place for10 to 15 minutes (do not boil). When ready,strain into another saucepan. Sweeten withhoney if desired.This remedy drops high temperatureassociated with flu quite effectively. In somecases, the temperature has been reducedfrom 104 to 99 degrees within two hours!!According to Dr. Dr. Edward E. Shook, wellknown herbalist, “there is no remedy forcolds and fevers of any description equalto this simple life-saving formula.” MoreInformation.Ginger TeaBest Remedy from the OrientIn both ayurvedic and traditional Chinesemedicine, ginger is considered the best homeremedy for colds. Drink a cup of ginger teaseveral times (at least 3 times) a day. Gingercontains a dozen antiviral compounds. And ittastes good. To make a t ea, add 1 heapingteaspoon of grated fresh gingerroot to 1 cupof boiled water. Allow to steep for 10 minutes.If you use dried ginger powder use 1/3 to 1/2teaspoon of powdered ginger per cup.Children’s Herbal Antibiotic Formula• 2 cups water• ½ teaspoon echinacea root• ½ teaspoon licorice root and• ½ teaspoon barberry bark (or Oregongrape root)Place water and herbs in a saucepan. Simmerfor 2 minutes, then remove from heat andsteep for about 20 minutes. Strain out herbs.For a 50-pound child, give 1 cup of tea or halfa dropperful (30 drops) of tincture daily. Toimprove the flavor, the tea can be mixed withan equal amount of juice. In fact, homemadeapple and grape juice, unlike bottled juices,contain strong antiviral agents that fight coldsand flu.Other Herbal RemediesUse inhalations of chamomile, eucalyptusor thyme to help loosen mucus and healsthe throat, nasal passages and bronchialtubes. Horsetail inhalations reduce swellingof mucous membranes. Onion or nasturtiuminhalations disinfect. Ginkgo biloba leafinhalations kill bacteria and heal the cells ofthe damaged mucous membranes almostimmediately.Inhale steam for fifteen minutes three timesdaily in acute stage; when the condition isimproving.Inhale steam in the evening before retiringfor a week or so to help heat the bronchialpassages.Boneset and sage help to break up congestionand bring down a fever. Take a cup of sage andboneset tea up to three times daily for threeto five days.At the onset of a cold, add 1/2 teaspoon eachof cinnamon and ginger to 1 cup of scaldedmilk. Add 1 tablespoon of honey and drinkwhile hot. This remedy is very soothing andstimulating.Hyssop Tea may prevent Colds and Infections.Traditional Peppermint Cure for Fever helpsto break a fever by causing the recipient toperspire.56 57Comfrey - Elderberry Cold and Fever Remedyalso reduces fever associated with cold byinducing perspiration.Royal Herbal Tea For Severe Colds is useful totreat severe cold symptoms.Delicious Cold Remedy. This delicious coldremedy will get rid of symptoms of cold prettyfast. It will also clean your system.Take a cup of chamomile tea twice daily, asneeded to help yourself rest and relax.Mullein flower tea has a pleasant taste andis good to soothe inflamed conditions of themucous membrane lining the throat. Alsorelieves coughing. Put a small handful of themullein flowers in 1 pint of boiling water. Allowto steep 15 minutes. Strain and sweeten withhoney.Take a soothing herbal bath with chamomile,calendula, rosemary, and/ or lavender if youare restless and irritable, . Keep the watercomfortably warm and treat yourself to along, lazy soak.Put 1/2 pound of dried mustard in 2 quartsof boiling water and boil for 10 minutes. Addthis liquid to foot bath to treat colds and

espiratory problems.Basil tea, made from the fresh or dried herb,may be used to encourage a slight sweatin the early stages of a cold, thus reducingfeverishness. A pinch of ground cloves mayalso be added for flavor and encouragereduction of fever.Elderberry may help to reduce both theseverity and the duration of colds. Choosean extract standardized to contain 5 percenttotal flavonoids and take 500 milligrams threetimes daily.Garlic (Allium sativum) appears to shorten acold’s duration and severity. Any form seemsto work: capsules or tablets, oil rubbed onthe skin, or whole garlic roasted or cooked inother foods. If you elect capsules, take threeof them, three times daily, until the cold isover.Important Herbs for ColdEchinaceaEchinacea is believed to reduce the symptomsof Cold and Flu and helps in the recovery.There are three main species of echinacea:Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia,and Echinacea pallida. E. purpurea is the mostwidely used. It isn’t clear if any one type isbetter than the others. In Germany, echinaceais the main remedy for minor respiratoryinfections.Echinacea is considered to be an immunestimulant. It appears to activate the body’sinfection-fighting capacity. There are someevidence that, when taken at the onset of acold or flu, echinacea can help you get betterfaster and reduce your symptoms while youare sick. For example, echinacea significantlyreduced symptoms such as headache,lethargy, cough, and aching limbs1,4when administered to people with flu-likeillnesses; echinacea administration to peopleimmediately after they have started showingsigns of getting a cold,3 resulted in themshowing improvement in cold symptomsmuch sooner than in the placebo group (4days instead of 8 days).In another clinical trial, echinacea was foundto reduce the length of colds by about 30%,5(the length of illness was reduced from 13days to about 9.5 days, when echinacea wasadministered instead of placebo.Interestingly, the dosage used is importantfor effectiveness. In a double-blind studyinvolving 180 people with flu-like illnesses,participants were given either placebo or 450mg or 900 mg of E. purpurea daily.2 By aboutthe third day, those participants receiving thehigher dose of echinacea (900 mg) showednoticeable relief in the severity of symptoms.There was no real benefit in the placebo orlow-dose echinacea group.Investigators also tried to determine whetherechinacea can prevent colds from occurring.The answer seems to be in the negative. Inmost studies reported so far, the regular useof echinacea failed to significantly reducethe incidence of colds. In fact, in one study,echinacea was found to actually increase yourrisk slightly.The constituents found in echinacea wasfound to increase antibody production, raisewhite blood cell counts, and stimulate theactivity of key white blood cells.Recommended Dosage• Powdered extract - 300 mg 3 times daily.• Alcohol tincture (1:5) - 3 to 4 ml 3 timesdaily.• Echinacea juice - 2 to 3 ml 3 times daily.• Whole dried root - 1 to 2 g 3 times daily.Many herbalists feel that liquid forms ofechinacea are more effective than tablets orcapsules because they believe that part ofechinacea’s benefit is due to direct contactwith the tonsils and other lymphatic tissuesat the back of the throat.Take echinacea at the first sign of a cold andcontinue for 7 to 14 days. Long-term use maynot be helpful.AndrographisAndrographis is a shrub found throughoutIndia and other Asian countries. It issometimes called “Indian echinacea” becauseit is believed to provide much the samebenefits as echinacea.In fact, andrographis was found to both reducethe symptoms and shorten the duration ofcolds in clinical trials. Those who were givenandrographis reported that their colds wereless intense than usual, reported less sickleave, they got well sooner.Andrographis also reduced the cold symptomssuch as fatigue, sore throat, sore muscles,runny nose, headache, and lymph nodeswelling.As in the case of echinacea, the dosage usedis important for its effectiveness. In a doubleblindstudy involving 152 adults compared theeffectiveness of andrographis (at either 3 gper day or 6 g per day) versus acetaminophenfor sore throat and fever. The higher dose ofandrographis (6 g) decreased symptoms offever and throat pain, as did acetaminophen,while the lower dose of andrographis (3 g) didnot. There were no significant side effects ineither group.Recommended Dosage• Take 400 mg 3 times daily with lots ofliquids at mealtimes.58 59Andrographis is typically standardized to itsandrographolide content, usually 4 to 6% inmany commercial products.SafetyNo significant adverse effects have beenreported in human studies of andrographis.However, it is not recommended for youngchildren, pregnant or nursing women, orthose with severe liver or kidney disease.There are some concerns from animal studiesthat andrographis may impair fertility.GinsengIn Eastern Europe, ginseng is widely believedto improve overall immunity to illness. Itappears that regular use of ginseng mayprevent colds.There are actually three different herbscommonly called ginseng: Asian or Koreanginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng(Panax quinquefolius), and Siberian “ginseng”(Eleutherococcus senticosus).A double-blind placebo-controlled studylooked at the potential immune-stimulatingeffects of Panax ginseng when taken bymouth. This trial involved 227 individuals atthree medical offices in Milan, Italy. Half weregiven ginseng at a dose of 100 mg daily, andthe other half took placebo. Four weeks intothe study, all participants received influenzavaccine.The results showed a significant decline in thefrequency of colds and flus in the treated groupcompared to the placebo group (15 versus42 cases). Also, antibody measurements inresponse to the vaccination rose higher in thetreated group than in the placebo group.So finally we may have a herb that will preventus from getting the cold afterall!

Recommended Dosage• Panax ginseng: 1 to 2 g of raw herb, or200 mg daily of an extract standardized tocontain 4 to 7% ginsenosides.• Eleutherococcus: 2 to 3 g whole herb or300 to 400 mg of extract daily.• A 2- to 3-week period of using ginseng isrecommended, followed by a 1- to 2-week“rest” period.Russian herbal tradition suggests that ginsengshould not be used by those under 40 yearsold.SafetyThe various forms of ginseng appear to benontoxic, both in the short and long term, inanimal studies. Ginseng also does not seem tobe carcinogenic.Side effects are rare. Occasionally womenreport menstrual abnormalities and/or breasttenderness when they take ginseng alongwith overstimulation and insomnia. Highlyexcessive dosages of ginseng can raise bloodpressure, increase heart rate, and possiblycause other significant effects. Ginseng allergycan also occur.Some herbalists believe that ginseng caninterfere with drug metabolism, specificallydrugs processed by an enzyme called “CYP3A4.” Ask your physician or pharmacistwhether you are taking any medications ofthis type. Other reports showed ginsenginteracting with MAO inhibitor drugs anddigitalis. It is possible that some of theseinteractions are because of contamination inginseng and may not have anything to do withthe herb itself.Safety in young children, pregnant or nursingwomen, or those with severe liver or kidneydisease has not been established. Chineseherbalists recommend that ginseng shouldnot be used during pregnancy or lactation.GingerGinger contains nearly a dozen antiviralcompounds. Scientists have isolated severalchemicals (sesquiterpenes) in ginger thathave specific effects against the most commonfamily of cold viruses, the rhinoviruses. Someof these chemicals are remarkably potent intheir anti-rhinovirus effects.Other constituents in ginger, gingerolsand shogaols, help relieve cold symptomsbecause they reduce pain and fever, suppresscoughing and have a mild sedative effect thatencourages rest.OnionOnion is a close to garlic biologically andcontains many similar antiviral chemicals.Steep raw onion slices overnight in honey.Take the resulting mixture at intervals like acough syrup. You can also use more onions incooking whenever you have a cold.AniseCommission E in Germany recommendedaniseed as an expectorant for getting ridof phlegm. In large doses, it also has someantiviral benefits.Make a tea by steeping one to two teaspoonsof crushed aniseed in a cup or two of boilingwater for 10 to 15 minutes. Then strain it.Anise is often chewed by Asian Indians aftertheir meals. It is also one of the ingredientsused in “Indian Chai.”Suggested dose: one cup of tea, morningand/or night. This should help you cough upwhatever’s loose and also help you fight thecold.60 61

