A Comprehensive Introduction to Water Footprints

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Crop water requirement1. Calculate reference crop evapotranspiration ET 0 (mm/day)e.g. Penman-Monteith equation2. Calculate crop evapotranspiration Et c (mm/day)Et c =ET 0 × K c where K c = crop coefficient3. Calculate crop water requirement CWR (m 3 /ha)CWR = Σ Et c [accumulate over growing period]The water requirement of a crop can be estimated based on climate data (liketemperature, wind speed, etc.) and crop characteristics. Various models areavailable to estimate crop water requirements. A common model is the CropWatmodel of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), which is freely availableonline.Photo: wheat field.8
Irrigation requirementIrrigation requirement = crop water requirement – effective rainfallWhen rainfall does not meet the crop water requirement, the gap is the irrigationwater requirement. When the irrigation water requirement is supplied indeed,growing conditions are optimal (provided that other factors like nutrientavailability are optimal as well). If the irrigation requirement is not met or onlypartly, the yield is likely to be lower than optimal. The yield reduction dependson the volumes and timing of the water shortages.Picture: Pivot irrigation on cotton.9
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Page 24 and 25: [Hoekstra & Chapagain, 2008]The maj
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Page 28 and 29: 2The water footprintof a nation28
Page 30 and 31: Water footprint of a nation► Nati
Page 32 and 33: Regional virtual water balances(onl
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Page 38 and 39: The virtual water chainFarmerVirtua
Page 40 and 41: The water footprint of a retailerFa
Page 42 and 43: Water footprint - Carbon footprintW
Page 44 and 45: 4From concept to practice44
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Page 48 and 49: Reducing and offsetting the impacts
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Page 52 and 53: Government perspectiveReduction of
Page 54 and 55: 6The way forward54
Page 56 and 57: www.waterfootprint.orgPartnerspartn
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Find the water footprint of various
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A Comprehensive Introduction to Water Footprints

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