Trafficking in human beings for sexual and other purposes - Polisen

Trafficking in humanbeings for sexual andother purposesSituation report 13RPS Rapport 2012

Situation Report 13 Trafficking in human beings for sexual and other purposes3Situation Report 13Trafficking in human beingsfor sexual and other purposesThe Swedish National Police Board hereby submitsSituation Report 13 “Trafficking in human beings forsexual and other purposes” for the year 2011.The Situation Report gives the Swedish NationalPolice Board’s scenario of the way in which the scopeand spread of human trafficking in Sweden haschanged since the situation report for 2010. Thereport is based primarily on preliminary investigationsand sentences as well as on information receivedby the police in 2011, and which concern human traffickingand crime related to that. The report is intendedprimarily for the government, police special unitsand public authorities in general. It also containsinformation that may be of use by NGOs and by thegeneral public.The report has been drawn up by Detective SuperintendentKajsa Wahlberg of the Swedish NationalPolice Board.Bengt Svenson

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1. Summary61. SummaryTrafficking in human beings is, by its nature, a crimeagainst the person and it is dealt with in the SwedishPenal Code (BrB), Chap. 4, on crimes against libertyand peace (see Annex 2). Criminal liability applies toanyone who, by means of unlawful coercion, deceit,exploitation of a person’s vulnerable situation or anyother such improper means, recruits, transports,transfers, accommodates or receives another person,in order for the person to be exploited for sexual purposes,removal of organs, active military service,forced labour or some other purpose in a situationinvolving distress for the victim. If the victim is under18, the perpetrator will be convicted of human traffickingeven if no improper means have been used inorder to carry out the crime. Common to the circumstancesmentioned in the provision is that they, in variousways, intend to control the victim’s free and truewill, regardless of the intended exploitation.Human trafficking for sexual purposes is a crimethat can occur throughout the country but which, in2011, has mainly been found in and around the metropolitanareas. With regard to cases of trafficking forother purposes such as forced labour, begging andcommitting crimes, these crimes also occur but aremore widespread throughout the country. Some ofthese forms of exploitation, such as begging, are relativelynew occurrences.In all forms of human trafficking, the perpetratorsand the victims who are forced or induced to travel toSweden mostly come from countries of origin wherethere is widespread poverty, high levels of unemployment,discrimination against groups such as womenand minorities, and also a lack of any social securitynetwork. Usually the victims are in such a vulnerablesituation that they cannot turn down an offer of workin another country, despite that offer possibly involvinga risk of exploitation. Increasing mobility withinthe EU and the Schengen area as a result of the abolitionof border controls, means that criminal networksare also increasingly mobile. These developmentsunderline how important it is for the police and prosecutionauthorities to develop the ability and meansto work across borders.In September 2008, the Swedish government taskedthe Swedish National Police Board and the SwedishProsecution Authority with strengthening operationalinitiatives to combat human trafficking crimes,and expand the development of methodology andskills. This task was allocated extra funding, comprisingSEK 4 million in 2008 and SEK 18 millioneach for 2009 and 2010. In total, the police were allocatedSEK 40 million of which SEK 30 million wereto be used for operational initiatives and SEK 10 millionfor the development of methods and skills for thepolice organisation.The increase in skills for the police authorities combinedwith special funding from 2008-2011 has madeit possible to detect more numerous and more complexhuman trafficking cases. The number of policereports, preliminary investigations initiated, andprosecutions for human trafficking and crimes similarto human trafficking in the same period havetherefore also increased.Police reportsYearTrafficking inhuman beingsfor sexualpurposesProcuring/aggravatedprocuringTrafficking inhuman beings forpurposes otherthan sexual2008 15 51 82009 31 94 282010 32 120 522011 35 86 63Statistics – National Crime Prevention Council (BRÅ) 2012During the period 2008-2011, the number of reportedcases of human trafficking for other purposesincreased in Sweden and also throughout the EU.Among the reasons for this increase is that combatingthese crimes has been made a priority within Europeanlegislative and police work, as well as nationally.The Border Police Divisions in Stockholm andSkåne, during that same period, were given wider

1. Summary7responsibility for combating human trafficking forother purposes. The Swedish National Police Board’sskills enhancement initiatives and dissemination ofinformation also covered all forms of human trafficking,which led, in turn, to increased knowledge withinthe police organisation. The expansion of the EU alsoresulted in organised crime networks changing theiractivities to include trafficking in vulnerable peoplefor purposes other than sexual exploitation. At thesame time, this crime was given a great deal of coveragein the Swedish and foreign media.The increased mobility of people, goods, servicesand capital within and into the EU as a consequenceof globalisation has its counterpart in the mobility ofcriminal networks and crime. The financial and economiccrisis is also compounding cross-border crime.People who move away from areas of social, politicalor economic unrest can become victims of humantrafficking for various purposes.1.1 Trafficking in human beings for sexualpurposesAccording to the Swedish National Police Board it isdifficult to estimate how many people may have fallenvictim to human trafficking in Sweden during 2011.The number of victims discovered in Sweden dependslargely on the resources which the police put intodetecting this crime and on the skills that exists withinthe police organisation. The level of these initiativesvaries between police authorities and differsfrom one year to another. Neither is it possible toidentify (nor indeed to locate) all of the victims, mostlygirls and women, who are mentioned in tapped telephonecalls or observed during police surveillance.Nor can the estimate be based exclusively on thenumber of victims that are seen as injured parties inhuman trafficking investigations; especially sincemost of these investigations result in sentences forprocuring/aggravated procuring.In 2011, the police drew up 35 reports relating tohuman trafficking for sexual purposes as comparedto 32 reports in the previous year. In 2011, two peoplewere sentenced for human trafficking for sexual purposes.In addition, three people were sentenced foraggravated procuring and eight for procuring of ahuman trafficking nature. Finally 450 legal proceedingswere initiated concerning the purchase of sexualservices and 7 legal proceedings concerning the purchaseof sexual acts from children under the age of18 1 . More preliminary investigations into human trafficking,procurement and the purchase of sexual servicesare ongoing, for which sentences are expected tobe pronounced in 2012.Information received by the police during 2011showed that by far the majority of victims were girlsand women. No boys or men were identified in 2011as victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes.The foreign girls and women recruited to Sweden forthe purposes of prostitution came primarily fromEastern Europe (especially Romania, Lithuania,Estonia, Slovakia and Poland), Thailand and Nigeria.Here, a change can be clearly discerned sinceinformation about women from Lithuania beingexploited for prostitution in Sweden has increasedsignificantly in 2011 compared with previous years.Human trafficking for sexual purposes, involvingvictims from Romania, has been a significant problemfor some years throughout large parts of Europe.In Sweden too, primarily in Gothenburg, the policenoted a certain increase in the number of Romanianwomen being exploited for the purposes of street prostitutionin 2011. The perpetrators behind this trafficking(both men and women) also came from Romania.Those responsible for the activities investigated in2011 were men and women who came originally fromEstonia, Iraq, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Swedenand Poland.As in other countries, sexual services in Sweden aretoday sold mostly via the Internet. In the investiga-1 Total judicial decisions, orders of summary punishment andwaivers of prosecution in 2011.

1. Summary8tions conducted in 2011, the perpetrators publishedadvertisements on websites designed to give male sexpurchasers the impression that the victims themselveswere responsible for these. In actual fact, the womenusually had no knowledge of what was actually beingdescribed in the advertisements. This applied in particularto girls and women of Roma and Nigerian originwho were frequently unable to read or write.1.2 Other forms of trafficking in humanbeingsOther types of exploitation as mentioned in the clauseon human trafficking in the Swedish Penal Code 2include exploitation of the victim for active militaryservice, for the removal of organs, for forced labouror some other activity in a situation which involvesdistress for the victim 3 .In 2011 one person was convicted of human traffickingfor purposes other than sexual. That case concerneda man from Bulgaria who transported a12-year-old Bulgarian girl to Sweden to commit theftsin Sweden and in other countries in Europe. In somecases of other human trafficking proceedings weredismissed because it was not possible to prove thatthe suspects intended, as early as the recruitmentstage, to mislead the victims, or because it has notbeen possible to prove any exploitation. See Annex 3.The police authorities’ reports to the SwedishNational Police Board during the year indicate thatthe number of reports, preliminary investigations initiatedand cases brought concerning other humantrafficking increased more than those concerninghuman trafficking for sexual purposes. In 2011, the2 Chapter 4 § 1 a of the Penal Code.3 The term “distress” is used here to refer to the fact that the victimis prevented from freely making decisions about his or herown actions or finds him- or herself in a really serious predicamentwhich is not coincidental or transient. Swedish GovernmentBill 2009/10:152 Förstärkt straffrättsligt skydd mot människohandel[Enhanced protection against human trafficking,provided by criminal law], page 21.police drew up 35 reports on human trafficking forsexual purposes and 63 reports concerning humantrafficking for purposes other than sexual. These otherpurposes principally involved situations in whichpeople had been brought to Sweden by criminalgroups from other countries to be exploited for begging,forced labour or complicity in criminal activitiessuch as organised theft. As with human traffickingfor sexual purposes, it is hard to give precise figuresconcerning the scope of human trafficking forother purposes to, through and within Sweden.In order to prevent foreign workers in the futurebeing exploited improperly by way of unreasonableworking conditions, non-payment of wages, beingthreatened and kept in slavery-like conditions, theSwedish National Police Board initiated a collaborativeventure with the Swedish Migration Board, theSwedish Tax Agency and the Swedish Work EnvironmentAuthority and labour market partners in spring2011. This collaborative work led to the SwedishMigration Board producing guidelines before the berry-pickingseason for companies that offer employmentto berry pickers from third-party countries.In recent years, Europol has provided informationabout suspected human trafficking for the purpose ofcommitting fraud against the welfare system, relatedto the UK in particular. Perpetrators recruited andtransported victims from one EU country to anotherand applied there to register the victims on the populationregistry or equivalent. The purpose was to gainaccess to the national welfare system and to obtainbenefit payments for the victims. The payments andbenefits were confiscated by the perpetrators. Individualpieces of intelligence and preliminary investigationsled to suspicions of similar activities also takingplace in Sweden, but any legal proceedings initiatedwere dismissed.As part of the national initiative to combat volumeand serial crimes before 2012, the police authority inÖstergötland assumed responsibility for coordinatingpolice initiatives against gangs of certain rogue

