Sanitation 21 planning framework - IWA

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Sanitation 21articulated objectives, a clear budget line for capitaland operational expenses and more realism whenassessing the management requirements of newbuildsanitation systems.2.5 In Summary: Matching Supply andDemandIn summary current practice, based as it is onlogical normative technical planning approaches,may often fail to because:• they do not take into account the mismatchbetween the objectives which drive investmentdecisions across the domains of the city, allowingone set of objectives to outweigh another;• they cannot respond to the rapidly changingurban context and diverse conditions whichpertain in modern urban spaces;• they fail to make realistic assessment of shortterm inertia which impedes capital investment;and• they result in systems which place an unrealisticmanagement burden on all levels of the city.In short, looking back at Figure 3, what wecommonly find are systems which across alldomains of the city fail to match the supply of anappropriate service to the demands and capacitiesof the actors in that domain. Understandingthis dynamic better is essential if the quality andeffectiveness of sanitation investments is to improveand if objectives are to be widely met (see Box 6)Box 6: Matching supply and demandSupplyDemandA recent analysis of sanitation inDar Es Salaam showed that far fromthe supply of services reachinghouseholds (see left) there was atotal mismatch between the limitedsupply of networked sanitation andthe strong demand for servicesfrom households (see below).The weak regulatory and policyenvironment did little to change thestatus quo. (For more informationsee section 4.3 below).Policy and RegulationSupplyDemandPolicy and Regulation– 14 –
Sanitation 213 The FrameworkIn this section of the document we have drawnon the arguments in Section 2 above to developan approach which could improve the quality-atentryor planning of urban sanitation systems. It issimple, and based on principles of good planning,but clearly the gaps we have identified suggestthat good planning must sometimes be missingin reality. In the following three sections we willsee how to analyse context across the domainsof the city; how to develop or evaluate a range oftechnical options and then use a simple frameworkto show that optimum solutions are those wherethe latter satisfies the former across all domains ofthe city.PART ONE: The Context3.1 Decision Making DomainsTo help understand how interests and incentivesplay out across the city, we have used a simplifiedversion of Figure 3 where the city is divided intofive domains. In reality the domains of a cityvary enormously with social and political normsand structures, so this approach can be appliedflexibly to the situation that the reader is actuallyconsidering. IN general however in the sectionsbelow the following generalised terminology is usedto describe the domains of the city:• Household to describe the personal spherewithin which households (families, individuals,small units etc) take investment and behaviouraldecisions;• Neighbourhood/ ward/ district to describe acontinuum of ‘areas’ within the city at whichlevel households either act jointly, are jointlyrepresented by the political process or can beorganised for planning purposes;• The City to describe the level at which servicesare centrally planned and organised, andfinancial decisions are taken; and• Beyond the city to describe the sphere in whichpolicy and practice is set which impacts ontodecisions made at the city level.3.2 Objectives and Interests3.2.1 Developing a checklistAs we already saw in Section 2 there are a widerange of interests and objectives which maycome into play when an urban sanitation systemis being planned. These variable interests arisepartly because there are usually a number of‘stakeholders’ or interested parties each of whomhas a different perspective on the problem. Forexample, while the elected government of themunicipality may have an over-riding interest incleaning up the city and preventing outbreaksof disease, the river basin authority may bemore interested in preventing pollutants fromentering the basin system . Beyond health andthe environmental protection, other interests fordifferent stakeholders may include:• Economic development• Improved water resources management• Poverty reduction• Improved urban planning or• Reducing operational costsThe way different interests play out depends toa large extent on power relations and incentivesbetween actors in different domains. The interestof a design consultant to minimise reputationalrisk by recommending a ‘conventional’ solutioninvolving networked sewerage with limited technicalinnovation may, for example, outweigh the interestsof poor households whose interests are to gainprivacy and dignity while minimising upfront costs.Thus poor households may remain excludedbecause connection fees to the network areprohibitively high.Annexe One contains a summary of our preliminaryanalysis and discussion about how differentinterests/ objectives are likely to impact on systemdecisions in each domain of the city. The analysisis discussed briefly in the sections below andsummarised in Table 3. The analysis will also vary enormously in different contextswhich have differing institutional arrangements.– 15 –
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