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SPECIAL NOTE ON LECTINS INAIDS TREATMENTBy: W. Nelson, LPCC, M.D.Lecti ns are naturally occurring substancesthat mostly are found in the plant kingdom.Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins that arenot made by the immune system of a humanbut can influence the immune system of ahuman. Lectins influence agglutinization andprecipitate complex carbohydrates.The agglutinizations activity of these highlyspecific carbohydrate binding molecules isusually inhibited by a simple monosaccharide.For some lectins Di, Tri, or Poly saccharidesare required. The plant source often carriesthe needed molecules for action.Many Lectins produce stimulation effectson the manufacture of lymphocytes. In factseveral of these compounds have mitogenicstimulation of T-cell Lymphocytes. In the laststudy on the treatment of children with AIDSthe use of the soups reflect the use of somelectins.But if we review the Lectin research we cansee a more refined type of soup prescription.‘The effects of T-cell stimulation can indeed beof the utmost importance to the AIDS patient.Biological research has shown severalsubstances to produce this Mitogenic effect.Many of these herbal compounds are in theNew Vistas Product Known as Hemo-A. Thisproduct has been tested in cell culture andclinically and proven its ability. But there aremany compounds that can provide somedietary effect.We recommend combining the diet of thesefoods with the Hemo -A. Many of the bestnaturally occuring sources of Lectins areherbal controled substances that are put intothe Hemo A. So combining this with the diethas maximum effects.There are several accompanying proceduresthat greatly help the aids patient. Enclosed inthis simple treatise are guidelines I use in mypractice. I have seen tremendous results andseveral complete cures. I have made a movieabout the conflict of this type of therapy. Thisis “Water , Wine, Homeopathy !!”The foods richest in the Mitogenic Lectins forstimulating T-cell production follows:1. Jequirity Bean ( rare)2. Jack Bean3. Soybean ( unprocessed)4. Lentil ( rich in opsonins)5. Sweet Pea6. Red Kidney Bean7. Pea8. Wheat Germ9. Sambucca BeanUsing these in soups, salads, or other mealcomponents can have positive effects on T-cellformation. Our research shows the positiveeffects of these when the immunosuppressionis reduced. The primary immunosupressionbeing Antibiotics, Processed Sugar, Bad FattyAcids, Street drugs, surgical removal of theB-cell headquarters, Excess Stress, etc. all ofthese must be avoided.Rather than looking for ways to syntheticallyreproduce Nature we should use it in itsnatural ways. A review of the current literatureon AIDS will reveal a dramatic revelation. Thelife style changes are profound in helping theAIDS patient.The Synthetic Drug therapies are weak andoften ineffective. Natural medicine has muchto offer AIDS technology, perhaps a cure.When the patients and our society expressthe choice towards natural medicine then thetechnology will grow.References1. Olsnes S et al J. Biol Chem 249, 803, (1974)2. Wei C.H. et al J. Biol Chem 249, 3061 1974)3. Lin J. Y. et al Toxicon 19, 41, ( 1981 )4. Oswa T. et al Meth Enzymol 50, 367, (1978)5. Reeke G.N. et al Ann NY Acad Sci 234, 369( 1974)6. Sharon N. et al Phytochemistry 24, 2803(1985)7. Petryniak J. et al Arch Biochem Biophys178, 118 (1977)8. Hammarstrom S, et al Scand J Immun 1,295 (1972)9. Ticha et al Acad Biol Med Germ 39, 649,(1980)10. Howard et al J Biol Chem 246, 1590, (1971 )11. Galbraith W. J Biochem 11, 3976, (1972)12. Trowbridge J Biol Chem 249, 6004, (1974)13. Shibuya J Biol Chem 262,1596 (1987)14. Allen A. K Biochem 131, 155 (1973)15. Nagata Y J Biol Chem 249, 3116, (1974)16. Liener I.E., Sharon N, Goldstein,” TheLectins; Properties, Functions, andApplications in Biology and Medicines”68 69Academic Press London and Florida (1986)17. Bog-Hansen, T.C. et al “Lectins: Biology,Biochemistry, Clinical Biochemistry.”Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis MO. USA,Vols 6,7 ( 1988,1989)Those Most at Risk from Influenza1. Elderly and already sick people, theHospital doctor’s office are high risk2. High SOC Index, smokers, excess stress,toxic, out of shape, excess weight etc3. Fatty acid deficient, too much boiled oil4. Excess dextrose sugar from Holidays orsweet tooth suppresses your immunesystem and makes influenza flourish5. Surgical loss of Adenoids, Tonsils, orAppendix, these are the Flu defenseorgans6. Too many worms or intestinal parasiteinterfering with absorption or appendix7. Stress, Stress, Stress in all of its forms8. Those exposed to or using Anti-bioticsThere is a time for all things under Heaven theBible and the Byrds tell us. So there comes atime for us to go to the doctor. There is a crisistime. But first call the doctor.

In the cytokine storm the destruction of cellsis rampant and could kill the patient. Now weneed the doctor but there are still things wecan do to help.70 71

When it starts to get extreme there is an hypoadrenalcomplex that robs the adrenalin andits natural anti-inflammato ry qualities. Seethe book on adrenal fatigue and use thosetherapies to help the crisis client.Cures and Remedies forAdrenal FatigueAs I said above, adrenal fatigue is complicatedand not an easy problem to correct. It maytake one to two years to cure. Ma ny timesthere are underlying health problems thatare causing adrenal fatigue. In this case youneed to find out what the cause is. It couldbe an ongoing infection or inflammation. Itcan be candida overgrowth, irrita ble bowelsyndrome, or any of a number of healthproblems that cause ongoing stress to theadrenals. The underlying cause needs to beaddressed as well or you will never be able toheal your adrenal glands.Below are some supplements, herbs,hormonals and some advice to help you withadrenal fatigue.Supplements That Help Adrenal Fatigue• Vitamin C (500-1,500 mg/day sustainedrelease) -- best taken with bioflavonoids.• Vitamin E w/mixed tocopherols (400 IU/day)• Vitamin B100 Complex• Niacin (50-75 mg/day) -- as inositolhexaniacinate.72 73

• Pyridoxine B6 (50 mg/day)• Pantothenic Acid B5 (500-1500 mg/day)• Magnesium Citrate (100-400 mg) -- I likethis best in the powdered form with atouch of calcium. This form of magnesiummakes sure it is absorbed.• Liquid Trace Minerals -- they have acalming effect• Free-Form Amino Acids and Fatty Acids• Iodine DeficiencyUsing prescribed medications is usuallywrong in treating thyroid and adrenal glandsas the real cause is most likely an iodinedeficiency. Use kelp. Sea salt, fucus or iodinehomeopathics.• Proline (100 mg daily) -- Proline is helpfulin rebuilding connective tissues. Weakadrenals are often associated with poorquality connective tissues and whateverhelps connective tissues seems to helpadrenals as well.• Adrenal Glandular -- or desiccatedadrenal gland is extrem ely important inthe initial phases of adrenal repair since itprovides raw materials to support adrenalfunction. It also contains some importantadrenal hormones.Herbs That Help Adrenal Fatigue• Rhodiola Rosea -- It enhances memoryand concentration. It has been shownto reduce stress-induced fatigue andimprove mental performance.• Ashwagandha -- It has been shown tohave a sedating effect on the body andhelps to rebuild the digestive and nervoussystem.• Eleuthero Root or Siberian Ginseng -- Ithas been used traditionally to stimulateand nourish the adrenal glands andincreases mental alertness. Eleuthero isconsidered an “adaptogen” which means74 75it can help the body adapt to stress.• Cordyceps -- This is a Chinese mushroomused for supporting the adrenal gland andcan also normalize immune function andsupport kidney, lung, liver, nervous systemand cardiovascular function.• Mahung—Oriental herb containingephedra natural adrenalin, banned forhow well it worked and for its use in illegaldrugs.• Ginko Bilboa – for memory and mentalfunctioning• Goto Kola used for energy• Liquorice herb (Glycyrrhiza Glabra), Ispossibly the most important herb forhelping the adrenal glands to producenatural steroids and also to help balancethe immune system in cases of autoimmunedisorders as well as reduceinflammation via these two routes.How Does Liquorice Achieve its Action?Liquorice contains Glycosides calledglycyrrhizin and glycyrrhizinic acid; thesehave a structure similar to the natural steroidsin the body and tend to rapidly restore naturalsteroid production from the adrenal glands. Inaddition, the direct action of these glycosides,along with other ingredients in the liquoriceseem to have an almost magical effect inreducing inflammation and the entire autoimmunemal-response. Personally, taking.Sterols and Sterolins from the productNaturleaf produced general health benefitsand improved energy, it did not prevent there-occurrence of asthma. Taking Liquoricehad an obvious effect within hours of the firstdose and repeatedly I found that it would turnoff the initial stages on asthma like a switch.Note: if you have asthma, or bronchitis theformulation of Liquorice root, slippery elmand Lobelia (Asthma and Bronchitis Formula)has a very high success rate (according to

Gerald Green) of almost 100% in babies andchildren and 80% in adults; irrespective ofhow serious the condition. Gerald has usedliquorice extensively for many different autoimmuneconditions, with good success aspart of the a herbal programme. We supplyLiquorice Concentrate capsules and alsoKalawalla with Liquorice in a combinationcapsule called Immuno-calmLiquorice is the well known componentof Liquorice sweets, is surprisingly one ofthe most important medicinal herbs on theplanet. It has been used extensively in Chineseherbal medicine for thousands of years, inapproximately half of their formulas. Thereason given is that it tends to improve theaction of all the other herbs and ‘harmonise’the action of the herbal formula.The cautions and side effects of regularLiquorice consumption for a very smallpercentage of the population:- details aregiven in the full Liquorice article: Liquoriceherb.Personally I have found liquorice to be moreeffective and totally harmless in its ability tohelp the body produce the correct type andamount of natural steroids, whereas drugbased steroids, in my experience are lesseffective and will in time seriously disrupt thebody’s homeostasis and render it susceptibleto Candida Albicans infection and otherhealth problems. Glycyrrhizin has a similarchemical structure to corticosteroids releasedby the adrenals, and further studies havesuggested that it could be used as an aid inhelping to reduce withdrawal symptomsfrom dependency on some corticosteroidhormonesWild Yam and the AdrenalsIn our modern, stressful world, our fightor flight mechanism is over-stimulated andsubsequently the adrenals become overworkedand insufficient DHEA is produced,DHEA, is a precursor hormone to oestrogen,progesterone, and testosterone, and isnecessary to balance the hormones in yourbody. Insufficient DHEA can cause fatigue,bone loss, loss of muscle mass, depression,aching joints, decreased sex drive, andimpaired immune function. Wild Yam helpsto maintain a balance of hormones in thebody for women & men. The essence of theaction of yam appears to be in facilitatingthe production of DHEA, ‘the mother ofhormones’.• DHEA is also referred to as ‘the anti-aginghormone’: its widespread effects are dueto its role of ‘mothering’ the production ofover 50 other hormones. Researchers nowbelieve that adequate DHEA productionmay help modulate the following: fatigue,depression, stress, memory problems,obesity, tumor growth, viral and bacterialinfections, high blood pressure, collagenand sk in integrity problems, osteoporosis,immune responses.• Further evidence suggests that WildYam consumption can help to normalisethe production of the adrenal cortexhormones. The anti-stress and antinflammatoryhormones (natural steroidalhormones) help prevent inflammationand maintain joint and general structuralintegrity. This would explain the antiarthritic(especially relating to rheumatoidarthritis) and anti-rheumatic effectsobserved traditionally. The tendency tostrains, sprains and back problems (socalledslipped disc) are in part due topoor adrenal gland function. Also thetendency to pain in the body is modulate76 77by adrenal hormones. We cannot feel orbecome strong without adequate adrenalhormones. Aldosterone is an importantadrenal hormone that helps the bodyto maintain the balance of mineral saltsto water - a most important aspect ofoptimum well-being.• The adrenals are also involved inregulating salt balance in the body inconjunction with the hypo-thalamus. Insome people, it seems this regulationdoes not work properly and too much saltis lost from the urine. In these cases theneed for supplemental salt in the form ofeither Ionic Minerals or Celtic Sea Salt. isincreased.• Peruvian Maca. This herb can alsohelp the adrenals generally, Maca rootcontains natural substances that stimulatethe pituitary and hypothalamus. Thesemaster glands of the body in turn triggerthe ovaries, adrenals, testes, thyroid, andpancreas to return to healthy functioning,thus producing normal amounts ofhormones.Hormones That Help Adrenal FatigueAs for hormones, it is a good idea to be testedand find out what your hormone levels arebefore supplementing them. This way you’llknow exactly what hormones are deficient.The three hormones below are most oftensupplemented when dealing with adrenalfatigue.• DHEA - This is a basic adrenal hormonethat the adrenals will convert into otherhormones. If someone is very deficientin this hormone they may only be able totolerate a small amount such as 5 mg. Theaverage adult dose ranges 10 mg. DHEAwill also go on to become sex hormonessuch as testosterone and estrogen.