1. Summary9tarmac and paving layers from the UK and Ireland.Police also initiated a collaborative venture with theSwedish Tax Agency, Swedish Customs, the SwedishProsecution Authority, the Larmtjänst service (setup to combat organised crime on behalf of theSwedish insurance industry) and the SwedishMigration Board in connection with the special initiative.A methodology manual was updated andmade available on the police intranet, to enable thepolice to work consistently to combat this type ofcrime.1.3 Child trafficking for sexual and otherpurposesSince the legislation was introduced in 2002, all of thechild victims of human trafficking for sexual purposesin Sweden have been girls aged 16-17 years, withfew exceptions. In the preliminary investigations carriedout in Sweden during 2011, concerning humantrafficking for sexual purposes and similar crimessuch as procuring/aggravated procuring, none of thevictims were below the age of 12; the youngest girlwas aged 14 and the oldest woman 41.It also happens that some human traffickers get intouch with parents living in poverty in countries suchas Romania and Bulgaria, either to buy or hire theirsons and daughters with the purpose of exploitingthem for theft or begging, or to exploit them sexuallyin prostitution. The girls and boys, often in the 10-14age-group, are not allowed to attend school but areinstead trained at an early stage by the human traffickerto steal from shops and to pick pockets. Thesehuman traffickers exploit the children’s young agewhich means they escape punishment and a criminalrecord.In 2011, the National Bureau of Investigation assistedNorway in a preliminary investigation in which childrenwere exploited to commit fraud, theft and begging,sold into forced marriage and subjected to rape.Some of these crimes were also committed in Sweden.The case concerned girls aged 13-17 from Romaniawho were bought and sold by a number of perpetratorsin order to be exploited for fraud in the form ofselling fake gold, committing thefts, begging, etc. Thepreliminary investigation also encompassed informationabout forced marriages, rapes, assaults, etc. InJuly 2012, Bergen District Court sentenced six people(three men and three women from Romania) toimprisonment for between three and six years foroffences including human trafficking 4 .1.4 Child trafficking for sexual purposesoutside SwedenOne type of crime that ought to be given greaterattention concerns Swedes who commit sexual crimesagainst girls and boys in other countries. This usuallymeans that a person resident in Sweden travels toanother country in order to sexually exploit a girl orboy resident in that country, in return for some formof payment. The crimes committed against childrenare especially rape/aggravated rape of a child, purchaseof sex acts from children and child pornographycrimes.During the period 2009-2010, the National Bureauof Investigation Cyber-Crime Section ran a project tocombat child trafficking for sexual purposes withinthe framework of the Government’s assignment forthe Swedish National Police Board to strengthennational initiatives to combat prostitution andhuman trafficking for sexual purposes. 5 The purposeof the project was to combat more effectively thecrime of child trafficking for sexual purposes and tosimplify procedures for giving the police tip-offsabout these crimes in Sweden 6 . This is intended particularlyto facilitate the identification of people suspectedof exploiting children for sexual purposes outsideSweden.4 Bergen District Court 05.07.2012, Case no 11-194827MED-BBYR/01.5 Ju2008/7403/PO6 Accessible at: http://polisen.se/sv/Kontakta -oss/Tipsa-Polisen/

1. Summary10During the project period, around fifty Swedish menwere identified as being suspected of travellingabroad with the aim of committing sexual abuse ofchildren. Gradually, as the general public becamemore aware of the project, the number of tip-offscoming in regarding these men increased. After expiryof the project period, the work of identifying andinvestigating these crimes continued. In 2011, a furtherthirty Swedish men were identified as being suspectedof travelling abroad with the aim of committingchild sexual abuse or producing child pornography.Information/tips on child sex trafficking submittedto the National Bureau of Investigation comeprimarily from Swedish and foreign police authoritiesand the general public. In 2011, hundreds of such tipswere received and processed. The consequences ofthese tip-offs included the prosecution of two Swedishmen (aged 76 and 45 respectively) in November2011 for crimes relating to child sex trafficking. Theman aged 76 was charged with attempted child rape,sexual abuse of three children and for child pornographyoffences. The man aged 45 was sentenced bythe District Court to imprisonment for five years forchild rape, aggravated child pornography crime, conspiracyto commit child rape, sexual exploitation ofchildren and aggravated exploitation of children forsexual posing. The Court of Appeal extended thissentence to imprisonment for seven years.

2. Introduction112. IntroductionThe crime of human trafficking involves situations inwhich several people, usually in different countries,collaborate in order to recruit a victim and theninduce that person to travel from one place to another,where they are then exploited for various purposes.Human trafficking is a global problem that is onthe increase and requires a strategy involving extensiveinternational collaboration, building on nationalmeasures.In its latest report from 2010, The Globalization ofCrime – A Transnational Threat Assessment, theUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNO-DC) reported that more than 140,000 victims ofhuman trafficking for sexual purposes are exploitedevery day in Europe. On an annual basis, around70,000 new victims are drawn into this trade inEurope and, according to the report, there are nosigns of the number of victims reducing.2.1 The purpose of this reportThis year’s situation report provides the SwedishNational Police Board with an overview of the statusin 2011 of human trafficking and criminality relatedto that, within, through and into Sweden and the wayin which its scope and distribution has changed sincethe previous year’s situation report.Separate annexes provide reports on:• the police authorities’ reports to the SwedishNational Police Board.• current Swedish legislation in the field• sentences and information relating to victims, perpetratorsand sanctions concerning various formsof human trafficking, procuring and the purchaseof sexual services/purchase of sexual acts from children• statistics on the numbers of reports

3. Criminal Development123. Criminal Development3.1 Trafficking in human beings for sexualpurposesThe National Bureau of Investigation regularlyreceives information about groups and individualsresponsible for various forms of human traffickingwithin, through and into Sweden. This information isprovided by bodies such as the Swedish and foreignpolice, NGOs, the general public and the SwedishMigration Board. Information, and the preliminaryinvestigations undertaken during 2011, show thathuman trafficking is not just a metropolitan phenomenonbut also occurs in smaller towns throughoutSweden.According to the Swedish National Police Board itis difficult to estimate how many people fell victim tohuman trafficking in Sweden during 2011. The numberof victims of human trafficking identified in Swedenlargely depends on the resources which the policeput into detecting this crime and on the experienceand competence that exists within the police organisation.The level of these initiatives varies betweenpolice authorities and can vary from one year toanother. It is not possible to identify or even to locateall of the victims, mainly girls and women, mentionedin tapped telephone calls or observed during policesurveillance. Neither can the estimate be based exclusivelyon the number of victims that are viewed asinjured parties in human trafficking investigations,since the majority of these investigations result in sentencesfor procuring/aggravated procuring. Thesequence of events in a procuring case can exhibitvery great similarities to the sequence of events in ahuman trafficking case. The crucial issue in determiningwhether it might be possible to prosecute theperpetrators and convict them of human traffickingand not for procuring, is whether the victim’s libertyhas been violated.There may be several explanations for why themajority of cases brought to trial result in convictionsfor procuring/aggravated procuring instead ofhuman trafficking. It may be because the humantrafficking legislation is still complex and difficult toapply. In addition, in recent years, the perpetratorshave changed their modi operandi in certain cases.Instead of using violence and threats against the victim,the perpetrators often make offers of “betterconditions”, such as greater freedom of action. Thevictims are also allowed to retain a larger proportionof their earnings. This is an effective way of gettingthe victims tied in and making them dependent,resulting in the victims remaining loyal to the perpetratorsand being less inclined to act as witnessesagainst them. It can sometimes be difficult to get thecourts to understand how serious the oppression hasbeen when the women have not been treated “particularlybadly”. A change in the perpetrators’behaviour became apparent in 2011, when two majorpreliminary investigations, one in Stockholm andone in Västra Götaland, also encompassed threatenedand actual physical and sexual violence againstthe victims.In 2011, the police drew up 35 reports relating tohuman trafficking for sexual purposes. During thatsame year, two people were convicted for human traffickingfor sexual purposes. In addition, three peoplewere sentenced for aggravated procuring and eightfor procuring that had been of a human traffickingnature. Finally 450 legal proceedings were initiatedconcerning the purchase of sexual services and 7 legalproceedings concerning the purchase of sexual actsfrom children under the age of 18 7 . More preliminaryinvestigations into human trafficking, procurementand purchase of sexual services are ongoing, onwhich rulings are expected to be pronounced in 2012.The above statistics can be compared to the situationduring 2010 when 32 reports were drawn up concerninghuman trafficking for sexual purposes. Inthat same year, three people were sentenced for complicityin human trafficking for sexual purposes and7 Total judicial decisions, orders of summary punishment andwaivers of prosecution in 2011.

