A Comprehensive Introduction to Water Footprints

National water accounting frameworkInternalwaterfootprint++Externalwaterfootprint+=Waterfootprint+ConsumptionWater usefor export+Virtual waterimport for reexport=VirtualwaterexportExport= ==Water usewithincountry+Virtualwater=importVirtualwaterbudgetThe traditionalstatisticson water useProductionImportThe internal water footprint is the water use within the country in so far it is usedto produce goods and services consumed by the national population. The externalwater footprint of a country is the annual volume of water resources used in othercountries to produce goods and services imported into and consumed in thecountry considered. It is equal to the virtual-water import into the country minusthe volume of virtual-water exported to other countries as a result of re-export ofimported products. The virtual-water export consists of exported water ofdomestic origin and re-exported water of foreign origin. The virtual-water importwill partly be consumed, thus constituting the external water footprint of thecountry, and partly be re-exported. The sum of virtual water import and water usewithin a country is equal to the sum of the virtual water export and the country’swater footprint. This sum is called the virtual-water budget of a country.Traditionally countries formulate national water plans by looking how to satisfywater users. Even though countries nowadays consider options to reduce waterdemand in addition to options to increase supply, they generally do not includethe global dimension of water management. In this way they do not explicitlyconsider options to save water through import of water-intensive products. Inaddition, by looking only at water use in the own country, most governmentshave a blind spot to the issue of sustainability of national consumption. As amatter of fact many countries have significantly externalized their water footprintwithout looking whether the imported products are related to water depletion orpollution in the producing countries. Governments can and should engage withconsumers and businesses to work towards sustainable consumer products.National water footprint accounting should be a standard component in nationalwater statistics and provide a basis to formulate a national water plan and riverbasin plans that are coherent with national trade policy and nationalenvironmental policy. 31