• Pregnenolone - This is a precursor to manyof the hormones produced by the adrenalglands. It is a raw material that supportsbasic adrenal function. Pregnenolone isbest taken towards the evening but maybe taken earlier if it interferes with sleep.The usual dose is 10 mg.• Progesterone Cream - Progesteroneis the building block for many othermajor hormones such as cortisol, DHEA,testosterone and estrogen. If you areunder a lot of stress and your adrenalsare pumping out cortisol, your body willuse available progesterone. If too muchprogesterone is used to produce cortisol,like with adrenal fatigue, not enough isproduced to make testosterone which isneeded for a woman’s healthy libido. Irecommend progesterone in the form of askin cream. Always make sure that it saysprogesterone USP so you know its realprogesterone. Progesterone in men willdecrease sexual urge and even destroymale sex glands.Life Style Changes That Help Adrenal Fatigue• Removal of the stressors. This is the mostimportant step. Emotional stressors suchas marital, family, relationship or financialproblems needs to be dealt with andnormalized. Don’t get upset at the littlestuff. And it is all little stuff.• Rest and sleep are extremely important.You will need nine hours of sleep andmaybe more for a very long time. Alsorest after meals, at midmorning and midafternoonif possible.• Gentle walking is beneficial but vigorousexercise depletes the adrenals. Deepbreathing and stretching is also beneficial.You should exercise to relax rather than tobuild muscles or lose weight.• Replace toxic cleaning products usedaround the house with natural products.There are natural alternatives availablefor cleaning. Hair dyes, shampoos,makeup and skin care products need to bereplaced with natural versions. Adrenalsare stressed by chemicals and so this isvery important.• Detoxification sauna therapy using aninfrared sauna will greatly speed uprecovery. If you are in adrenal burnout,use the sauna daily for no more than 30minutes. Once or twice a week is excellentfor prevention.• Potassium deficiency can also produce aproblem. Potassium makes food orange.Eat orange foods such as orange, pumpkin,squash, paprika, carrot, yam, peppers,grapefruit. Avoid salt and sodium.• Avoid bad sugars (dextrose) and badoils(cooked, animal and transfatty acids),eat good sugars(fructose) and healthycold processed uncooked plant oils.Adrenal Fatigue DietIt may benefit you to add sea salt to your diet,if your potassium is adequate. Acetic acidfrom vinegar like in pickles can help the acetylcholine form and balance energy.Nutritional Considerations in Chronic FatigueSyndromeWhen the adrenal glands are fatiguedthey do not produce enough aldosterone.Aldosterone regulates the amount of sodiumand potassium in the body. When aldosteronebecomes deficient not enough salt is retainedin the body. If you have been craving salt, this78 79is probably the reason. Use natural potassiumsalts or magnesium salts to balance and notupset the mineral balance with too muchsodium. You might stim the adrenals butgenerate another problem with the heart.Adrenal Fatigue ArticleInstead of eating three meals a day, eat five orsix small meals or snacks a day to keep yourblood sugar balanced. If you have adrenalfatigue it causes low blood sugar problems.Eating more often can help keep your bloodsugar stable. Eat every 3 to 4 hours, nothingin the middle.Always eat protein with every meal and snack-- eggs, beef, pork and poultry are the bestsources of protein. Nuts and seeds are othergood sources. Absolutely avoid vegetariandiets as they will further stress your adrenals.Most vegetarians never recover from adrenalfatigue.Complex carbohydrates are good but you maywant to avoid wheat as you may be allergic.If you know of any other food allergies, youshould avoid them as well. Root vegetablessuch as turnips, parsnips, rutabaga, carrots,onions, garlic and potatoes are good. Allvegetables are good for you and should beeaten several times throughout the day.Other good complex carbs are corn, brownrice and quinoa. Organic corn chips or brownrice cakes are also good.Avoid isolated soy protein as it is of poorquality and contains many anti-nutrients.Actually avoid all soy products as well. Donot eat any sugar and only eat fruit in smallportions. Don’t drink fruit juices. Use onlyhealthy oils such as olive oil, flaxseed oil,coconut oil and butter. Use sea salt ratherthan table salt.It’s really beneficial to drink green drinks like

arley grass or various mixed green drinksthat also have vegetable extracts. Don’t drinktap water but drink filtered or spring water.Absolutely avoid caffeine or any stimulants asthese are very stressful to the adrenals.Dr. Johanna Budwig MixTo get good fatty acids into the body quicklyand efficiently the following diet has foundmany supporters. Please see how it can beused.Mix until creamy with your electric handmixer (blenders may whip too much air intothe mix and oxidize the flax oil):• 1 cup Organic 2% cottage cheese and2-5 Tbsp. of flaxseed oil. Make sure thatyou completely mix the cottage cheeseand flax seed oil before adding anythingelse. There is a synergetic effect that isimportant. When this is creamy, you mayadd a little distilled or spring water to thinthe mix. Then add:• 1-3 Tbsp. of freshly ground up “Golden”flaxseeds (coffee grinder ($15) works fine)and a little cayenne.Optional:• Agave or honey• Strawberries• little garlic little red pepper littlechampagne• Make it very soft.• Eat some of it every day.• (P.S. Adjust quantities for your taste!)Important: Flax oil must be fresh, kept in adark bottle, and refrigerated. After initiallyopening the bottle of flax oil to remove theseal, you should not keep opening the bottleand allow air in. One of the best flax oils andbottles are those sold by Barlean’s. You shouldalways get the flax oil with lignans. Once youhave initially opened the bottle to remove theseal, never remove the cap again. To dispensethe oil, just turn the bottle upside down, flipopen the cap, and squeeze. This way, verylittle air will get in the bottle.THE BUDWIG FLAX OIL DIETThe Flaxseed (Linseed) oil diet was originallyproposed by Dr. Johanna Budwig, a Germanbiochemist and expert on fats and oils, in1951 and recently re-examined by Dr. DanC. Roehm M.D. FACP (Oncologist and formercardiologist) in 1990. Dr. Roehm claims: “thisdiet is far and away the most successful anticancerdiet in the world”.Budwig claims that the diet is both apreventative and a curative. She says theabsence of linol-acids [in the average westerndiet] is responsible for the production ofoxydase, which induces cancer growth and isthe cause of many other chronic disorders.The beneficial oxydase ferments are destroyedby heating or boiling oils in foods, and bynitrates used for preserving meat, etc.The theory is: the use of oxygen in theorganism can be stimulated by proteincompounds of sulphuric content, which makeoils water-soluble and which is present incheese, nuts, onion and leek vegetables suchas leek, chive, onion and garlic, but especiallycottage cheese.Ferments of cell respiration closely connectedwith the highly unsaturated fatty acids, arealso needed for proper oxidation. It is essentialto use only unrefined, cold-pressed oils withhigh linolic acid content, such as linseed,sunflower, soya, poppyseed, walnut, and cornoils. Such oil should be consumed togetherwith foods containing the right proteins80 81

otherwise the oils will have the OPPOSITEEFFECT, causing more harm than good.The best combination is cottage cheese andlinseed oil. The linseed should be freshlyground. Carbohydrates containing naturalsugar, such as dates, figs, pears, apples andgrapes, are also included in the diet. Honey isalso beneficial. Most of the synthetic vitaminA preparations are bad because they containoxidation products, but much carotine asprovitamin A (from carrot) is consumed.Vitamin B from buttermilk, yoghurt, andnatural yeast is beneficial.A person requires daily about 4 oz. of cottagecheese mixed well with 1.5 oz. of linseed oiland 1 oz. of milk. A blender or egg beaterworks fine. The mixture an be sweetenwith honey or otherwise flavored naturally.Fresh fruits can be added. Every morning 2spoonfuls of freshly ground linseed oil shouldbe taken in luke warm buttermilk or yoghurt.The diet is indicated for all kinds of chronicdiseases, especially heart ailments (coronythrombosis), gall disorders, diabetes, arthritis,and malignancies. It improves failing hearingand sight. It is the ideal nutrient for childrenand infants. It is suggested that this diet besupplemented with lactic acid ferments (4).“What she (Dr. Johanna Budwig) hasdemonstrated to my initial disbelief but lately,to my complete satisfaction in my practice is:CANCER IS EASILY CURABLE, the treatment isdietary/lifestyle, the response is immediate;the cancer cell is weak and vulnerable; theprecise biochemical breakdown point wasidentified by her in 1951 and is specificallycorrectable, in vitro (test-tube) as well as invivo (real)... “ (Roehm, “Townsend Letter forDoctors”, July 1990) GENERAL RULESThe patient has no nourishment on day #1other than 250 ml (8.5 oz) of Flax Oil withhoney plus freshly squeezed fruit juices (nosugar added!). In the case of a very ill person,champagne may be added on the first day inplace of juice and is taken with the Flax Oiland honey. Champagne is easily absorbableand has a serious purpose here.1. DEXTROSE SUGAR IS ABSOLUTELYFORBIDDEN. Grape juice may be added tosweeten any other freshly squeezed juiceswith fructose.2. Other ‘forbiddens’ are: All animal fats. -All Salad Oils (this included commercialmayonnaise) - All Meats (chemicals& hormones) - Butter - Margarine -Preserved Meats (the preservatives blockmetabolism even of Flax Oil)3. Freshly squeezed vegetable juices are fine- carrot, celery, apple, and red beet.4. Three times daily a warm tea is essential- peppermint, rose hips or grape tea - allsweetened as desired with honey. Onecup of black tea before noon is fine.DAILY PLANBefore breakfast - a glass of Acidophilus milkor Sauerkraut juice is taken.Breakfast - Muesli (regular cereal) is overlaidwith 2 tablespoons (30 ml) of Flax Oil andhoney and fresh fruit according to season -berries, cherries, apricots, peaches, gratedapple. Vary the flavor from day to day. Useany nuts except peanuts! Herbal teas asdesired or black tea. A 4 oz (120 g) serving ofTHE SPREAD (directions below). This is fine toeat ‘straight’ like a custard, or add it to otherfoods taken in the day as you will see.Morning tea (10am) - A glass of fresh carrotjuice, apple, celery, or beet-apple juice istaken.Lunch - Raw salad with yoghurt-Flax OilMayonnaise (directions below). In additionto ‘greens’ salads, use grated turnips, carrots,kohlrabi, radishes, sauerkraut or cauliflower. Afine powder of horseradish, chives or parsleymay be added for flavor.Cooked Meal Course - Steamed vegetables,potatoes, or such grains as rice, buck-wheat ormillet may be served. to these add either THESPREAD or THE MAYO - for flavor and to upyour intake of Flax Oil. Also mix THE SPREADwith potatoes for an especially hearty meal.Add caraway, chives, parsley or other herbs.Dessert - Mix fresh fruit other than thoseused for breakfast with THE SPREAD, this time(instead of honey), flavored using cream oflemon, vanilla or berries.Afternoon Tea (4pm) - A small glass of naturalwine (no preservatives) or champagne orfresh fruit juice with 1-2 tablespoons ofhoney-coated Fax Seeds.Supper - Have this early, at 6pm. Make a hotmeal using buckwheat, oat or soy cakes. gritsfrom buckwheat are the very best and can beplaced in a vegetable soup, or in a more solidform of cakes with herbal sauce. Sweet sauces& soups can always be given far more healingenergy by adding THE SPREAD. Only honeyor grape juice can be used for sweeteners.NO white sugar (or brown!) Only freshlysqueezed juices and NOT reconstituted juices(preservative danger) may be used. Thesemust be completely natural.How to prepare ‘THE SPREAD’Place 250 ml (8.5 oz) Flax Oil into a mixerbowl and add one pound (450 g) of 1%Cottage Cheese (ie low fat eg Quark) andadd 4 tablespoons (60 ml) of Honey. Turn onthe mixer and add just enough low fat milkor water to get the contents of the bowl to82 83blend in together. In 5 minutes, a preparationof custard consistency results that has NOtaste of the oil (and no oily ‘ring’ should beseen when you rinse out the bowl).Alternatively, you can use Yoghurt instead ofCottage Cheese in proportions of 1 oz (30 g) ofYoghurt to 1 tablespoon (15 ml) each of FlaxOil and of honey and blend as above.NOTE: When Flax Oil is blended like this, itdoes not cause diarrhea even when given inlarge amounts. It reacts chemically with the(sulphur) proteins of the cottage cheese,yoghurt, etc.How to prepare ‘THE MAYO’ (Mayonnaise):Mix together 2 tablespoons (30 ml) Flax Oil, 2tablespoons (30 ml) milk, and 2 tablespoons(30 ml) Yoghurt.Then add 2 tablespoons (30 ml) of Lemonjuice (or Apple Cider Vinegar) and add 1teaspoon (2.5g) Mustard plus some herbssuch as marjoram or dill.Next add 2 or 3 slices of health food storepickles (no preservatives! - read label!) and apinch of herbal salts.(The above mayonnaise plus lots of mustardand a few bananas is very tasty!)Concluding remarks by Dr. Roehm - “I onlywish that all my patients had a PhD inBiochemistry and Quantum Physics to enablethem to see how with such consummate skillthis diet was put together. It is a wonder. Thechampagne vehicle IS easier to assimilate andget someone almost on their death-bed goingagain. A retention enema of 250 ml (8.5 oz)of oil is another route to get this preciouslife-furthering, ELECTRON-RICH oil into thebody. It can also be applied to the skin fortransdermal absorption. I’ll answer yourquestions and give you “special orders” for