3. Criminal Development13one person was sentenced for complicity in the samecrime. In 2010, five people were sentenced for aggravatedprocuring and fourteen for procuring of ahuman trafficking nature. During the same year, 336legal proceedings were initiated concerning the purchaseof sexual services and 9 legal proceedings concerningthe purchase of sexual acts from children.Information received by the police during 2011showed that the absolute majority of victims weregirls and women. No boys or men were identified in2011 as victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes.The foreign girls and women recruited to Swedenfor the purposes of prostitution came primarilyfrom Eastern Europe (especially Romania, Lithuania,Estonia, Slovakia and Poland), Thailand andNigeria 8 . Here, a change can clearly be discernedsince information about women from Lithuania whoare being exploited in prostitution in Swedenincreased significantly in 2011 compared with previousyears. Changes in the victims’ backgrounds andnationalities can be explained by a weakened nationalsocio-economic climate which is hitting women andgirls particularly badly. The economic crisis in southernEurope may also mean that human traffickersand pimps are directing their activities towards countrieswith more stable economies, such as Sweden.The number of tip-offs received by the NationalBureau of Investigation concerning suspected prostitutionin relation to Thai massage parlours in Swedenremains high. The subject is still also discussed frequentlyby sex-purchasers and others on various discussionforums on the Internet.Furthermore the Swedish Tax Agency carried outinspections during 2011-2012 regarding cash handlingat a fairly large number of Thai massage parlours,frequently finding flaws in this. In conjunction with8 For more information about victims from Thailand and Nigeria,see the Swedish National Police Board situation reportsHuman Trafficking for Sexual and Other Purposes for theyears 2009 and 2010.these inspections, at certain locations the SwedishTax Agency also noted that staff at the massage parlourshad no residence permits for Sweden.In 2009, the National Bureau of Investigation estimatedthat there were about 90 Thai massage parloursin Stockholm and vicinity, most of which werejudged to be offering sexual services for sale. At theturn of 2011/2012, the number of Thai massage parloursin the Stockholm area was estimated to beabout 250 and throughout the country about 450 9 .The parallel investigation conducted by the NationalBureau of Investigation, related to a human traffickinginvestigation in Belgium initiated in 2008,clearly showed that the visas issued by the SwedishEmbassy in Bangkok were a facilitating factor forcarrying out the crime in Belgium. The visas wereissued because the Embassy was misled in a numberof application cases. (For more information, seeunder the heading Cooperation with Belgium onp. 36).In 2011, evidence was also submitted showing thatreferees (some of whom proved to be known in relationto brothel businesses in Denmark) acted as sponsorsfor visa applications at the Swedish Embassy inBangkok, thereby procuring women in order toexploit them in prostitution.Deportation of a woman in prostitution fromanother EU countryIn February 2011, the police authority in the countyof Halland decided to deport a Romanian womanpursuant to Chapter 8, § 2, paragraph 1, 2, of theAliens Act. Police authorities said that the woman,who made her living through prostitution, constituteda threat to public order and security. The womanappealed to the Swedish Migration Board who madethe same assessment as the police authority in Halland:namely that prostitution is indeed legal in Sweden,9 Thai Massage Guide and information from Conny Svensson,Swedish Tax Agency.

3. Criminal Development14but the purchase of sexual services is a criminaloffence. This means in practice that a crime has to becommitted under Swedish law to enable a personengaged in prostitution to support themselves.The Migration Court agreed with the woman andstated that in her case it did not comply with theEuropean Community Directive on freedom ofmovement to deport her, pursuant to Chapter 8 § 2,paragraph 1, 2 of the Aliens Act 10 . From Article 27.2of the Free Movement Directive, it is clear that if aperson is to be deported, that person’s behaviourmust constitute a “genuine, present and sufficientlyserious threat affecting one of the fundamental interestsof society” 11 . The Migration Court found that thewoman had not committed any criminal acts. Herpersonal behaviour did not constitute a threat pursuantto the Free Movement Directive.In a case concerning a report to the Ombudsmanfor Justice from the Prostitution Team in the City ofGothenburg to the police authority in Västra Götalandon 7 September 2011, the assessment of theOmbudsman for Justice differed from that of theMigration Court 12 . The Ombudsman for Justiceannounced its decision that: “Based on current preliminarystatements, prostitution is to be regarded asa dishonest means of support according to the law.Prostitution - which can not occur without a crimehaving been committed - may also be considered as aprohibited occurrence in one principal element.Unlike the judgement in a previous determination bythe Ombudsman for Justice, which related to begging,deportation in this case is considered to be compatiblewith the Aliens Act.According to the EU Free Movement Directive thewoman had a right in principle to reside in the country.However, the rights of the individual may be10 Administrative Court in Gothenburg, Migration Court Dept.1, 08.04.2011, Case no. UM 832-11.11 Free Movement Directive 2004/38/EC12 Parliamentary Ombudsmen - Ombudsman for Justice, Registrationnumber: 4468-2011, 01.11.2012.rescinded in the event of any threat to public order,security or health. In this context, the Directiveallows for interpretation. The decision includes anassessment that in this case there was nothing to preventdeportation and that, at all events, the legal positionis not sufficiently clear for the police to be criticisedfor having made an incorrect decision.”3.1.1 Profiles: perpetrators, organisednetworksThe criminal gangs responsible for human traffickingcrimes detected in Sweden in 2011 were on a smallerscale but were, in many cases, assumed to belong tolarger organised networks in the victims’ countries oforigin. Those gangs, which comprised mainly men,were from several countries with a variety of ethnicbackgrounds and were usually linked to organisedcrime or included in family-like constellations. Someof the women involved had themselves been exploitedfor the purposes of prostitution and were laterrecruited as intermediaries by those responsible withinthe criminal network. In 2011, preliminary investigationsand sentences show that the people who wereinvolved in human trafficking, in certain cases, alsodevoted themselves to other criminality such asextortion and fraud.The persons responsible for the activities investigatedin 2011 were men and women originally fromEstonia, Iraq, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, Swedenand Poland.On the whole, all of those who have been prosecutedor sentenced for human trafficking for sexual purposes,or for crimes similar to human trafficking suchas procuring/aggravated procuring in 2011, had linksto the countries of origin of the victims or to countriesin which these people were resident. This meantthat the perpetrators had knowledge of the victims’living conditions and of economic and social conditionsin their country of origin. This knowledge wasthen utilised by the perpetrators for recruiting andcontrolling the women. Some of the perpetrators had

3. Criminal Development15stayed in Sweden for varying periods, or were domiciledin the country. They had a command of Swedish,and sometimes also English, and had a goodknowledge of Swedish society.Europol reportAccording to the official Europol situation report onhuman trafficking from 2011, the human traffickinggangs uncovered in other parts of Europe, are usuallyon a smaller scale 13 . These gangs either act independentlyor collaborate with other criminal groups.Some criminal groups, especially those that are Albanian,Nigerian and Roma, are family- or clan-basedwith complex loyalties connecting the perpetrators.This is often very challenging for the police when itcomes to getting information about or from thosepersons. The situation is similar in Sweden, wherepeople of Roma descent appear both as victims andperpetrators in relation to all forms of human trafficking.Nigerian human trafficking networks havealso been trying to establish themselves in Sweden,but not to the same extent as in many other countriesin Europe.3.1.2 Victims of human trafficking forsexual purposesAccording to the latest report on human traffickingby the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime(UNODC), 79% of global human trafficking is forsexual purposes. The report indicates that the majorityof these victims of human trafficking are girls andwomen 14 .In its latest report on organised crime from 2010,The Globalization of Crime – A TransnationalThreat Assessment, UNODC also reports that morethan 140,000 victims of human trafficking for sexual13 “Trafficking in Human Beings in the European Union,” Europol2011.14 “Global Report on Trafficking in Human Beings”, UNODC,2009.purposes are exploited every day in Europe. On anannual basis, almost 70,000 new victims are drawninto this trade in Europe and, according to the report,there are no signs of any reduction in the number ofvictims 15 .The fact that, globally, the majority of the victimsof human trafficking for sexual purposes are girls andwomen is also reflected in the Swedish statistics. Since1999, all known victims of human trafficking for sexualpurposes, or procuring/aggravated procuringhave been girls and women between the ages of 13and 45. In cases where men or boys have been victimsof human trafficking in Sweden, it has been for purposesother than sexual, such as theft, begging andforced labour.In 2011, the majority of foreign girls and womenwho were subject to human trafficking and crimerelated to that in Sweden, belonged to minoritygroups in their homeland, often had difficulties gainingemployment or came from a home environment inwhich circumstances had been bad, involving assault,sexual abuse and social exclusion. Many peoplelacked any awareness of how Swedish society functionsor of any opportunities for seeking help andprotection from the police, social authorities andNGOs. None of the women and girls understood orspoke Swedish, and only a few had any command ofEnglish.Different experiences and studies in Sweden andinternationally show that victims of human traffickingfor sexual purposes frequently do not trust thepublic authorities and are unwilling to be interviewedby the police, or to testify against theirattackers. They may also not trust the available interpreterssince they may come from the same backgroundas the victim or come from the same location,ethnic group or country. This means that the victimmay feel uneasy about her/his personal safety, and15 “The Globalization of Crime - A Transnational Threat Assessment”,UNODC, 2010.

3. Criminal Development16because humiliating and sensitive information maybe spread in their home countries or among theircompatriots in the destination country. They mayalso fear reprisals from the perpetrators and feelashamed and guilty about discussing the serious,degrading sexual abuse they have experienced, andwhich has also often been taking place over a lengthyperiod. There are also cases in which a perpetratorinitiates a sexual relationship with the victim, whichmay create an unwillingness in the woman to reporther “partner”. The women will thus be more loyal tothe perpetrators and less inclined to act as a witnessagainst them.The women, who had been subject to human trafficking,or crimes similar to human trafficking, intoSweden in 2011, came from similar backgrounds, asin previous years. It concerned women who had beenprostituted for the first time, or women who had beenexploited in prostitution for many years. Often, thesewere women who came from a poor backgroundwithout basic education or women who came fromcountries in which the labour market is not open tothem or in which there is no functioning social securitynetwork. In these countries of origin, women’srights are often limited or completely non-existent.3.1.3 Modi operandiThe information received by the police in 2011 indicatedthat human traffickers and pimps exploitedtheir victims’ vulnerability to get them to leave theirhome environment. They offered the women attractiveearning opportunities or in some cases a feelingof affinity that the women would find hard to resistbecause of their already vulnerable situation. It wasmost common for women to travel to Sweden afterhaving entered into an agreement with the recruiterwith whom they had got in touch via newspaperadvertisements, the Internet or social media, localrecruitment agencies or frequently through personalcontacts, e.g. within the family.The majority of the women and girls discovered in2011 were aware that they would be exploited in prostitution,but were deceived as regards the actualterms, their living conditions, financial arrangements,the abuse and degree of personal freedom. Fora large proportion of these women, the abuses towhich they were exposed by male sex-purchasers andhuman traffickers had already been normalised,since they had been exploited in prostitution for varyingperiods of time in their home country and/or hadpreviously been subject to sexual abuse. During 2011,in police interviews, Romanian women told how theyhad been bought and sold between pimps and traffickersfor sums ranging between EUR 300-1500.After a purchase of this type, the man making paymenthas complete control over the woman he hasbought.The information also showed that those who werevictims of human trafficking in 2011 were oftenexpected to repay to the traffickers and pimps a sumof money borrowed for travel documents, travelexpenses and other peripheral expenses. This createda debt trap which meant the borrower would never beable to earn enough money to get free of the debt. Thehuman traffickers also usually kept all or most of theincome. The original debt increased since the womenwere expected to pay for various peripheral expensesin the destination country, such as the costs of advertisingand rent for premises, transportation, sanitaryitems, condoms, cleaning and food – a cost liabilitythat the victim may not have been aware of during therecruitment phase.The human traffickers used flights, cars, buses orferries to transport the girls and women to Sweden.They sometimes acquired false passports or passportsbelonging to other people to hide their own realidentity and that of their victims, to circumvent visarequirements or to avoid discovery if a perpetratorwas a wanted person.Once the women arrived in Sweden, they often hadto make their own way to an agreed address, usuallya flat, or else they would be taken there by the perpe-

