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Other Habitat Management Considerations Invasive plant prevention and management Anytime habitat is manipulated, especially when using heavy machinery, there is a risk of introducing and spreading exotic, invasive plant species. Prior to management action, target sites should be surveyed for problematic species. When working in an area where invasive species are present, special actions may be necessary and clearly outlined in a management plan. Consultation with an invasive species control expert is advised. Targeted removal of invasive plants by mechanical and/or chemical means may be necessary immediately before and/or after management actions are implemented. Equipment should be cleaned before moving it from one site to another. Winter cutting can reduce spread of these species and the likelihood of mud and seeds sticking to the equipment. In highly degraded sites infested with Phragmites or other invasive plants, we recommend following the guidelines that have been developed for restoration of bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) habitat by conservation organizations and state agencies. In the northeastern US, Golden-winged Warbler and bog turtles sometimes co-occur in swamp and shrubland habitats, thus these guidelines may also be useful for Golden- 3–44 winged Warbler habitat restoration though they have not been evaluated specifically for this application (Figure 3–26). The guidelines provide sound information on using grazing to manage habitat in wetland situations. A stocking density of 0.75 animal units per acre of open habitat is recommended, though 1 animal unit can be used for control of woody invasive species (Tesauro 2006). This equates to 5–10 mature sheep or goats per acre. Duration of grazing should not exceed 5 consecutive months for 1–5 years (Tesauro 2006). Given that this is a Figure 3–26. Goats (left photo) are one option for controlling Phragmites or other invasive plants in Golden-winged Warbler habitat. Though this technique is untested in Golden-winged Warbler habitat, it has been effective for bog turtle habitat restoration as pictured before (top right) and after (bottom right) grazing on this transmission line rightof-way in New Jersey. The bottom right photo depicts the habitat improvement after two years of grazing treatments. Photos by Jason Tesauro.
higher rate of grazing pressure than we recommend for upland habitat maintenance, care should be taken to monitor effects of grazers on vegetation such that suitable habitat is generated for Golden-winged Warblers. If the goal is herbaceous plant control with minimal effect on shrubs, then sheep are preferred. If shrub control is also needed, then goats or a mix of sheep and goats is preferred. Guidelines for other Cowbird parasitism Landscape context is important to consider when planning and performing habitat management for Golden-winged Warblers. Cowbird parasitism is likely to be a problem in agricultural landscapes 3–45 restoration techniques such as chemical application, mechanical removal, and prescribed burning are also available. Information on these techniques as applied to bog turtle habitat restoration can be obtained by contacting the US Fish & Wildlife Service Northeastern Regional Office in Hadley, Massachusetts, www.fws.gov/northeast/ma/ro.html. or where forested sites are within 5 km of agricultural areas (Figure 3–27). Cowbird parasitism tends to not have a population effect in forested landscapes. Figure 3–27. This Golden-winged Warbler nest in Wisconsin contains two Golden-winged Warbler eggs and one Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) egg (the largest of the three). The female Golden-winged Warbler abandoned this nest after the cowbird egg was laid. Photo by Amber Roth.
Page 1 and 2: Golden-winged Warbler Status Review
Page 3 and 4: Chapter 3. GOLDEN-WINGED WARBLER BR
Page 5 and 6: CHAPTER 3: TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTE
Page 7 and 8: CHAPTER 3 SUMMARY This plan (Chapte
Page 9 and 10: not prevent establishment by Blue-w
Page 11 and 12: Focal Areas and Priorities Geograph
Page 13 and 14: Thus to reach the 40-year goal of i
Page 15 and 16: Quick Start Guide for Land Managers
Page 17 and 18: Developing Habitat at Management Si
Page 19 and 20: (Rosa multiflora), sweetfern (Compt
Page 21 and 22: Based on current management opportu
Page 23 and 24: synthesized results used to develop
Page 25 and 26: population recovery, it is likely t
Page 27 and 28: winged and Blue-winged warbler, whe
Page 29 and 30: Management Site Scale Creating and
Page 31 and 32: year rotation), 185 ac (75 ha) of h
Page 33 and 34: Habitat Interspersion — A high de
Page 35 and 36: that one category could become the
Page 37 and 38: Promote natural disturbance regimes
Page 39 and 40: Timber Management Even-aged and two
Page 41 and 42: potential to become large-diameter
Page 43 and 44: Prescribed Burning Fire has played
Page 45: Grazing Grazing can maintain pastur
Page 49 and 50: Mid-Atlantic Subregion (Focal areas
Page 51 and 52: Figure 3-29. Model results showing
Page 53 and 54: Northern Appalachian Subregion (Foc
Page 55 and 56: Distribution of Public and Protecte
Page 57 and 58: Potential Partners and Priority Sit
Page 59 and 60: Southern Appalachian-Cumberland Sub
Page 65 and 66: The Great Lakes Conservation Region
Page 69 and 70: Lake of the Woods Subregion (Focal
Page 75 and 76: Lower Michigan Subregion (Focal Are
Page 81 and 82: New England Subregion (Focal Areas
Page 85 and 86: to maintain the Golden-winged Warbl
Page 87 and 88: especially in the years immediately
Page 89 and 90: Response of Associated Species We r
Page 91 and 92: Table 3-16. Summary of conservation

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