you particular case.You will have to remain on this diet for a good5 years, at which time your tumour may havedisappeared. Persons who break the rulesof this diet, Dr Budwig reports, (ie eatingpreserved meats, candy, etc) will sometimesgrow rapidly worse and cannot be saved afterthey come back from their spree (bon-bonsmean bye-bye).In 1967, Dr Budwig broadcast the followingsentence during an interview over the SouthGerman Radio Network, describing herincoming patients with failed operations andx-ray therapy”:“Even in these cases it is possible to restorehealth in a few months at most, I would trulysay 90% of the time”.“This has never been contradicted, but thisknowledge has been a long time reaching thisside of the ocean, hasn’t it? Cancer treatmentcan be very simple and very successful onceyou know how. The cancer interests don’twant you to know this.May those of you who have suffered from thisdisease (and I include your family and friendsin this) forgive the miscreants who have keptthis simple information from reaching you forso long”.Dan C. Roehm, M.D. FACP____________________________________“The best, purest, most carefully preparedFlax Oil in America is, in my opinion”, saidRoehm, “is Omegaflo. Arrowhead mills labelis most often seen in Florida (USA). Look forthe Omegaflo”.“FLAX (LINSEED) OIL is readily denatured byoxygen, heat, and light. That’s why it is used inpaint. Rancid oil is bad for health, so oil MUSTbe carefully produced, packed under nitrogenin light-proof containers, refrigerated untilused, used as fresh as possible, and stabilisedwith protein (THE SPREAD, etc) promptly oncethe container is opened...”Flax Seeds may also be used. Seeds needonly be cracked in a food blender, or theymay be ground in a coffee grinder. One needsthree times the amount of seed to get the oilequivalent. Seeds are high in calories, so onemay gain weight. The seeds are also high insoluble fibre, so blending with liquid tendsto produce ever-hardening “jellies”. Freshcrackedseed sprinkled on muesli & eatenpromptly tastes great.____________________________________“The red blood cells in the lungs give upcarbon dioxide and take on oxygen. Theyare then transported to the cell site via theblood vessels, where, they release theiroxygen into the plasma. This released oxygenis “attracted” to the cells by the “resonance”of the pi-electron” oxidation-enhancing fattyacids. Otherwise, oxygen cannot work its wayinto the cell. “Electron rich fatty acids” playthe decisive role in “respiratory enzymes,which are the basis of cell oxidation...”.“Dont eat anything hydrogenated like (likemargarine, or fried foods) as it defeatsoxygenation. Avoid products that say“hydrogenated”.“We should eat essential polyunsaturatedfatty acids to enhance oxygenation. They canbe found naturally in Carotene, Saffron, andFlaxseed oil.”References1. “Promotion and Prevention of TumourGrowth Effects of Endotoxin, Inflamation,and Dietary Lipids”, by Raymond Kearney,Ph.D, Department of Infectious Diseases,The University of Sydney, Sydney, N.S.W.2006 Australia. International ClinicalNutrition Review, October, 1987 Vol. 7,No. 4.2. Roehm, “Townsend Letter for Doctors”,July 19903. Ed McCabe, “Oxygen Therapies”4. “The natural way to better health andlonger life”, Bullivant.Arlin J. Brown, “March of Truth On Cancer”,(seventh edition). Summary of 79 nontoxiccancer treatments. Available from the Arlin J.Brown Information Centre Inc., P.O. Box 251,Fort Belvoir, Virginia, 22060. Ph:Dr.Johanna Budwig Mix:Put in your blender:• 1 cup Organic cottage cheese (low fat, nottoo hard one, best make your own)(oryogurt)• 2-5 Tbsp. of flaxseeed oil-• 1-3 Tbsp. of freshly ground up flaxseed(coffee grinder ($15) works fine)enough water to make it soft• little cayenneoptional:• little garlic• little red pepper• little champagneMake it very soft. Eat some of it every day. (PSAdjust quantities for your taste !)InfluenzaInfluenza, commonly referred to as the flu, isan infectious disease caused by RNA virusesof the family Orthomyxoviridae (the influenzaviruses), that affects birds and mammals.The name influenza comes from the Italian84 85influenza, meaning “influence” (Latin:influentia). The most common symptomsof the disease are chills, fever, sore throat,muscle pains, severe headache, coughing,weakness and general discomfort. Fever andcoughs are the most frequent symptoms.In more serious cases, influenza causespneumonia, which can be fatal, particularlyfor the young and the elderly. Althoughit is often confused with other influenzalikeillnesses, especially the common cold,influenza is a much more severe disease thanthe common cold and is caused by a differenttype of virus. Influenza may produce nauseaand vomiting, particularly in children, butthese symptoms are more common in theunrelated gastroenteritis, which is sometimescalled “stomach flu” or “24-hour flu”.Typically, influenza is transmitted through theair by coughs or sneezes, creating aerosolscontaining the virus. Influenza can also betransmitted by bird droppings, saliva, nasalsecretions, feces and blood. Infection canalso occur through contact with these bodyfluids or through contact with contaminatedsurfaces. Airborne aerosols have been thoughtto cause most infections, although whichmeans of transmission is most important isnot absolutely clear. Influenza viruses canbe inactivated by sunlight, disinfectants anddetergents. As the virus can be inactivated bysoap, frequent hand washing reduces the riskof infection.Influenza spreads around the world in seasonalepidemics, resulting in the deaths of hundredsof thousands annually — millions in pandemicyears. Three influenza pandemics occurred inthe 20th century and killed tens of millions ofpeople, with each of these pandemics beingcaused by the appearance of a new strain ofthe virus in humans. Often, these new strainsappear when an existing flu virus spreads tohumans from other animal species, or when

an existing human strain picks up new genesfrom a virus that usually infects birds orpigs. An avian strain named H5N1 raised theconcern of a new influenza pandemic, after itemerged in Asia in the 1990s, but it has notevolved to a form that spreads easily betweenpeople. In April 2009 a novel flu strain evolvedthat combined genes from human, pig, andbird flu, initially dubbed “swine flu”, emergedin Mexico, the United States, and several othernations. WHO officially declared the outbreakto be a “pandemic” on June 11, 2009.Vaccinations against influenza are usuallygiven to people in developed countries andto farmed poultry. The most common humanvaccine is the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV)that contains purified and inactivated materialfrom three viral strains. Typically, this vaccineincludes material from two influenza A virussubtypes and one influenza B virus strain. TheTIV carries no risk of transmitting the disease,and it has very low reactivity. A vaccineformulated for one year may be ineffectivein the following year, since the influenzavirus evolves rapidly, and new strains quicklyreplace the older ones. Antiviral drugs can beused to treat influenza, with neuraminidaseinhibitors being particularly effective.ClassificationTypes of influenza virusStructure of the influenza virion. Thehemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)proteins are shown on the surface of theparticle. The viral RNAs that make up thegenome are shown as red coils inside theparticle and bound to Ribonuclear Proteins(RNPs).In virus classification the influenza virus is anRNA virus of three of the five genera of thefamily Orthomyxoviridae:• Influenzavirus A• Influenzavirus B• Influenzavirus CThese viruses are only distantly related tothe human parainfluenza viruses, which areRNA viruses belonging to the paramyxovirusfamily that are a common cause of respiratoryinfections in children such as croup, but canalso cause a disease similar to influenza inadults.Influenzavirus AThis genus has one species, influenza A virus.Wild aquatic birds are the natural hosts fora large variety of influenza A. Occasionally,viruses are transmitted to other speciesand may then cause devastating outbreaksin domestic poultry or give rise to humaninfluenza pandemics. The type A viruses arethe most virulent human pathogens amongthe three influenza types and cause the mostsevere disease. The influenza A virus can besubdivided into different serotypes basedon the antibody response to these viruses.The serotypes that have been confirmed inhumans, ordered by the number of knownhuman pandemic deaths, are:• H1N1, which caused Spanish flu in 1918,and the 2009 flu pandemic• H2N2, which caused Asian Flu in 1957• H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in1968• H5N1, a current pandemic threat• H7N7, which has unusual zoonoticpotential• H1N2, endemic in humans and pigs• H9N2• H7N2• H7N3• H10N7Influenzavirus BDiagram of influenza virus nomenclature (fora Fujian flu virus)This genus has one species, influenza B virus.Influenza B almost exclusively infects humansand is less common than influenza A. Theonly other animals known to be susceptibleto influenza B infection are the seal and theferret. This type of influenza mutates at a rate2–3 times lower than type A and consequentlyis less genetically diverse, with only oneinfluenza B serotype. As a result of this lackof antigenic diversity, a degree of immunity toinfluenza B is usually acquired at an early age.However, influenza B mutates enough thatlasting immunity is not possible. This reducedrate of antigenic change, combined with itslimited host range (inhibiting cross speciesantigenic shift), ensures that pandemics ofinfluenza B do not occur.Influenzavirus C86 87This genus has one species, influenza Cvirus, which infects humans, dogs and pigs,sometimes causing both severe illness andlocal epidemics. However, influenza C is lesscommon than the other types and usuallyonly causes mild disease in children.Structure, properties, and subtypenomenclatureInfluenzaviruses A, B and C are very similar inoverall structure. The virus particle is 80–120nanometres in diameter and usually roughlyspherical, although filamentous forms canoccur. These filamentous forms are morecommon in influenza C, which can form cordlikestructures up to 500 micrometres long on thesurfaces of infected cells. However, despitethese varied shapes, the viral particles of allinfluenza viruses are similar in composition.These are made of a viral envelope containingtwo main types of glycoproteins, wrappedaround a central core. The central corecontains the viral RNA genome and other viralproteins that package and protect this RNA.Unusually for a virus, its genome is not a singlepiece of nucleic acid; instead, it contains sevenor eight pieces of segmented negative-senseRNA, each piece of RNA contains either oneor two genes. For example, the influenza Agenome contains 11 genes on eight pieces ofRNA, encoding for 11 proteins: hemagglutinin(HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein(NP), M1, M2, NS1, NS2(NEP), PA, PB1, PB1-F2and PB2.Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)are the two large glycoproteins on the outsideof the viral particles. HA is a lectin that mediatesbinding of the virus to target cells and entry ofthe viral genome into the target cell, while NAis involved in the release of progeny virus frominfected cells, by cleaving sugars that bind themature viral particles. Thus, these proteins