3. Criminal Development17trators. The women were exploited for the purposesof prostitution in apartments, rented hotel rooms orin street prostitution. Sometimes pimps and traffickerswould also escort the women to the home of thesex-purchaser or to his hotel room to reduce the riskof detection and keep down the cost of premises, forexample. The women also very rarely dared to escapebecause of their indebtedness to the human traffickersand threats of violence to themselves or their relatives.3.1.4 Human trafficking from LithuaniaThe increase in Lithuanian women being sold forprostitution in Sweden in 2011 was particularlynoticeable in the Stockholm area where police identifiedfive different branches of Lithuanian human traffickingnetworks. These groups knew each other, butdid not appear to associate or cooperate. Somegroups also had offshoots in Norway, Denmark, theUK and Ireland.The Lithuanian women were aged between 20 and35 and were recruited from the same area, Siauliai, inLithuania. This area is characterised by high levels ofunemployment and poverty, especially for women.Several of the young women had dependent childrenwho had either been taken into care and placed inchildren’s homes, or who lived with grandparents.At the time of recruitment, they were promised halfthe earnings. They soon discovered that this diminishedbecause they had to pay all of the costs, both forthemselves and for the perpetrators. The perpetratorsimmediately looked after any earnings from prostitutionactivities and, if the women protested, the perpetratorsthreatened to spread rumours in their homecountry about what they were involved in. Thesewomen were sold through advertisements on theInternet but did not know how the advertisementshad been designed or what sexual services they wereexpected to perform. Furthermore, none of the womenspoke Swedish or English. This often led to misunderstandingsin their contacts with the men buyingsex. The women also said that the men often becameirritated and sometimes violent because they were notsupplied with the sexual services promised in theadvertisements. The women and the advertisementswere changed regularly but the perpetrators retainedthe same phone number to facilitate contact with themale sex-purchasers.The perpetrators booked rooms at cheap apartmenthotels for themselves and the women. Duringthe periods when the male sex-purchasers wereexploiting the women, the perpetrators would hide ona balcony or in a wardrobe. The perpetrators regularlymoved the women between different hotels to avoiddetection and occasionally also slept in their cars tosave money.In order to maximise revenue, perpetrators advertisedon several different websites simultaneously andused several different phone numbers for the samewoman. Occasionally, a number of sex-purchaserswould also be booked in for the same appointment sothat no revenue would be lost if any of them did notshow up. At times, the perpetrators also lowered pricesto retain the interest of the sex-purchasers. Duringpolice interrogation, the women told police that theyhad been subjected to repeated rapes and had alsobeen subjected to “strangle sex”.The perpetrators in charge in Sweden reported regularlyto their criminal bosses in Lithuania. Incomefrom prostitution activities was conveyed out of thecountry by the perpetrators who travelled by ferry toLithuania via Latvia, or was sent via Western Union.Some of the perpetrators also committed thefts inSweden and some could also be linked to drug crimesin Norway.While the number of convictions for sex traffickingdecreased, human trafficking from Lithuania to Swedenincreased in 2011. There may be a number of reasonsfor this. In 2003 two Lithuanian perpetratorswere each sentenced in Sweden to twelve years inprison for offences including kidnapping, aggravatedrape and aggravated procuring. The sentence was

3. Criminal Development18widely reported in Lithuania and led to the Lithuanianhuman traffickers and pimps avoiding Sweden forseveral years. The effects of this sentence have nowsubsided. This may be due to a new generation inLithuania having taken over the criminal activityaimed at Sweden. In addition, there are high levels ofunemployment in Lithuania, especially for women,and that fact is exploited by traffickers to recruitadditional victims. These activities were also facilitatedby direct ferry connections between Lithuania andSweden with limited border controls.3.1.5 Sale and purchase of sexual servicesvia the Internet in 2011According to the EU statistical office, Eurostat,three-quarters of households in the EU had access tothe Internet in 2011. That same year, the proportionof households with Internet access was 91 per cent inSweden 16 .Open borders, combined with the opportunitiesprovided by technological developments for transactionsand payment solutions via the Internet, makethings easier for criminals. The Internet is used forthe entire criminal process, from initial preparations,acquiring information, identifying and recruiting victims,advertising the victims’ services and for publishingthreats, removing evidence, etc. The crime is freedfrom both time and space constraints because perpetratorscan commit the crime at any time, anywhere.As Internet crime is inherently transnational, internationaljudicial collaboration is crucial for effectivelaw-enforcement. At the same time, collaborative initiativesare hampered because legislation within thisarea is undeveloped in many countries, or becausethe legislation is different. It is thus important for thelaw-enforcement agencies to develop the ability tocombat transnational crime with transnational lawenforcement.16 Statistics from Eurostat http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tin00088&plugin=1In 2010, the Swedish National Police Board offeredall police authorities skills development concerningInternet surveillance to enhance their knowledge ofthe preservation of evidence in investigations relatingto prostitution activities on the Internet. This led tomore police authorities conducting their own investigationsand the National Bureau of InvestigationCyber-Crime Section participating only in larger andmore complex investigations.As in other countries, sexual services in Sweden aretoday mostly sold via the Internet. In the investigationsconducted during 2011, the perpetrators publishedadvertisements on websites designed to givethe male sex-purchasers the impression that the victimsthemselves were responsible for the advertisements.In actual fact, the women usually had noknowledge of what was actually being described inthe advertisements. This applied in particular to girlsand women of Roma and Nigerian origin who werefrequently not able to read or write.In 2011, advertisements were published in whichwomen and girls were offered for purposes of prostitution,on the following websites, for example.• Adoos• Secretary Academy or Sexwork• Thumblogger• Sthlmtjejer• Best Forums• Sthlmtjejer.adultforum• Sexy Stockholm City Escorts• Cityoflove• Rosa SidanAccording to the National Bureau of Investigationand the police’s Prostitution Team in Stockholm,there has been a change regarding advertisements forforeign girls and women on the Internet. In previousyears, advertising revolved mainly around the sellingof girls and women from Estonia and Russia, while in2011 it related primarily to girls and women fromLithuania, Romania and Nigeria.

3. Criminal Development19The National Bureau of Investigation can state thattopics concerning the purchase of sex, escort servicesand other prostitution activities are absorbing tomany people. On the Secretary Academy website andon the Flashback and Hard Facts discussion forums,there are hundreds of pages with thousands of discussionthreads on these topics. Some of these threadscontain reviews, written by male sex-purchasers,about women who are being exploited for the purposesof prostitution. The reviews relate to whether thewoman fulfils the expectations of the man purchasingthe sex, her appearance, physical attributes and herwillingness to carry out the “services” promised onthe website. If the woman who has been booked is theone who actually shows up is also important informationfor the sex purchaser. Furthermore, the sex-purchasersexchange experiences such as how to avoiddetection, and about the best ways of going aboutpurchasing sexual services. The language used bythese men in their reviews is often sexualised, disparagingand offensive. The threads on the SecretaryAcademy on-line forum are also subdivided into differentregions: Sweden, other Nordic countries,Europe and Thailand.In 2011, none of these sites could be traced to aserver in Sweden. Instead, most of the websites werestored on servers abroad where these pages are notshut down. The site administrators made use of servicesthat analyse visitor traffic to a website to findout where users are located geographically in order tobe able to tailor the advertisements to the appropriaterecipient group and part of the country.The information from 2011 showed that sex-purchaserswere able to book women and girls via advertisementson the Internet, to be brought into Sweden,by phoning or texting a call centre based abroad. Thewebsites also displayed rates relating to the costs ofpurchasing sex. Travel and hotel bookings werearranged by the call centre, which also arranged forthe women to be sent to Sweden or to another country,depending on the wishes of the sex-purchaser.Information about the time and place of agreed sexpurchases was given to the victims and sex-purchasersvia phone calls, emails and text messages.Many of the women who were being sold for prostitutionthrough web-based escort businesses to malesex-purchasers in Sweden in 2011 were also being soldin other countries such as Finland, Denmark andNorway. The women were advertised for sale for afew weeks before their planned arrival in Sweden.Some advertisements contained Swedish mobilenumbers that were activated once the women hadarrived in Sweden. On the websites, men purchasingsex were able to book a woman to go to their home/hotel room (known as an out-call) or to book timewith the woman in an apartment brothel or in a hotelroom (known as an in-call).In 2011, the police Prostitution Team in Stockholmestablished that the sex-purchasers seemed to preferto use “out-calls” to a greater extent than before. Onereason for this is believed to be that the sex-purchasersconsider that the risk of detection will be less ifthey order a woman to come to their home instead ofexploiting her in a hotel room.In most of the cases reviewed by the NationalBureau of Investigation and the Stockholm PoliceProstitution Team in 2011, there were suspicions thatthe sales were being arranged by organised crimegroups or networks. Certain websites contained picturesof a large number of women who had been photographedin the same environment and/or werelinked to email addresses with similar names orthemes, or to the same mobile phone number. Theadvertisements were also published on differentwebsites but at around the same date.In 2011 the National Bureau of Investigation andEuropol reported an increase in Internet-basedadvertisements on certain large websites, allegedlybelonging to transsexual men from Brazil. Thead vertisements were aimed at male sex-purchasersin Sweden among other countries.

