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Luminous efficacy e<br />
η (lm/We) 10 3<br />
10 2<br />
10 1<br />
1<br />
10 ‐1<br />
10 ‐2<br />
Efficiency of artificial lighting<br />
CoL ($/Mlmh) ≃ CoE/η<br />
1<br />
10 1<br />
10 2<br />
FSU 2000<br />
CN 2005<br />
CN 2006<br />
US 2001<br />
UK 2000<br />
AU+NZ 2005<br />
WRLD-NONGRID<br />
1999<br />
10 3<br />
10 1.5<br />
WRLD-GRID 2005<br />
JP+KR 2005<br />
OECD-EU 2005<br />
CN 1993<br />
10 4<br />
UK 1950<br />
UK 1900<br />
UK 1850<br />
10 5<br />
100%<br />
Efficiency<br />
1 101 102 103 104 105 1 101 102 103 104 105 CoE ($/MW eh)<br />
UK 1800<br />
UK 1750<br />
UK 1700<br />
10 2.8<br />
SSL<br />
HID<br />
Fluorescent<br />
Incandescent<br />
Gas<br />
Kerosene<br />
Candles<br />
Source: Tsao and Waide, “The World’s Appetite for Light: Empirical Data and Trends Spanning Three<br />
Centuries and Six Continents,” Sandia National Labs, USA<br />
Artificial lighting has made an incredible<br />
progress from candles, gas and kerosene<br />
lamps to incandescent, fluoroscent and<br />
high‐intensity discharge electric lighting.<br />
• 28 2.8 orders d of f magnitude it d decrease d in i the th<br />
generation 2.8 orders cost of light.<br />
•1.5 orders of magnitude decrease in cost of<br />
energy. 1.5 orders<br />
• Th The overall ll operating ti cost t of f light li ht has h been b<br />
reduced by 4.3 orders of magnitude since<br />
1700s. 4.3 orders
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