are targets for antiviral drugs. Furthermore,they are antigens to which antibodies can beraised. Influenza A viruses are classified intosubtypes based on antibody responses to HAand NA. These different types of HA and NAform the basis of the H and N distinctions in,for example, H5N1. There are 16 H and 9 Nsubtypes known, but only H 1, 2 and 3, and N1 and 2 are commonly found in humans.ReplicationHost cell invasion and replication by theinfluenza virus. The steps in this process arediscussed in the text.Viruses can only replicate in living cells.Influenza infection and replication is a multistepprocess: firstly the virus has to bind toand enter the cell, then deliver its genometo a site where it can produce new copiesof viral proteins and RNA, assemble thesecomponents into new viral particles andfinally exit the host cell.Influenza viruses bind through hemagglutininonto sialic acid sugars on the surfaces ofepithelial cells; typically in the nose, throatand lungs of mammals and intestines ofbirds (Stage 1 in infection figure). After thehemagglutinin is cleaved by a protease, thecell imports the virus by endocytosis.Once inside the cell, the acidic conditions inthe endosome cause two events to happen:first part of the hemagglutinin proteinfuses the viral envelope with the vacuole’smembrane, then the M2 ion channel allowsprotons to move through the viral envelopeand acidify the core of the virus, which causesthe core to dissemble and release the viralRNA and core proteins.The viral RNA (vRNA) molecules, accessoryproteins and RNA-dependent RNA polymeraseare then released into the cytoplasm (Stage 2).The M2 ion channel is blocked by amantadinedrugs, preventing infection.These core proteins and vRNA form a complexthat is transported into the cell nucleus, wherethe RNA-dependent RNA polymerase beginstranscribing complementary positive-sensevRNA (Steps 3a and b). The vRNA is eitherexported into the cytoplasm and translated(step 4), or remains in the nucleus.Newly synthesised viral proteins are eithersecreted through the Golgi apparatus ontothe cell surface (in the case of neuraminidaseand hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transportedback into the nucleus to bind vRNA and formnew viral genome particles (step 5a). Otherviral proteins have multiple actions in thehost cell, including degrading cellular mRNAand using the released nucleotides for vRNAsynthesis and also inhibiting translation ofhost-cell mRNAs.Negative-sense vRNAs that form the genomesof future viruses, RNA-dependent RNApolymerase, and other viral proteins areassembled into a virion. Hemagglutinin andneuraminidase molecules cluster into a bulgein the cell membrane.The vRNA and viral core proteins leave thenucleus and enter this membrane protrusion(step 6). The mature virus buds off from the cellin a sphere of host phospholipid membrane,acquiring hemagglutinin and neuraminidasewith this membrane coat (step 7).As before, the viruses adhere to the cellthrough hemagglutinin; the mature virusesdetach once their neuraminidase hascleaved sialic acid residues from the hostcell. Drugs that inhibit neuraminidase, suchas oseltamivir, therefore prevent the releaseof new infectious viruses and halt viralreplication. After the release of new influenzaviruses, the host cell dies.Because of the absence of RNA proofreadingenzymes, the RNA-dependent RNApolymerase that copies the viral genomemakes an error roughly every 10 thousandnucleotides, which is the approximate lengthof the influenza vRNA. Hence, the majorityof newly manufactured influenza viruses aremutants, this causes “antigenic drift”, whichis a slow change in the antigens on the viralsurface over time.The separation of the genome into eightseparate segments of vRNA allows mixing orreassortment of vRNAs if more than one typeof influenza virus infects a single cell.The resulting rapid change in viral geneticsproduces antigenic shifts, which are suddenchanges from one antigen to another. Thesesudden large changes allow the virus to infectnew host species and quickly overcomeprotective immunity.This is important in the emergence ofpandemics, as discussed below in the sectionon Epidemiology.88 89

Signs and symptomscommon cold and influenza in the early stagesof these infections, but a flu can be identifiedby a high fever with a sudden onset andextreme fatigue. Diarrhoea is not normally asymptom of influenza in adults, although ithas been seen in some human cases of theH5N1 “bird flu” and can be a symptom inchildren. The symptoms most reliably seen ininfluenza are shown in the table to the right.Most sensitive symptoms for diagnosinginfluenzaSymptom Sensitivity SpecificityFever 68-86% 25-73%Symptoms of influenza,, with fever and coughthe most common symptoms.Symptoms of influenza can start quitesuddenly one to two days after infection.Usually the first symptoms are chills or a chillysensation, but fever is also common early inthe infection, with body temperatures rangingfrom 38-39 °C (approximately 100-103 °F).Many people are so ill that they are confinedto bed for several days, with aches and painsthroughout their bodies, which are worse intheir backs and legs. Symptoms of influenzamay include:• Body aches, especially joints and throat• Extreme coldness and fever• Fatigue• Headache• Irritated watering eyes• Reddened eyes, skin (especially face),mouth, throat and nose• In children, gastrointestinal symptomssuch as diarrhoea and abdominal pain,(may be severe in children with influenzaB)It can be difficult to distinguish between theCough 84-98% 7-29%N a s a l68-91% 19-41%congestionNotes to table:• The ranges given represent differentstudies that were reviewed.• Sensitivity is the proportion of peoplehaving influenza who exhibit thesymptom.• Specificity is the proportion of peoplenot having influenza who do not exhibitthe symptom.• All three findings, especially fever, wereless sensitive in patients over 60 yearsof age.Since anti-viral drugs are effective in treatinginfluenza if given early (see treatment section,below), it can be important to identify casesearly. Of the symptoms listed above, thecombinations of fever with cough, sorethroat and/or nasal conjestion can improvediagnostic accuracy. Two decision analysisstudies suggest that during local outbreaksof influenza, the prevalence will be over70%, and thus patients with any of thesecombinations of symptoms may be treatedwith neuramidase inhibitors without testing.90 91

Even in the absence of a local outbreak,treatment may be justified in the elderlyduring the influenza season as long as theprevalence is over 15%.The available laboratory tests for influenzacontinue to improve. The United StatesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) maintains an up-to-date summary ofavailable laboratory tests.According to the CDC, rapid diagnostic testshave a sensitivity of 70–75% and specificityof 90–95% when compared with viral culture.These tests may be especially useful duringthe influenza season (prevalence=25%) butin the absence of a local outbreak, or periinfluenzaseason (prevalence=10%).TransmissionMechanismSneezing can transmit influenza.People who contract influenza are mostinfective between the second and third daysafter infection and infectivity lasts for aroundten days. Children are much more infectiousthan adults and shed virus from just beforethey develop symptoms until two weeks afterinfection. The transmission of influenza can bemodeled mathematically, which helps predicthow the virus will spread in a population.Influenza can be spread in three main ways: bydirect transmission when an infected personsneezes mucus into the eyes, nose or mouthof another person; through people inhalingthe aerosols produced by infected peoplecoughing, sneezing and spitting; and throughhand-to-mouth transmission from eithercontaminated surfaces or direct personalcontact, such as a hand-shake.The relative importance of these three modesof transmission is unclear, and they may allcontribute to the spread of the virus. In theairborne route, the droplets that are smallenough for people to inhale are 0.5 to 5 µm indiameter and inhaling just one droplet mightbe enough to cause an infection. Although asingle sneeze releases up to 40,000 droplets,most of these droplets are quite large and willquickly settle out of the air.How long influenza survives in airbornedroplets seems to be influenced by thelevels of humidity and UV radiation: withlow humidity and a lack of sunlight in winterprobably aiding its survival.As the influenza virus can persist outsideof the body, it can also be transmitted bycontaminated surfaces such as banknotes,doorknobs, light switches and otherhousehold items.The length of time the virus will persist on asurface varies, with the virus surviving for oneto two days on hard, non-porous surfaces suchas plastic or metal, for about fifteen minutesfrom dry paper tissues, and only five minuteson skin. However, if the virus is present inmucus, this can protect it for longer periods.Avian influenza viruses can survive indefinitelywhen frozen. They are inactivated by heatingto 56 °C (133 °F) for a minimum of 60 minutes,as well as by acids (at pH

The right way to give an influenza vaccinationVaccination against influenza with aninfluenza vaccine is often recommendedfor high-risk groups, such as children andthe elderly, or in people who have asthma,diabetes, or heart disease. Influenza vaccinescan be produced in several ways; the mostcommon method is to grow the virus infertilized hen eggs. After purification, thevirus is inactivated (for example, by treatmentwith detergent) to produce an inactivatedvirusvaccine. Alternatively, the virus can begrown in eggs until it loses virulence and theavirulent virus given as a live vaccine. Theeffectiveness of these influenza vaccinesare variable. Due to the high mutation rateof the virus, a particular influenza vaccineusually confers protection for no more thana few years. Every year, the World HealthOrganization predicts which strains of thevirus are most likely to be circulating in thenext year, allowing pharmaceutical companiesto develop vaccines that will provide the bestimmunity against these strains. Vaccineshave also been developed to protect poultryfrom avian influenza. These vaccines can beeffective against multiple strains and are usedeither as part of a preventative strategy, orcombined with culling in attempts to eradicateoutbreaks.It is possible to get vaccinated and still getinfluenza. The vaccine is reformulated eachseason for a few specific flu strains butcannot possibly include all the strains activelyinfecting people in the world for that season. Ittakes about six months for the manufacturersto formulate and produce the millions ofdoses required to deal with the seasonalepidemics; occasionally, a new or overlookedstrain becomes prominent during that timeand infects people although they have beenvaccinated (as by the H3N2 Fujian flu in the2003–2004 flu season). It is also possible toget infected just before vaccination and getsick with the very strain that the vaccine issupposed to prevent, as the vaccine takesabout two weeks to become effective.The 2006–2007 season was the first in whichthe CDC had recommended that childrenyounger than 59 months receive the annualinfluenza vaccine. Vaccines can cause theimmune system to react as if the body wereactually being infected, and general infectionsymptoms (many cold and flu symptoms arejust general infection symptoms) can appear,though these symptoms are usually not assevere or long-lasting as influenza. The mostdangerous side-effect is a severe allergicreaction to either the virus material itselfor residues from the hen eggs used to growthe influenza; however, these reactions areextremely rare.How to make a Homeopathic Immunizationformula1. Get a sample of an infected person’s nasalmucous from their sinuses2. Put into a one oz bottle of 40% alcoholgood vodka like Finlandia3. Succus for 15 times every 3 hours over 24hours in a cool place4. Dilute by putting one ounce of pure waterin with the mixture5. Succus again 15 times6. Now use 4 drops into the nasal mucosalare of the person twice a day for threedaysImmunity will evolve as bestit can. This gives you a twoounce bottle enough forten people to boost theirimmunity. There is more onvaccination in the moviesfrom IMUNE.94 95