3. Criminal Development203.1.6 Purchase of sexual servicesThe Act (1998:408) concerning the prohibition of thepurchase of sexual services came into force on 1 January1999. The legislation was implemented, accordingto the Women’s Safety Bill, to prevent and combata serious social problem that “leads to serious harmfor both the individual and society” and to highlightto other countries what the Swedish approach is toprostitution. The purpose of the legislation was tomake it easier for the police to intervene against existingprostitution businesses and to prevent the establishmentof foreign criminal networks in Sweden, butalso to discourage people from purchasing sexual services,thereby implying a reduction in the number ofpeople involved in prostitution. 17This clause means that there is a ban on procuringa casual sexual service in return for payment. In conjunctionwith the sexual crimes reform in 2005, theSex Purchase Act was repealed and replaced by a newpenalty clause – Purchase of Sexual Services – Chapter6 (Sex Crimes). § 11 of the Penal Code. This clausemeans that there is a ban on procuring a casual sexualservice in return for payment. The penalty tariffwas originally a fine or imprisonment not exceedingsix months, but on 1 July 2011 the maximum penaltywas made more severe and became imprisonment forone year. The aim of making the penalties moresevere was to create scope for a more nuanced assessmentof the penalty tariff in serious cases of purchasingsexual services. 18Apart from persons procuring casual sexual relationsin return for payment, the clause also covers anyonetaking advantage of casual sexual relations thatsomeone else has paid for. The attempted purchase ofsexual services is included in this ban. The term sexualrelations is primarily used to mean intercourse butother sexual acts are also covered by the ban.17 Women’s Safety, Bill 1997/98:55.18 Swedish Government Bill 2010/11:77 Stricter penalty for thepurchase of sexual services.In April 2008, the Swedish government passed a resolutionconcerning a directive for an enquiry into theapplication of the ban on the purchase of sexual servicesand its effects. Anna Skarhed, then Justice ofthe Supreme Court, was appointed special investigator.The purpose of that enquiry was to investigatehow the clause was working in practice and whatimpact the ban had had on the incidence of prostitutionand human trafficking for sexual purposes inSweden. The starting point for the enquiry was thatthe purchase of sexual services would continue to becriminalised. 19In July 2010, Chancellor of Justice Anna Skarhedsubmitted the enquiry’s report to the government. 20The enquiry established that neither street, indoor oron-line prostitution in Sweden had increased sincethe introduction, unlike the situation in comparablecountries such as Denmark and Norway. Just as theSwedish National Police Board stated in previous situationreports, the enquiry underlined the fact thatthe ban on the purchase of sexual services acts as abarrier to the establishment of organised criminalnetworks involved in such crimes in Sweden. Theenquiry also confirmed that the ban has a deterrenteffect on sex-purchasers, and that the ban has strongsupport in Sweden. The enquiry finally concludedthat criminalisation had not adversely affected thepersons being exploited in prostitution. Thus, theenquiry indicated that the ban on the purchase of sexualservices has had the intended effect and that it isan important instrument in preventing and combatingprostitution and human trafficking for sexualpurposes.19 Dir 2008:44 Evaluation of the ban on the purchase of sexualservices.20 Ban on the purchase of sexual services An evaluation 1999-2008 (SOU 2010:49).

3. Criminal Development21During the period 2008-2011, there have been 2581reports of purchases of sexual services. 21 The majorityof these reports were received by the police authoritiesin the counties of Stockholm, Västra Götalandand Skåne. The reports concerned men with Swedishor foreign backgrounds who purchased sexual servicesfrom women and men. The majority of the victimswere women aged 18-25 years, who often found themselvesin a very vulnerable situation. The policeauthorities in metropolitan counties collaborate withthe social services’ prostitution teams in all casesinvolving prostitution and human trafficking for sexualpurposes. All victims are offered support sessionswith specially trained staff from the social services’prostitution teams and are also informed about howto get in touch with the police if they should run intodifficulties. In addition, the persons reported for purchasingsexual services were given the opportunity tomake contact with local KAST-groups for purchasersof sexual services. 22 When a person can justifiably besuspected of crimes that can lead to imprisonment,the police have the opportunity to take DNA samplesthrough DNA cheek-swab tests 23 . The results of theseswab tests may in some cases be used in future criminalinvestigations, such as in the case of suspected sexcrimes.During the period 2008-2011, 1200 people wereprosecuted for the purchase of sexual services. Thegreat majority of people reported for purchasing sexualservices admit the crimes and therefore have toaccept an order of summary punishment. 24 To date,no one has been sentenced to imprisonment, but severalpeople who purchased sexual services have beengiven suspended sentences, often in conjunction withcases of human trafficking or procuring.YearPurchase of sexualservices – reportsPurchase of sexual services– prosecutions/rulings2008 187 69/192009 352 107/202010 1277 336/642011 765 450/135Statistics – National Crime Prevention Council (BRÅ) 2012When the ban on the purchase of sexual services cameinto force in 1999, there was speculation that the policeauthorities would face difficulties in applying the legislation.That has not been the case. The enquiry concerningthe effects of the law on the purchase of sexualservices showed that police and prosecutors nowbelieve that its application is working well, but that itseffectiveness depends on access to resources and thepriorities that are set within the judicial system.3.2 Human trafficking for other purposesThe clause on human trafficking in the Swedish PenalCode 25 can also be applied in situations in which thevictim is exploited for active military service, for theremoval of organs, for forced labour or some otheractivity in a situation which causes distress to the victim26 . A Gothenburg District Court judgement states21 The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention statistics.Purchase of sexual services, 1 January 2008-31 December2011.22 KAST (Köpare Av Sexuella Tjänster [Eng: Purchasers of sexualservices]) groups are located in Stockholm, Gothenburgand Malmö. These groups motivate potential and active sexpurchasers to take responsibility and change their behaviour.23 Chapter 28, §§ 12 a and b, Swedish Code of Judicial Procedure(RB).24 An order of summary punishment has the same effect as a sentenceand is entered on the criminal record. The difference isthat the prosecutor does not bring a case, nor is there any trial.(Swedish Prosecution Authority, 2012).25 Chapter 4 § 1 a of the Penal Code.26 The term “distress” is used here to refer to the fact that the victimis prevented from freely making decisions about his or herown actions or finds him- or herself in a really serious predicamentwhich is not coincidental or transient. Swedish GovernmentBill 2009/10:152 Förstärkt straffrättsligt skydd mot människohandel[Enhanced protection in criminal law againsthuman trafficking], page 21

3. Criminal Development22that “situations that entail distress as indicated by thepenalty clause concerning human trafficking arewhen a person is induced to work under particularlydifficult conditions at a very low wage. Anotherexample is when a person is induced to beg or steal. 27 ”In 2011 one person was convicted for human traffickingfor purposes other than sexual. That case concerneda man from Bulgaria who transported a12-year-old Bulgarian girl to Sweden to commit theftsin Sweden and in other countries in Europe. In somecases of other types of human trafficking, the proceedingsare dismissed because of a lack of evidenceshowing that the suspects, as early as at the time ofrecruitment, intended to mislead the victims or thatno exploitation could be proven. (See Annex 3).The police authorities’ reports to the SwedishNational Police Board during the year indicate thatthe number of reports, preliminary investigations initiatedand cases brought concerning other humantrafficking increased more than those concerninghuman trafficking for sexual purposes.In 2011 the police drew up 35 reports on humantrafficking for sexual purposes and 63 reports concerninghuman trafficking for purposes other thansexual. These purposes generally concerned situationsin which people had been brought to Sweden bycriminal gangs from other countries to be exploitedfor begging, for forced labour or for complicity incriminal activities such as organised theft. In 2010 thepolice drew up 32 reports on human trafficking forsexual purposes and 52 reports concerning humantrafficking for purposes other than sexual.3.2.1 Forced labour or situations that involve distressWithin several sectors in the Swedish labour market,foreign labour is being used to an increasing extent.Workers from countries outside the EU require awork permit and these people are often recruited with27 Gothenburg District Court Dept. 4, 30.01.2012, Case no.15416-11, p.23.the help of foreign manpower agencies. For workersfrom other EU countries, no such permit is required.Concurrent with increases in the foreign workforceon the Swedish labour market there has also been anincrease in the information provided to the policeconcerning factors such as poor working conditions,unreasonable terms of employment and wages, difficultiesin getting paid for work done, but also concerninghuman trafficking for forced labour.The concept of workforce exploitation is understoodto mean a situation that may involve hardlabour, long hours and low wages. Under Article 2 ofILO Convention No. 29, forced labour is defined as 28 :a) any work or serviceb) that is demanded from a person under threat ofsome kind of punishmentc) and to the performance of which the person concernedhas not willingly agreed.Human trafficking for the purposes of forced labourcan be difficult to prove because the people beingexploited do not always see themselves as victims –even in cases where the police and prosecutors suspectthese crimes have taken place. The victims areparticularly vulnerable when they are in a foreigncountry with a foreign culture and if they do not havea command of the language. However, it can be difficultto determine the extent to which a person mayhave been exploited and whether the exploitation isserious enough to be considered criminal under thetrafficking legislation. In addition, victims are usuallyable to move about freely but are deprived of theirliberty in more subtle ways, for example by threats ofreprisals or by being deprived of their passports orbeing indebted to the perpetrators. This makes it difficultto prove the power relationship that should existbetween the perpetrator and the victim.In 2011 the police received information that foreignemployees who had been promised work within the con-28 International Labour Organisation.

3. Criminal Development23struction industry, or the cleaning, hotel and restaurantsectors, within other service occupations such as snowclearing,car-washing and catering, had been informedthat working conditions had been changed in conjunctionwith their journey to or just after arrival in Sweden.The perpetrators thereby intentionally subjected theemployees, the injured-parties, to a situation in whichthey were forced to accept a significant deterioration inworking conditions or completely lose the opportunityto get work and an income. These cases were difficult toinvestigate since it was not clear whether it was a matterof human trafficking for forced labour, or whether theyshould be viewed as fraud or breach of contract. In caseswhere there were suspicions of human trafficking, thealleged perpetrators and the injured parties came fromChina, Hungary, Romania, Belarus and Latvia. Peoplefrom outside the EU, working illegally in Sweden forrogue Swedish employers, are under great pressure sincethe illegal stay could be disclosed to authorities if theemployees were to protest about poor conditions. (Formore information, see Section 3.2.3 on foreign berrypickers in Sweden p. 23).A case of special interestIn 2011, a preliminary investigation was initiated atthe police authority in Västmanland into human traffickingfor sexual purposes and fraud. The preliminaryinvestigation led to three brothers (resident inSweden but originally from Slovakia) being arrestedby the police. The suspicions of human traffickingconcerned the exploitation of two Slovak women forsexual purposes or that they had been put into a stateof distress. The distress was, according to the prosecutor,that the perpetrators provided the women witha Swedish personal identity number in order toexploit them for financial crimes. The perpetratorscommitted credit frauds in the victims’ names andintended also to use their identities in order to be ableto enjoy social security benefits for themselves andtheir children. In this case one perpetrator was sentencedto jail for six months for fraud.The proceedings concerning human traffickingagainst the three brothers were dismissed because theCourt found that there was insufficient evidence ofthere having been any exploitation of the victims 29 .3.2.2 Human trafficking for begging and criminalactivitiesAs with human trafficking for sexual purposes, it canbe difficult to assess the extent of human traffickingfor other purposes to, through and within Sweden.In 2011, information concerning suspected humantrafficking for other purposes in which people wereforced to come to Sweden by itinerant criminal gangsfrom other countries to commit crimes, primarilyconcerns victims and perpetrators from Central andEastern Europe (Romania, Bulgaria, the BalticStates, Poland and Slovakia). These groups movedthroughout the country and cases of organised beggingoccurred mostly in and around urban areas andalong main roads.The foreign criminal gangs responsible are wellorganised and systematic in carrying out their crimes,particularly as regards crimes of theft and fraud.Crime in 2011 was usually of a serial nature andinvolved several countries 30 . In order not to get caught,the perpetrators would convey victims across countyand country borders, and also often changed the vehiclesand people in the gangs. Information confirmedthat the number of individuals within these gangs,often minors, had been forced to commit crimes andthey could thus be victims of human trafficking.These gangs frequently consist of family constellationswith complex loyalties between perpetrator andvictim. The victims, who in some cases did not seethemselves as victims, thus rarely reported themselvesto have been victims of human trafficking.29 Västmanland District Court 25.08. 2011, Case no B 406-11.30 Crimes of a serial nature, such as housebreaking, shoplifting,theft and skimming. The crimes are often committed by organisedcriminal networks that move rapidly within a country andare often transnational.

3. Criminal Development24Several of the victims were also minors and weredirectly dependent on the perpetrators. Others lackedconfidence in the law-enforcement agencies, or wereafraid of reprisals. The family members occasionallyalso had several different ID documents with multipleidentities that made it difficult to identify the victims.The groups responsible developed a deliberatestrategy, including forcing the victims to commitcrimes with low punishment tariffs that are not a priorityfor the police. This made it more difficult todetect serial crime. The national volume and serialcrime initiative that was initiated in September 2011means enhanced opportunities for identifying andcombating suspected human trafficking, providing inturn increased opportunities for using secret meansof coercion in combating serial crimes.The background to this initiative is a growing problemof criminal gangs that move rapidly through thecountry, and often specialise in specific types ofcrime. Since many crimes are committed in severalcounties, the police authorities need to develop theability to share information rapidly, coordinate casesand conduct joint operations. This investment willstrengthen the police’s ability to prosecute these gangsand enable rapid responses in areas where crime is onthe increase. The agreement, which includes theSwedish National Police Board, the National Bureauof Investigation and the police authorities, is a prerequisiteif the police are to be more successful in theirfight against serial crime throughout the country 31 .The agreement is made up of five parts:1. Strategic and operational consensus and nationalstatus report2. A national reinforcement resource3. Special action against serial crime4. Coordination of cases5. Enhanced opportunities for exchanging informationwithin the police31 National Bureau of Investigation, doc ref: RKP A-400-68/11.An important element of this initiative is the nationalvolume and serial crime force that is intended torespond rapidly in areas where crime is on theincrease. The force’s 136 police officers are split into14 groups on patrol and four surveillance teams.Where and when the force is sent in is decided by theNational Operational Management Team (NOLG). Itis led by the Head of the National Bureau of Investigationand is made up representatives from the policeservice’s areas of collaboration, the Swedish NationalPolice Board and the Swedish Prosecution Authority.The team’s main task is to decide, using a joint statusreport, where and when the national volume and serialcrime force should be deployed.3.2.3 Exploitation of foreign berry-pickers inSwedenIn Sweden, seasonal commercial berry picking iscarried out largely by temporary foreign workersduring the summer and early autumn months. Theberries are sold to the food and pharmaceuticalindustries in Sweden and abroad. In recent years collaborationbetween the different players within theindustry has increased, leading to a higher level ofspecialisation and a marked division of rolesbetween those players. Certain players function aspurchasers on site in the forests and are in direct contactwith the berry pickers, while others act as wholesalers,and are responsible for selling on to Swedishand foreign customers.In 2011, the police received information aboutirregularities and suspected trafficking in relation toberry pickers from Bulgaria. The conditionsdescribed were similar to those also reported andinvestigated in 2010 and the suspects belonged to thesame criminal gang that was suspected then too. Inconnection with the investigation in 2011, it was discoveredthat the suspects in the 2010 case were againon site in Sweden and were involved in a similar operation.This led to the Swedish Prosecution Authoritydeciding to reopen the old case.

3. Criminal Development25The investigation showed that the employees were, forexample, promised terms and earnings opportunitiesthat were not fulfilled on their arrival in Sweden or atthe end of the contract. Employees spoke of missingwages payments, poor accommodation standards,but also of an acute lack of food and water. In addition,certain employers exercised or threatened violencewhen the berry pickers refused to hand overpassport documents, telephones and other possessions.Certain employers also threatened berry pickerswith being forced to carry out thefts (men) orbeing exploited in prostitution (women) unless theypicked sufficient quantities of berries. Occasionally alarge number of berry pickers also came to Swedenon their own initiative or were deceived by some marketingperson in their home country. The marketingperson then charged a fee for helping the berry pickersget to Sweden where they were subsequently leftwithout financial means and without knowing thelanguage.Many berry pickers went into debt in their homecountry in order to be able to pay for their journey toSweden. This made them particularly vulnerable tothe perpetrators’ threats and exploitation. The victimshad no knowledge of Swedish conditions or ofthe Swedish language, which meant that they wereunable to assess the risks of travelling to and workingin Sweden. Many berry pickers did not earn a sufficientamount to cover their travel and accommodationcosts, despite there being a relatively good supplyof berries and long working days, which meant theythen ran into debt.In order to prevent foreign workers being exploitedunfairly in the future, through unreasonable workingconditions, unpaid wages, being subjected to threatsand slavery-like conditions, during spring 2011, theSwedish National Police Board initiated a collaborativeventure with the Swedish Migration Board,Swedish Tax Agency and Swedish Work EnvironmentAuthority. The collaborative process ended upwith the Swedish Migration Board producing guidelines,ahead of the berry picking season, for companiesthat offered employment to berry pickers fromthird-party countries.The guidelines involve the employers having todemonstrate, for example:• Documentation on previously paid wages for companiesthat had formerly employed berry pickers.• A report on how the company plans to pay themonthly wage offered (gross wage and any socialsecurity contributions) even when the berry supplyis poor and/or in the event that the employee is unableto pick berries equivalent to the monthly salaryoffered.The employer can do this, for example, by demonstratingthat there is/are:• cash in the bank or equivalent• overdrafts• bank guarantees or a legally binding commitmentfrom other funding sources• security from the guarantor who is able to showthat assets exist. In support of this, for example,balance sheets and income statements can be submitted.In addition, employers must show:• That the arrangements have been made to organisethe work and guide the berry pickers in carryingout their work in the manner customary within theindustry. In practice, the work should also beorganised in a way that is in accordance with industrypractices with regard to transportation, foodand accommodation, for example.• An account of all costs that are to be borne by theberry picker.• Documented and proven conveyance to the berrypicker of information on the nature of the work, theterms of employment offered, the Right of PublicAccess (Swe: Allemansrätten) and current roadsafety rules in Sweden. Information about theemployment offered, in addition to salary, periodof notice, insurance protection, and it must beissued in a language the employee can understand.