just be moved from one area to another; suchmeasures would also be difficult to enforceand might be unpopular. When small numbersof people are infected, isolating the sick mightreduce the risk of transmission.TreatmentFurther information: Influenza treatmentPeople with the flu are advised to get plentyof rest, drink plenty of liquids, avoid usingalcohol and tobacco and, if necessary,take medications such as paracetamol(acetaminophen) to relieve the fever andmuscle aches associated with the flu. Childrenand teenagers with flu symptoms (particularlyfever) should avoid taking aspirin duringan influenza infection (especially influenzatype B), because doing so can lead to Reye’ssyndrome, a rare but potentially fatal diseaseof the liver. Since influenza is caused by a virus,antibiotics have no effect on the infection;unless prescribed for secondary infectionssuch as bacterial pneumonia. Antiviralmedication can be effective, but some strainsof influenza can show resistance to theInfection controlGood personal health and hygiene habits,like ha nd washing, avoiding spitting, andcovering the nose and mouth when sneezingor coughing, are reasonably effective inreducing influenza transmission. In particular,hand-washing with soap and water, or withalcohol-based hand rubs, is very effectiveat inactivating influenza viruses. Thesesimple personal hygiene precautions arerecommended as the main way of reducinginfections during pandemics. Although facemasks might help prevent transmission whencaring for the sick, evidence of beneficialeffects is mixed in the community.Since influenza spreads through both aerosolsand contact with contaminated surfaces,surface sanitizing may help prevent someinfections. Alcohol is an effective sanitizeragainst influenza viruses, while quaternaryammonium compounds can be used withalcohol so that the sanitizing effect lasts forlonger. In hospitals, quaternary ammoniumcompounds and bleach are used to sanitizerooms or equipment that have been occupiedby patients with influenza symptoms. Athome, this can be done effectively with adiluted chlorine bleach.During past pandemics, closing schools,churches and theaters slowed the spreadof the virus but did not have a large effecton the overall death rate. It is uncertain ifreducing public gatherings, by for exampleclosing schools and workplaces, will reducetransmission since people with influenza may96 97

standard antiviral drugs. Fluro-quinones havebeen shown to have anti-viral and immunestimulationeffects. The common source isTonic water.The two classes of antiviral drugs used againstinfluenza are neuraminidase inhibitors and M2protein inhibitors (adamantane derivatives).Neuraminidase inhibitors are currentlypreferred for flu virus infections since theyare less toxic and more effective. The CDCrecommended against using M2 inhibitorsduring the 2005–06 influenza season due tohigh levels of drug resistance.Neuraminidase inhibitorsAntiviral drugs such as oseltamivir (tradename Tamiflu) and zanamivir (trade nameRelenza) are neuraminidase inhibitors thatare designed to halt the spread of the virusin the body. These drugs are often effectiveagainst both influenza A and B. The CochraneCollaboration reviewed these drugs andconcluded that they reduce symptoms andcomplications. Different strains of influenzaviruses have differin g degrees of resistanceagainst these antivirals, and it is impossibleto predict what degree of resistance a futurepandemic strain might have. Natural formsinclude, ear wax, sambuccol, anise seed,eucalyptus, golden seal.98 99

M2 inhibitors (adamantanes)The antiviral drugs amantadine andrimantadine block a viral ion channel (M2protein) and prevent the virus from infectingcells. These drugs are sometimes effectiveagainst influenza A if given early in theinfection but are always ineffective againstinfluenza B because B viruses do not possessM2 molecules.Measured resistance to amantadine andrimantadine in American isolates of H3N2 hasincreased to 91% in 2005. This high level ofresistance may be due to the easy availabilityof amantadines as part of over-the-countercold remedies in countries such as China andRussia, and their use to prevent outbreaks ofinfluenza in farmed poultry.Golden Seal has these properties, as doescertain immune stimulating mushrooms suchas maitake .PrognosisInfluenza’s effects are much more severeand last longer than those of the commoncold. Most people will recover completelyin about one to two weeks, but others willdevelop life-threatening complications (suchas pneumonia). Influenza, however, canbe deadly, especially for the weak, old, orchronically ill. People with a weak immunesystem, such as people with advanced HIVinfection or transplant patients (whoseimmune systems are medically suppressedto prevent transplant organ rejection), sufferfrom particularly severe disease. Other highriskgroups include pregnant women andyoung children. The flu can worsen chronichealth problems. People with emphysema,chronic bronchitis or asthma may experienceshortness of breath while they have theflu, and influenza may cause worseningof coronary heart disease or congestiveheart failure. Smoking is another risk factorassociated with more serious disease andincreased mortality from influenza.According to the World Health Organization:“Every winter, tens of millions of people getthe flu. Most are only ill and out of workfor a week, yet the elderly are at a higherrisk of death from the illness. We know theworldwide death toll exceeds a few hundredthousand people a year, but even in developedcountries the numbers are uncertain, becausemedical authorities don’t usually verify whoactually died of influenza and who died of aflu-like illness.” Even healthy people can beaffected, and serious problems from influenzacan happen at any age. People over 50 yearsold, very young children and people of anyage with chronic medical conditions are morelikely to get complications from influenza,such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus, and earinfections.In some cases, an autoimmune response toan influenza infection may contribute to thedevelopment of Guillain-Barré syndrome.However, as many other infections canincrease the risk of this disease, influenza mayonly be an important cause during epidemics.This syndrome can also be a rare side-effect ofinfluenza vaccines, with an incidence of aboutone case per million vaccinations.Seasonal variationsEpidemiologyFurther information: Flu seasonInfluenza reaches peak prevalence in winter,and because the Northern and SouthernHemispheres have winter at different timesof the year, there are actually two differentflu seasons each year. This is why the WorldHealth Organization (assisted by the NationalInfluenza Centers) makes recommendationsfor two different vaccine formulations everyyear; one for the Northern, and one for theSouthern Hemisphere.It is not clear why outbreaks of the flu occurseasonally rather than uniformly throughoutthe year. One possible explanation is that,because people are indoors more oftenduring the winter, they are in close contactmore often, and this promotes transmissionfrom person to person.Another is that cold temperatures lead to drierair, which may dehydrate mucus, preventingthe body from effectively expelling virusparticles. The virus may also survive longer onexposed surfaces (doorknobs, countertops,etc.) in colder temperatures.Increased travel due to the NorthernHemisphere winter holiday season mayalso play a role. A contributing factor is thataerosol transmission of the virus is highestin cold environments (less than 5 °C) withlow humidity. However, seasonal changes ininfection rates also occur in tropical regions,and these peaks of infection are seen mainlyduring the rainy season. Seasonal changes incontact rates from school terms, which area major factor in other childhood diseasessuch as measles and pertussis, may alsoplay a role in the flu. A combination of thesesmall seasonal effects may be amplified bydynamical resonance with the endogenousdisease cycles. H5N1 exhibits seasonality inboth humans and birds.An alternative hypothesis to explainseasonality in influenza infections is an effectof vitamin D levels on immunity to the virus.This idea was first proposed by Robert EdgarHope-Simpson in 1965.He proposed that the cause of influenzaepidemics during winter may be connectedto seasonal fluctuations of vitamin D, whichis produced in the skin under the influenceof solar (or artificial) UV radiation. This couldexplain why influenza occurs mostly in winterand during the tropical rainy season, whenpeople stay indoors, away from the sun, andtheir vitamin D levels fall.Antigenic drift creates influenza viruses withslightly modified antigens, while antigenicshift generates viruses with entirely novelantigens.100 101

Epidemic and pandemic spreadFurther information: Flu pandemicAntigenic shift, or reassortment, can result innovel and highly pathogenic strains of humaninfluenzaAs influenza is caused by a variety of speciesand strains of viruses, in any given yearsome strains can die out while others createepidemics, while yet another strain can causea pandemic. Typically, in a year’s normal twoflu seasons (one per hemisphere), there arebetween three and five million cases of severeillness and up to 500,000 deaths worldwide,which by some definitions is a yearly influenzaepidemic. Although the incidence of influenzacan vary widely between years, approximately36,000 deaths and more than 200,000hospitalizations are directly associated withinfluenza every year in the United States.Roughly three times per century, a pandemicoccurs, which infects a large proportion of theworld’s population and can kill tens of millionsof people (see history section). Indeed, onestudy estimated that if a strain with similarvirulence to the 1918 influenza emergedtoday, it could kill between 50 and 80 millionpeople.New influenza viruses are constantly evolvingby mutation or by reassortment. Mutationscan cause small changes in the hemagglutininand neuraminidase antigens on the surface ofthe virus. This is called antigenic drift, whichslowly creates an increasing variety of strainsuntil one evolves that can infect people whoare immune to the pre-existing strains. Thisnew variant then replaces the older strainsas it rapidly sweeps through the humanpopulation—often causing an epidemic.However, since the strains produced by driftwill still be reasonably similar to the olderstrains, some people will still be immune tothem. In contrast, when influenza virusesreassort, they acquire completely newantigens—for example by reassortmentbetween avian strains and human strains; thisis called antigenic shift. If a human influenzavirus is produced that has entirely newantigens, everybody will be susceptible, andthe novel influenza will spread uncontrollably,causing a pandemic. In contrast to this modelof pandemics based on antigenic drift andshift, an alternative approach has beenproposed where the periodic pandemics areproduced by interactions of a fixed set ofviral strains with a human population witha constantly changing set of immunities todifferent viral strains.EtymologyHistoryThe word Influenza comes from the Italianlanguage and refers to the cause of thedisease; initially, this ascribed illness tounfavorable astrological influences. Changesin medical thought led to its modification toinfluenza del freddo, meaning “influence ofthe cold”. The word influenza was first usedin English in 1743 when it was adopted,with an anglicized pronunciation, during anoutbreak of the disease in Europe. Archaicterms for influenza include epidemic catarrh,grippe (from the French), sweating sickness,and Spanish fever (particularly for the 1918pandemic strain).PandemicsFurther information: Influenza pandemic,Spanish flu, Hong Kong fluThe difference between the influenzamortality age distributions of the 1918epidemic and normal epidemics. Deaths per100,000 persons in each age group, UnitedStates, for the interpandemic years 1911–1917 (dashed line) and the pandemic year1918 (solid line).The symptoms of human influenza wereclearly described by Hippocrates roughly2,400 years ago. Since then, the virus hascaused numerous pandemics. Historical dataon influenza are difficult to interpret, becausethe symptoms can be similar to those of otherdiseases, such as diphtheria, pneumonicplague, typhoid fever, dengue, or typhus.The first convincing record of an influenzapandemic was of an outbreak in 1580, whichbegan in Russia and spread to Europe viaAfrica. In Rome, over 8,000 people werekilled, and several Spanish cities were almostwiped out. Pandemics continued sporadicallythroughout the 17th and 18th centuries, withthe pandemic of 1830–1833 being particularlywidespread; it infected approximately aquarter of the people exposed.The most famous and lethal outbreak was the1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu pandemic)(type A influenza, H1N1 subtype), which lasted102 103from 1918 to 1919. It is not known exactly howmany it killed, but estimates range from 20 to100 million people. This pandemic has beendescribed as “the greatest medical holocaustin history” and may have killed as manypeople as the Black Death. This huge deathtoll was caused by an extremely high infectionrate of up to 50% and the extreme severityof the symptoms, suspected to be caused bycytokine storms. Indeed, symptoms in 1918were so unusual that initially influenza wasmisdiagnosed as dengue, cholera, or typhoid.One observer wrote, “One of the most strikingof the complications was hemorrhage frommucous membranes, especially from thenose, stomach, and intestine. Bleeding fromthe ears and petechial hemorrhages in theskin also occurred.” The majority of deathswere from bacterial pneumonia, a secondaryinfection caused by influenza, but the virusalso killed people directly, causing massivehemorrhages and edema in the lung.The 1918 flu pandemic (Spanish flu pandemic)was truly global, spreading even to the Arcticand remote Pacific islands. The unusuallysevere disease killed between 2 and 20% ofthose infected, as opposed to the more usualflu epidemic mortality rate of 0.1%. Anotherunusual feature of this pandemic was thatit mostly killed young adults, with 99% ofpandemic influenza deaths occurring inpeople under 65, and more than half in youngadults 20 to 40 years old. This is unusual sinceinfluenza is normally most deadly to the veryyoung (under age 2) and the very old (overage 70).The total mortality of the 1918–1919pandemic is not known, but it is estimatedthat 2.5% to 5% of the world’s population waskilled. As many as 25 million may have beenkilled in the first 25 weeks; in contrast, HIV/AIDS has killed 25 million in its first 25 years.