3. Criminal Development26Finally, foreign companies conducting business mustalso register a branch office in Sweden in accordancewith the Act (1992:160) concerning foreign branchoffices etc. 32 .With the new guidelines, the public authoritieswanted to show that the employee’s right to reasonableconditions will take priority over any objectionsfrom the berry industry. In addition, they put theauthorities and unions in a better position to act onthe basis of their respective areas of responsibility.The Swedish Tax Agency was given improved conditionsfor inspecting the companies and the unionswere given a physical partner for dialogue in Sweden.The stricter guidelines improved the situation in2011 for berry pickers from outside the EU by makingit harder for rogue operators to exploit them. In 2011the Swedish Migration Board granted 2,673 applicationsfor work permits for berry picking, as comparedto almost 4,500 in 2010. The majority of the applicationsconcerned people from Thailand, but also citizensof Bangladesh and Vietnam. As a result of themore stringent guidelines, the police only drew up afew reports concerning crimes against berry pickersfrom countries outside the EU in 2011, a significantimprovement on 2010. Despite the measures taken,however, it turned out that citizens from EU countries,who were recruited to pick berries, remained atrisk of abuse and exploitation in an unfair manner.This is because rogue operators recruit labour fromparticularly vulnerable groups such as certain ethnicminorities, people who can neither read nor write,and who do not need a work permit to pick berries inSweden.Two cases of particular interest in 2011In the Hudiksvall District Court, a Bulgarian couple,a man and a woman, were acquitted of human traffickingand sentenced instead for assault and molesta-32 The Swedish Migration Board, business area visits, residenceand citizenship, VCI 2/2011.tion, among other offences. According to the indictment,jointly and in agreement, the couple had misled,recruited under coercion, transported and accommodatedthree men from Bulgaria. The prosecutor alsoasserted that the couple had not made any payment tothe injured-parties for any work performed and thatthey had confiscated the injured-parties’ passports.The couple had also misled the victims with promisesof high wages for picking berries as well as freetravel, food and accommodation. However, thedefendants did not pay any wages and also assaultedone berry picker, for example, because he “ate toomuch”. The case came to the attention of the policebecause the victims escaped and contacted the localpolice authority and the Bulgarian Embassy.The District Court stated that the evidence wasinsufficient for a prosecution for human traffickingsince the prosecutor was unable to prove that the couplehad intended to cheat the berry pickers out oftheir wages even while still in Bulgaria. The man wastherefore convicted only of attempted assault, molestationand arbitrary conduct, and sentenced toimprisonment for three months, among other thingsfor having dragged one of the berry pickers behind acar. The woman was convicted of assault and arbitraryconduct, and sentenced to prison for threemonths, for having thrown an empty berry box at oneof the berry pickers, for example 33 .Another Bulgarian couple were remanded in custodyin autumn 2011 by Hudiksvall District Court onsuspicion of human trafficking. The pair werebelieved to have forced seven people from Bulgaria totravel to Bollnäs to pick berries in 2010. Several of thevictims went to the police and told them that they hadbeen beaten and forced to commit crimes if they didnot pick enough berries. The female victims had alsobeen threatened that they would be exploited in prostitution.The investigation was made more complexbecause the victims returned to Bulgaria, but it33 Hudiksvall District Court 31.10.2011, Case no. 1834-11.

3. Criminal Development27resumed in 2011. In June 2012, two perpetrators wereeach sentenced by Hudiksvall District Court to tenmonths in prison, plus a ten-year exclusion order forhuman trafficking for forced labour purposes 34 .3.2.4 Exploitation of people for tarmac and pavingworkAs part of the national initiative to combat volumeand serial crimes, the police authority in the county ofÖstergötland was given responsibility for coordinatingpolice actions against gangs of rogue tarmac andpaving layers from Great Britain and Ireland 35 . Sincelast year, the police have been able to establish that, incertain cases, it was possible to relate suspectedhuman trafficking, kidnapping, arson, assaults andunlawful threats etc to these groups. Police also begancollaborating with the Swedish Tax Agency, SwedishCustoms, the Swedish Prosecution Authority, theLarmtjänst service (set up to combat organised crimeon behalf of the Swedish insurance industry) and theSwedish Migration Board because of the special initiative.A methodology manual was updated and madeavailable on the police intranet for all police authorities,to ensure that the police authorities could workin a consistent manner to combat this type of crime.The gangs travelled between different locations andcountries during the spring and summer months tocarry out tarmac and paving work, and lived in caravansat camp sites or larger car parks. They offeredtheir services to private individuals, often home owners,in the local area by handing out leaflets withinformation about their activities. These companiesare usually not legitimate and only a few are registeredon the companies’ register. Neither the perpetratorsnor the private individuals who hired the companiespaid any duty, VAT or tax.34 Hudiksvall District Court 15.06.2012, Case no. 2220-11.35 For more information about the exploitation of personsthrough tarmac and paving work, see the Swedish NationalPolice Board’s tenth situation report on Trafficking in HumanBeings for Sexual and Other Purposes, 2007-2008.Private individuals engaging such companies may becommitting a criminal offence and the demand forservices from people who are victims of traffickingshould be combated in compliance with internationallaw 36 . In Sweden, a person purchasing/engaging thevictim’s services risks being held responsible for usuryin compliance with Chap. 9 § 5 Para 1 of the PenalCode and breaches of the provisions of the Act onTax Offences (1971:69). According to the provision onusury, anyone who, by means of a contract or someother legal document, takes advantage of someone’sdistress, foolishness, ignorance or dependency inorder to derive benefit, which is obviously disproportionateto the remuneration or for which no paymentis to be made, will be punished.Chap. 20 § 5 of Sweden’s Aliens’ Act should alsoapply in certain cases if someone intentionally or negligentlyemploys a foreigner although the alien inquestion does not have a prescribed work permit.Chap. 3 § 10 of the Penal Code in cases where someoneintentionally or negligently is in breach of therequirements of the Work Environment Act, to preventillness or accident, thereby causing the death ofanother person, physical injury or illness.36 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Traffickingin Human Beings (2005:8, ratified 31 May 2010), Article19: Criminalisation of the use of the services of a victim ofcrime.

3. Criminal Development283.2.5 Human trafficking for other purposes: Situationsthat involve distressThe EU law-enforcement agency, Europol, has inrecent years reported on human trafficking in orderto defraud the welfare system, especially relating tothe UK. The main people responsible for these crimeswere criminal gangs dominated by people from EasternEuropean countries like Romania and Bulgaria.The perpetrators recruited and transported the victimsbetween countries within the EU. The victimswere registered in the destination countries so thatthey could apply for income support through thenational welfare system. The payments were confiscatedby the perpetrators.Individual pieces of intelligence and preliminaryinvestigations led to suspicions that such activitieswere also taking place in Sweden. In 2011, theNational Bureau of Investigation, together with theSwedish Tax Agency, the Swedish Social InsuranceAgency, the Swedish Enforcement Agency and theSwedish Migration Board investigated incidences ofthis form of human trafficking in Sweden. Theinvestigation confirmed that people had beenrecruited and transported to Sweden after havingreceived false offers of employment. On arrivalthese people were registered and supplied withSwedish personal identity numbers. The perpetratorsused these to acquire credit cards, which werethen used to purchase mobile phones on contracts,and computers in retail stores, but also for makingpurchases by mail order and for obtaining creditfrom financial institutions. The victims were liablefor paying these debts.In 2010, the Swedish Tax Agency changed its registrationprocedures. This led to people who were usingfalse documents when applying to be entered on theregister in Sweden being detected and the applicationbeing rejected. The National Bureau of Investigationwas able to establish that the Swedish Tax Agency’samended procedures had sharply reduced the incidenceof this form of suspected trafficking. In 2011, asimilar modus operandi was used in a human traffickingcase investigated by the police authority inVästmanland. The district court dismissed the prosecutionconcerning trafficking, however, because thedistrict court did not find any proof that any exploitationhad taken place 37 .3.3 Child trafficking for sexual and otherpurposesSince the legislation was introduced in 2002, all of thechild victims of human trafficking for sexual purposesin Sweden have been, with few exceptions, girlsaged 16-17 years.Human traffickers sometimes contact parents whoare living in poverty in countries such as Romaniaand Bulgaria, either to buy or hire their sons anddaughters with the purpose of exploiting them forpurposes of theft or begging, or to exploit them sexuallyin prostitution. These girls and boys, who areoften aged 10-14, are not allowed to attend school butare instead trained at an early stage by the traffickerto steal from shops or to pick pockets. The humantraffickers exploit the children’s young age whichmeans they escape punishment and a criminalrecord.3.3.1 Human trafficking for sexual purposesIn the preliminary investigations carried out in Swedenduring 2011 into human trafficking for sexualpurposes and related crimes such as procuring/aggravatedprocuring, none of the victims were below theage of twelve; the youngest girl was aged 14 and theoldest woman 41.A case of particular interestA man and his wife, both from Serbia, were chargedin December 2011 in the Gothenburg District Courtfor human trafficking for sexual purposes, and for37 Västmanland District Court 25.08.2011, Case no B 406-11.

3. Criminal Development29subjecting a person to a state of distress after havingrecruited a 14-year-old girl from Serbia to Sweden.The intention was for the girl, according to the prosecutor,to be exploited sexually by the couple’s 25-yearoldson, and exposed to a state of distress through anenforced relationship with the son. The woman wasalso charged with assault, unlawful threats, rape orcomplicity in rape or sexual coercion. The son wascharged with child rape or the sexual exploitation ofchildren and for rape or sexual coercion.The prosecution was based primarily on informationconveyed by the girl during police interviews.During the trial, the girl changed her statement. Thecourt could not determine which of the girl’s pieces ofinformation were correct, and whether the girl hadchanged her story because she had been subjected tothreats of reprisals. The prosecution concerninghuman trafficking was dismissed, among otherthings, because the reason for bringing the girl toSweden could not be proven 38 . Other charges werealso dismissed. The sentence, which was appealedagainst, was confirmed by the Court of Appeal inSeptember 2012 39 . An appeal against the Court ofAppeal’s sentence has been submitted to the SupremeCourt.3.3.2 The purchase of a sexual act from a childIn conjunction with new sexual offences legislationcoming into force on 1 April 2005, the ban on the purchaseof sexual acts from children under the age of 18was made stricter and extended 40 . The aim was thatthe ban should also cover situations in which a personexploits, for example, a child’s lack of maturity to lureand exploit him or her to accept payment for a sexualpurpose. Just as in the case of the purchase of a sexualservice, this also covers cases in which a person38 Gothenburg District Court 30.01.2012, Case no B 15416-11.39 The Court of Appeal for Western Sweden 14.09.2012, Case noB 1689-1240 “New sexual offences legislation” (Bill 2004/05: 45).exploits a child though a sexual act that someone elsepays for or has paid for. The penalty clause alsoincludes the purchase of sexual acts from childrenunder conditions other than those that constituteprostitution. A person who purchases a sexual actfrom a child under 18 may be sentenced to imprisonmentfor a maximum of two years.YearThe purchase ofa sexual act froma child – reportsThe purchase ofa sexual act from a child– prosecutions/rulings2008 46 4/32009 150 6/52010 231 9/92011 131 7/7Statistics – National Crime Prevention Council (BRÅ) 2012The crime of purchasing sexual acts from children 41can sometimes be difficult to investigate and to prove.It can often be a long time after the children havebeen exposed to abuse until a report is lodged. Theremay be several reasons for this: In many cases, theperpetrator threatens to reveal the child’s “behaviour”to parents, school and friends if the child tells ofthe abuse. Children are often in great fear of the abuserand of continuing to be exposed to sexual abuse.Sometimes children also blame themselves for theabuse that they have been subjected to. Many childrenmay have been abused previously and do nottrust the adult world to take them seriously or thatthe abuse will cease.Many offences relating to the purchase of sexualacts from children occur after the perpetrator hasmade contact with the girl or boy through on-linewebsites with the purpose of exploiting the child sexually.The perpetrator often endeavours to create a(false) sense of trust with the child, making it evenmore difficult for him or her to report the adult perpetratorfor the abuse.Most children who fall victim to the purchase of41 Chapter 6 § 9 of the Penal Code.