The influenza viruses that caused Hong Kongflu. (magnified approximately 100,000 times)Later flu pandemics were not so devastating.They included the 1957 Asian Flu (type A,H2N2 strain) and the 1968 Hong Kong Flu(type A, H3N2 strain), but even these smalleroutbreaks killed millions of people. In laterpandemics antibiotics were available tocontrol secondary infections and this mayhave helped reduce mortality compared tothe Spanish Flu of 1918.The first influenza virus to be isolated wasfrom poultry, when in 1901 the agent causinga disease called “fowl plague” was passedthrough Chamberland filters, which havepores that are too small for bacteria to passthrough. The etiological cause of influenza,the Orthomyxoviridae family of viruses, wasfirst discovered in pigs by Richard Shope in1931. This discovery was shortly followedby the isolation of the virus from humansby a group headed by Patrick Laidlaw atthe Medical Research Council of the UnitedKingdom in 1933. However, it was not untilWendell Stanley first crystallized tobaccomosaic virus in 1935 that the non-cellularnature of viruses was appreciated.The main types of influenza viruses inhumans. Solid squares show the appearanceof a new strain, causing recurring influenzapandemics. Broken lines indicate uncertainstrain identifications.The first significant step towards preventinginfluenza was the development in 1944 of akilled-virus vaccine for influenza by ThomasFrancis, Jr.. This built on work by AustralianFrank Macfarlane Burnet, who showed thatthe virus lost virulence when it was culturedin fertilized hen’s eggs. Application of thisobservation by Francis allowed his group ofresearchers at the University of Michiganto develop the first influenza vaccine, withsupport from the U.S. Army. The Army wasdeeply involved in this research due to itsName ofDate Deaths Subtype involved Pandemicpandemicseverity indexAsiatic (Russian)Flu1889–1890 1 million possibly H2N2 NA1918 flupandemic 1918–1920 20 to 100 million H1N1 5(Spanish flu)Asian Flu 1957–1958 1 to 1.5 million H2N2 2Hong Kong Flu 1968–1969 0.75 to 1 million H3N2 22009 flupandemic2009–Present NA H1N1 NAexperience of influenza in World War I, whenthousands of troops were killed by the virus ina matter of months. In comparison to vaccines,the development of anti-influenza drugs hasbeen slower, with amantadine being licensedin 1966 and, almost thirty years later, the nextclass of drugs (the neuraminidase inhibitors)being developed.Society and cultureFurther information: Social impact of H5N1Influenza produces direct costs due tolost productivity and associated medicaltreatment, as well as indirect costs ofpreventative measures. In the United States,influenza is responsible for a total cost ofover $10 billion per year, while it has beenestimated that a future pandemic could causehundreds of billions of dollars in direct andindirect costs.However, the economic impacts of pastpandemics have not been intensively studied,and some authors have suggested that theSpanish influenza actually had a positive longtermeffect on per-capita income growth,despite a large reduction in the workingpopulation and severe short-term depressiveeffects. Other studies have attempted topredict the costs of a pandemic as serious as104 105the 1918 Spanish flu on the U.S. economy,where 30% of all workers became ill, and2.5% were killed. A 30% sickness rate and athree-week length of illness would decreasethe gross domestic product by 5%. Additionalcosts would come from medical treatmentof 18 million to 45 million people, and totaleconomic costs would be approximately $700billion.Preventative costs are also high. Governmentsworldwide have spent billions of U.S. dollarspreparing and planning for a potentialH5N1 avian influenza pandemic, with costsassociated with purchasing drugs andvaccines as well as developing disaster drillsand strategies for improved border controls.On 1 November 2005, United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush unveiled the National Strategyto Safeguard Against the Danger of PandemicInfluenza backed by a request to Congress for$7.1 billion to begin implementing the plan.Internationally, on 18 January 2006, donornations pledged US$2 billion to combat birdflu at the two-day International PledgingConference on Avian and Human Influenzaheld in China.

ResearchFurther information: Influenza researchmore lethal than another, which genes mostaffect immunogenicity, and how the virusevolves over time.Dr. Terrence Tumpey examining a reconstructed1918 Spanish Flu Virus at a CDC in a Biosafetylevel 3 environment.Research on influenza includes studies onmolecular virology, how the virus producesdisease (pathogenesis), host immuneresponses, viral genomics, and how the virusspreads (epidemiology). These studies helpin developing influenza countermeasures; forexample, a better understanding of the body’simmune system response helps vaccinedevelopment, and a detailed picture of howinfluenza invades cells aids the developmentof antiviral drugs. One important basicresearch program is the Influenza GenomeSequencing Project, which is creating a libraryof influenza sequences; this library shouldhelp clarify which factors make one strainResearch into new vaccines is particularlyimportant, as current vaccines are veryslow and expensive to produce and must bereformulated every year. The sequencing ofthe influenza genome and recombinant DNAtechnology may accelerate the generationof new vaccine strains by allowing scientiststo substitute new antigens into a previouslydeveloped vaccine strain. New technologiesare also being developed to grow viruses incell culture, which promises higher yields, lesscost, better quality and surge capacity.Research on a universal influenza A vaccine,targeted against the external domain of thetransmembrane viral M2 protein (M2e), isbeing done at the University of Ghent byWalter Fiers, Xavier Saelens and their teamand has now successfully concluded Phase Iclinical trials.A number of biologics, therapeutic vaccinesand immunobiologics are also beinginvestigated for treatment of infection causedby viruses. Therapeutic biologics are designedto activate the immune response to virus orantigens. Typically, biologics do not targetmetabolic pathways like anti-viral drugs, butstimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes,macrophages, and/or antigen presentingcells, in an effort to drive an immune responsetowards a cytotoxic effect against the virus.Infuenza models, such as murine influenza,are convenient models to test the effectsof prophylactic and therapeutic biologics.For example, Lymphocyte T-Cell ImmuneModulator inhibits viral growth in the murinemodel of influenza.106 107

H5N1Infection in other animals• Influenza A virus• subtype H5N1• Genetic structure• Infection• Human mortality• Global spread• in 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007• Social impact• PandemicFurther information: Influenzavirus A, H5N1and Transmission and infection of H5N1Influenza infects many animal species, andtransfer of viral strains between speciescan occur. Birds are thought to be the mainanimal reservoirs of influenza viruses. Sixteenforms of hemagglutinin and nine forms ofneuraminidase have been identified. Allknown subtypes (HxNy) are found in birds,but many subtypes are endemic in humans,dogs, horses, and pigs; populations ofcamels, ferrets, cats, seals, mink, and whalesalso show evidence of prior infection orexposure to influenza. Variants of flu virus aresometimes named according to the speciesthe strain is endemic in or adapted to. Themain variants named using this conventionare: Bird Flu, Human Flu, Swine Flu, Horse Fluand Dog Flu. (Cat flu generally refers to Felineviral rhinotracheitis or Feline calicivirus andnot infection from an influenza virus.) In pigs,horses and dogs, influenza symptoms aresimilar to humans, with cough, fever and lossof appetite. The frequency of animal diseasesare not as well-studied as human infection,but an outbreak of influenza in harbour sealscaused approximately 500 seal deaths off theNew England coast in 1979–1980. On theother hand, outbreaks in pigs are commonand do not cause severe mortality.Bird fluFlu symptoms in birds are variable and can beunspecific. The symptoms following infectionwith low-pathogenicity avian influenza may beas mild as ruffled feathers, a small reductionin egg production, or weight loss combinedwith minor respiratory disease. Since thesemild symptoms can make diagnosis in the fielddifficult, tracking the spread of avian influenzarequires laboratory testing of samples frominfected birds. Some strains such as AsianH9N2 are highly virulent to poultry and maycause more extreme symptoms and significantmortality. In its most highly pathogenic form,influenza in chickens and turkeys producesa sudden appearance of severe symptomsand almost 100% mortality within two days.As the virus spreads rapidly in the crowdedconditions seen in the intensive farmingof chickens and turkeys, these outbreakscan cause large economic losses to poultryfarmers.An avian-adapted, highly pathogenic strainof H5N1 (called HPAI A(H5N1), for “highlypathogenic avian influenza virus of type A ofsubtype H5N1”) causes H5N1 flu, commonlyknown as “avian influenza” or simply “birdflu”, and is endemic in many bird populations,especially in Southeast Asia. This Asian lineagestrain of HPAI A(H5N1) is spreading globally.It is epizootic (an epidemic in non-humans)and panzootic (a disease affecting animals ofmany species, especially over a wide area),killing tens of millions of birds and spurringthe culling of hundreds of millions of otherbirds in an attempt to control its spread. Mostreferences in the media to “bird flu” and mostreferences to H5N1 are about this specificstrain.At present, HPAI A(H5N1) is an avian disease,and there is no evidence suggesting efficienthuman-to-human transmission of HPAIA(H5N1). In almost all cases, those infectedhave had extensive physical contact withinfected birds. In the future, H5N1 maymutate or reassort into a strain capable ofefficient human-to-human transmission. Theexact changes that are required for this tohappen are not well understood. However,due to the high lethality and virulence ofH5N1, its endemic presence, and its large andincreasing biological host reservoir, the H5N1virus was the world’s pandemic threat in the2006–07 flu season, and billions of dollars arebeing raised and spent researching H5N1 andpreparing for a potential influenza pandemic.Swine fluChinese inspectors on an airplane, checkingpassengers for fevers, a common symptom ofswine fluIn pigs swine influenza produces fever,lethargy, sneezing, coughing, difficultybreathing and decreased appetite. In somecases the infection can cause abortion.Although mortality is usually low, the viruscan produce weight loss and poor growth,causing economic loss to farmers. Infectedpigs can lose up to 12 pounds of body weightover a 3 to 4 week period. Direct transmissionof an influenza virus from pigs to humans is108 109occasionally possible (this is called zoonoticswine flu). In all, 50 human cases are knownto have occurred since the virus was identifiedin the mid-20th century, which have resultedin six deaths.In 2009 a swine-origin H1N1 virus straincommonly referred to as “swine flu” causedthe 2009 flu pandemic, but there is no evidencethat it is endemic to pigs (i.e. actually a swineflu) or of transmission from pigs to people,instead the virus is spreading from personto person. This strain is a reassortment ofseveral strains of H1N1 that are usually foundseparately, in humans, birds, and pigs.References:1. Dorn M. Milderung grippaler Effektedurch ein pflanzliches Immunstimulans.Natur und Ganzheitsmedizin 2: 314–319,1989. As cited in Schulz V, et al. Rationalphytotherapy. New York: Springer-Verlag,1998: 277.2. Braunig B, et al. Echinacea purpurea rootfor strengthening the immune responsein flu-like infections. Z Phytother 13: 7–13,1992.3. Hoheisel O, et al. Echinagard treatmentshortens the course of the common cold:a double-blind placebo-controlled clinicaltrial. Eur J Clin Res 9: 261–268, 1997.4. Brinkeborn R, Shah D, Geissbuhler S, etal. Echinaforce in the treatment of acutecolds. Schweiz Zschr Gunsheits Medizin10: 26–29, 1998.5. Dorn M, et al. Placebo-controlled doubleblindstudy of Echinacea pallidae radixin upper respiratory tract infections.Complement Ther Med 3: 40–42, 1997.6. Hoheisel O, et al. Echinagard treatmentshortens the course of the common cold:a double-blind placebo-controlled clinicaltrial. Eur J Clin Res 9: 261–268, 1997.

7. Melchart MD, et al. Immunomodulationwith echinacea—A sytematic review ofcontrolled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 1:245–254, 1994.8. Melchart, MD, et al. Echinacea rootextracts for the prevention of upperrespiratory tract infections: a doubleblind,placebo-controlled randomizedtrial. Arch Fam Med 7: 541–545, 1998.9. Schoenberger D. The influence of immunestimulatingeffects of pressed juice fromEchinacea purpurea on the course andseverity of colds. Forum Immunol 8: 2–12,1992.10. Carlo Calabrese, N.D., Bastyr University.Unpublished communication.11. Bauer R, et al. Echinacea species aspotential immunostimulatory drugs. EconMed Plant Res 5: 253–321, 1991.12. Wagner V, et al. Immunostimulatingpolysaccharides (heteroglycans) of higherplants. Arzneimittelforschung 35: 1069–1075, 1985.13. Stimpel M, et al. Macrophage activationand induction of macrophage cytotoxicityby purified polysaccharide fractions fromthe plant Echinacea purpurea. InfectImmun 46: 845–849, 1984.14. Luettig B, et al. Macrophage activationby the polysaccharide arabinogalactanisolated from plant cell cultures ofEchinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 81:669–675, 1989.15. Mose J. Effect of echinacin on phagocytosisand natural killer cells. Med Welt 34:1463–1467, 1983.16. Vomel V. Influence of a non-specific immunestimulant on phagocytosis of erythrocytesand ink by the reticuloendothelial systemof isolated perfused rat livers of differentages. Arzneimittelforschung 34: 691–695,1984.17. Hobbs C. The echinacea handbook.Portland, OR: Eclectic MedicalPublications, 1989.18. Schulz V, et al. Rational phytotherapy.New York: Springer-Verlag, 1998: 278.19. Melchior J, et al. Controlled clinical studyof standardized Andrographis paniculataextract in common cold: a pilot trial.Phytomedicine 34: 314–318, 1996–1997.20. Hancke J, et al. A double-blind study witha new monodrug Kan Jang: decreaseof symptoms and improvements in therecovery from common colds. PhytotherRes 9: 559–562, 1995.21. Thamlikitkul V, et al. Efficacy ofAndrographis paniculata (Nees) forpharyngotonsillitis in adults. J Med AssocThai 74(10): 437–442, 1991.22. Hancke J, et al. A double-blind study witha new monodrug Kan Jang: decreaseof symptoms and improvements in therecovery from common colds. PhytotherRes 9: 559–562, 1995.23. Scaglione F, et al. Efficacy and safety ofthe standardised ginseng extract G115for potentiating vaccination againstthe influenza syndrome and protectionagainst the common cold. Drugs Exp ClinRes 22(2): 65–72, 1996.24. Ploss E. Panax ginseng. C. A. Meyer.Scientific report. Cologne: KooperationPhytopharmaka, 1998.25. Lawrence Review of Natural Products.Ginseng monograph. St. Louis, Missouri:Facts and Comparisons Division, J.B.Lipincott Company, March, 1990.26. Tyler V. Herbs of choice. New York:Pharmaceutical Production Press, 1994.U.S. flu strategy underrevisionFederal officials to put less emphasis onschool closingsThe Obama administration is finalizingguidelines that would scale back when thefederal government recommends closingschools in response to the swine flu pandemic,several people involved in the deliberationssaid Monday.Such guidance would mark a change in thegovernment’s approach from this spring,when health officials suggested that schoolsshut down at the first sign of the H1N1 virus.They later relaxed that advice.This fall, federal authorities wouldrecommend closures only under “extenuatingcircumstances,” such as if a campus has manychildren with underlying medical conditions,a senior U.S. health official involved in thetalks said. The official added that discussionsare continuing that and no final decision hasbeen made.Schools also might be advised to close if manystudents or staff members are already sick orotherwise absent, officials said.“The framework is to try to keep schoolsopen to the extent possible,” the seniorhealth official said, speaking on condition ofanonymity because the White House has notcompleted its review of the issue.School closings this past spring raisedquestions about whether they slow the spreadof H1N1 and were worth the educational andeconomic cost. The federal government’sdecision could have a far-reaching effect ontens of millions of Americans, the economyand other countries wrestling with similarchoices.110 111President Obama’s top scientific advisers,Cabinet members and national security aidesare racing to update the government’s flustrategy before the school year begins thismonth, when infections are expected to surge-- particularly among young people.Decisions on school closings will be madelocally because the flu’s severity variesgeographically and because local and stategovernments have authority over school andpublic health matters, officials said. Localofficials tend to rely on federal scientificadvice, and federal guidance could changeif the virus becomes more virulent or lethal,officials said.John O. Brennan, the deputy national securityadviser who chaired two Cabinet-levelmeetings in the White House last week tocoordinate H1N1 planning, said the internaldebate is intended to “think through all theangles” and avoid “knee-jerk” decisions, andhe said it was too soon to predict the outcome.“There will be circumstances where it makessense to close schools, but what we are tryingto do is refine” those instances, Brennan said.U.S. authorities will release within days other“community-mitigation” measures, intendedto help keep businesses operating, helphospitals avoid being overwhelmed and guidelocal authorities in deciding whether to cancelpublic events, officials said.Experts say such decisions are timely becauseof the quickly approaching fall flu season.The H1N1 virus does not appear to be morelethal than seasonal flu, but it might be twoor three times as infectious and is expectedto hit young, healthy people and schoolsespecially hard.On average, about 36,000 Americans a yeardie of seasonal flu, and more than 200,000

are hospitalized, most of them elderly oralready ill. By contrast, most H1N1 casesinvolve people younger than 18, and childrenare more infectious than adults, the Britishmedical journal Lancet reported last month.Advocates of school closings say it is amongthe best options to slow a pandemic -- andthus reduce deaths and the strain on hospitals-- after developing a vaccine and antiviraldrugs.More than 700 schools nationwide, withnearly a half-million students, closed in lateApril and early May, following a pandemicplan that the U.S. Centers for Disease Controland Prevention published in early 2007. OnApril 29, facing a spiraling H1N1 outbreakin Mexico, Obama urged U.S. schools withconfirmed or suspected flu cases to stronglyconsider closing for as much as two weeks.But the CDC stepped back May 4, noting thatthe disease did not appear as lethal as feared.The CDC said sick students and staff membersshould stay home for seven days. U.S. officialsagreed to revisit the issue by fall.Education officials said they felt bound torespect what federal officials were tellingthem, but they decried the effect of theclosures, particularly the lost instruction time.Federal officials proposed school closingsafter studying the outbreaks of severe acuterespiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian fluin Asia earlier this decade, examining the1918 and 1957 flu pandemics and using newcomputer models to consider the data.But opponents of school closings said that theresearch relied on unrealistic assumptionsand overlooked real-world factors.Schools would have to stay shut for theduration of a pandemic for closings to work,they say, which could have serious economicconsequences. Parents staying home totend their children would cause widespreadeconomic losses.Critics of school closings also note thetension between the main objectives of thegovernment’s flu response: to minimize illnessand death and to limit social disruption.The Lancet study reported that school closingscould help slow the pandemic, but a 12-week closure in the United States or UnitedKingdom could cost 1 percent to 6 percent ofgross domestic product.Brennan said U.S. authorities are acting nowwith a “better understanding” of the virus,based on cases here and in the SouthernHemisphere, where flu season is in full swing.Earlier plans were premised on containinga deadlier outbreak that spread from Asia,not a milder form that began, and is alreadywidespread, in North America, officials said.Neil M. Ferguson, a leading CDC modeler, saidthe public might be the final decider. 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N Engl JMed. 353 (13): 1374–85. doi:10.1056/NEJMra052211. PMID 16192482.http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374.• Bernd Sebastian Kamps, ChristianHoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.)Influenza Report, 225 pp, PDF, freedownload. Flying Publisher 2006.• Levine, Arnold J. (1992). Viruses. NewYork: Scientific American Library. ISBN0-7167-5031-7.• Baron, Samuel (1996). Medicalmicrobiology (4th ed.). Galveston, Tex:University of Texas Medical Branchat Galveston. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.• Cox NJ, Subbarao K (October 1999).“Influenza”. Lancet 354 (9186): 1277–82.doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6.PMID 10520648.History• Kilbourne ED (January 2006). “Influenzapandemics of the 20th century”. EmergingInfect Dis. 12 (1): 9–14. PMID 16494710.http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm.• Collier, Richard (1974). The plague of theSpanish lady: the influenza pandemic of1918–1919. New York: Macmillan. ISBN0-333-13864-3.• Barry, John M. (2004). The great influenza:the epic story of the deadliest plague inhistory. New York, N.Y: Viking. ISBN 0-670-89473-7.Microbiology• Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT,Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y (01 March1992). “Evolution and ecology of influenzaA viruses”. Microbiol Rev. 56 (1): 152–79.PMID 1579108. PMC: 372859. http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=1579108.• Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ (2002).“Genetics of influenza viruses”. Annu.Rev. Genet. 36: 305–32. doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757. PMID12429695. Pathogenesis• García-Sastre A (January 2006). “Antiviralresponse in pandemic influenza viruses”.Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (1): 44–7. PMID16494716. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm.• Zambon MC (2001). “The pathogenesis ofinfluenza in humans”. Rev Med Virol. 11(4): 227–41. doi:10.1002/rmv.319. PMID11479929.Epidemiology• Dowdle WR (January 2006). “Influenzapandemic periodicity, virus recycling, andthe art of risk assessment”. EmergingInfect. Dis. 12 (1): 34–9. PMID 16494714.http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm.• Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y (January 2001).“Pandemic threat posed by avian influenzaA viruses”. Clin Microbiol Rev. 14 (1): 129–49. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001.PMID 11148006.• Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed humancases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infectionTreatment and prevention• Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ,Bridges CB (July 2005). “Prevention andcontrol of influenza. Recommendations ofthe Advisory Committee on ImmunizationPractices (ACIP)”. MMWR Recomm Rep 54(RR-8): 1–40. PMID 16086456.• Monto AS (January 2006). “Vaccines andantiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness”.Emerging Infect. Dis. 12 (1): 55–60. PMID16494718. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm.Research• Palese P (January 2006). “Making betterinfluenza virus vaccines?”. EmergingInfect. Dis. 12 (1): 61–5. PMID 16494719.http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm.• WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary“Tree of Life” for H5N1 article Antigenic124 125

and genetic characteristics of H5N1viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccineviruses developed for potential use as prepandemicvaccines published 18 August2006• WHO’s assessment of Flu Research as ofNovember 2006.126