3. Criminal Development30sexual acts from children and where crimes areuncovered, are young teenagers. Despite this manyperpetrators still escape being sentenced for thiscrime. In many cases where perpetrators have beenprosecuted for the attempted or actual purchase ofsexual acts, they claim that they had no knowledge ofthe child’s actual age. In these situations, the courtsoften find that the accused’s objection concerning thechild’s age cannot be disproved, and convict theminstead for the purchase of sexual services, a crimewhich results in shorter sentences.The purchase of a sexual act from a child via theInternetIn 2011, because of its focus on the sexual abuse ofyoung girls and boys, the Stockholm police wereinvestigating several cases in which men contactedchildren through advertisements on the internet, andpurchased sexual acts from them or sexually exploitedchildren in other ways. Police also discovered casesin which perpetrators of sexual abuse had changedto act as pimps for young girls. In conjunction withthis initiative, the police also contacted people whoused on-line advertising to sell sexual services whenthere was a suspicion that they were minors. Thiswork was done in collaboration with social services inStockholm to ensure that the young people who hadbeen contacted through the initiative could be offeredprotection and support.3.3.3 Modus operandi: trafficking children with theintention of exploiting them to commit crimesFrom previous years, it has been known that certaincriminal gangs in countries such as Romania andBulgaria, specialise in trafficking children in order toexploit them for the purposes of theft and begging, orfor sexual exploitation through prostitution.Traffickers make contact with parents living in povertywith offers to buy or hire their children with theintention of exploiting them for the purposes of theft.These girls and boys, who are often aged 10-14, arenot allowed to attend school but are instead trainedat an early stage by the trafficker to shoplift or to pickpockets. To make detection more difficult, the perpetratorsacquire documents to show that they are actingas guardians with permission to travel abroadwith the child/children for a specific period. Often thetraffickers provide the children and themselves withseveral different identity documents, making it difficultfor police to identify and trace the crime, especiallybecause these itinerant groups move betweendifferent EU countries.The girls and boys are often taken out of their homecountries in groups resembling family units, consistingof two adults and two or three children. To makedetection more difficult, the perpetrators acquiredocuments to show that they are acting as guardianswith permission to travel abroad with the child/childrenfor a specific period. The groups travel by carbetween countries within the EU, where the childrenare exploited for begging and for committing variousproperty crimes.The police investigations conducted in 2011 showthat it was common for an adult to pretend to berelated to the child, or to be the child’s guardian to beable to fetch the child after being picked up by thepolice or social services. The children constitute animportant investment for the traffickers, who may useviolence to retrieve them from the authorities. Thechildren are socially isolated, deprived of access toeducation, and linked emotionally to the perpetrators.They are therefore extremely likely to run awaywhen they are placed in safe houses. In addition, thechildren frequently do not trust the authorities, especiallythe police, and often do not see themselves asvictims of a crime. This leads to time-consuming preliminaryinvestigations in which, until now, there hasbeen little chance of prosecuting the perpetrators.Four cases of particular interestBeginning in autumn 2010, the National Bureau ofInvestigation was collaborating with the police in the

3. Criminal Development31Hordaland police district in Norway in an extensivehuman trafficking case. The case concerned girlsaged 13-17 years, bought and sold by a number ofoffenders to be used for the purpose of committingfraud in the form of selling fake gold, committingtheft, begging, etc. The preliminary investigation alsoincluded information about forced marriages, rapes,assaults, etc. In July 2012, six people (three men andthree women) were sentenced by the Bergen DistrictCourt to imprisonment for between three and sixyears for human trafficking 42 . The perpetrators werealso convicted variously for other crimes, such asrape and complicity in rape and for forcing an underagegirl to “enter into marriage in accordance withthe traditions of the Roma people”. All of thoseinvolved, six perpetrators and four injured parties,originally came from Romania and the human traffickingcrimes were committed in Sweden, Norwayand Romania. One of the rapes was also committedin Sweden. The case was considered by the NationalBureau of Investigation to be of particular interest forraising awareness about children who are traffickedfor various purposes, and for ensuring that the perspectiveof the injured-party/child is taken into consideration.The crimes in this case were perpetrated by criminalgangs identified by Europol as one of the threegreatest threats to society in respect of human trafficking43 . The victims were children who wereexposed to several different types of crime. They werewithin an itinerant criminal gangs in which theexploitation was also a part of what might be regardedas serial crime. The case demonstrated a clearneed for increased knowledge and awareness amongSwedish authorities as regards human trafficking in42 Bergen District Court 05.07.2012, Case no 11-194827MED-BBYR/01.43 https://www.europol.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/trafficking-in-human-beings-in-the-european-union-2011.pdf.For more information on criminal human trafficking gangswithin the EU, see page 12 of this report.relation to serial crimes such as those involvingunder-age perpetrators, victims of human traffickingnevertheless.In November 2006, a Bulgarian girl, aged 12, wasarrested at a department store in Sollentuna afterhaving stolen a handbag. Since the girl was alonewhen the theft occurred, she was handed over to thesocial services. A man, who claimed to be the girl’s“uncle”, later contacted social services. He had thegirl’s passport with him and authorisation from herparents showing that they had given him permissionto take the girl to an unlimited number of countriesfor an unlimited time. The social services did nothand the girl over to the man, but requested insteadthat the legal guardian should come to fetch his daughter.Three days later, the father came from Bulgariatogether with the alleged uncle to fetch the girl. Thepolice investigation showed that the girl was suspectedof several thefts of handbags at various locationswithin Sweden and she had a recently issued passportthat had been stamped around seventy times. In thepolice interviews, the alleged uncle and the girl madestatements that failed to correspond. It was thereforesuspected that the girl was a victim of human traffickingand she was taken into care by social servicesunder the terms of the Act (1990:52) relating to theCare of Young Persons (Special Provisions). TheNational Bureau of Investigation initiated a preliminaryinvestigation into human trafficking.The girl was suspected of nine thefts of handbags indifferent food-stores in Sweden, and a further twothefts could be linked to the gang. In the summer of2007, the National Bureau of Investigation, togetherwith the Bulgarian police, tapped the phone of thegirl’s father in Bulgaria, during which it emerged thatit was the father who was organising the operation. Onthe journey through Sweden, an older daughter wasalso exploited for carrying out thefts. The perpetratorsearned up to SEK 20,000 per day and had a consciousstrategy of stealing from elderly women sincethey were less attentive and less likely to hit back.

3. Criminal Development32In summer 2007 the girl was handed over from Swedento the social services authorities in Bulgaria. Atthe start of 2009, an arrest warrant was raised for thealleged uncle, in his absence, and a description circulatedinternationally with a request for extradition toSweden. In June 2010, he was arrested in Bulgariaand was extradited to Sweden in July of that sameyear. In April 2011, he was convicted by the DistrictCourt to four years’ imprisonment and ten years’deportation for human trafficking and aggravatedtheft. In questioning at the District Court, the girlstated that the thefts were her idea, but the DistrictCourt considered this to be ruled out, bearing inmind her young age and considered the girl to havebeen used as a means of carrying out the thefts. TheCourt of Appeal confirmed the district court’s judgementwhich also included damages of SEK 50,000 forthe girl.In June 2011, three persons from Romania wereremanded in custody by the district court in Luleå,on grounds of probability, suspected of aggravatedtheft. The perpetrators specialised in the theft of goldjewellery from elderly people. There were suspicionsthat a 14-year-old Romanian girl who was travellingwith the perpetrators had been forced to committhefts on their behalf.A preliminary investigation concerning humantrafficking for other purposes was initiated into thesuspected perpetrators, in order to investigate whetherthe girl had been forced to go on the journey inorder to commit crime. Social Services took the girlinto care under the Act (1990:52) relating to the Careof Young Persons (Special Provisions) despite herparents, who had travelled from Romania, beingopposed to this. The Administrative Court ruled thatthe girl should be taken into care. The parents submittedan appeal against the judgement to theAdministrative Court of Appeal which refused theappeals. Instead the Administrative Court of Appealreferred the decision to competent authorities in thegirl’s home country by virtue of the Brussels II Regulation(Article 8.1) 44 . This article means that a Swedishcourt has no jurisdiction in matters of parentalresponsibility if it can be investigated in the countryin which the child is domiciled. The decision to takethe girl into care was cancelled in compliance withthe Administrative Court of Appeal ruling and shewas reunited with her parents. The competent courtin the girl’s home country was informed of theAdministrative Court of Appeal’s ruling by the SwedishMinistry of Foreign Affairs. The preliminaryinvestigation on human trafficking was closed inDecember 2011 since no crime could be proven.In December 2011, a 42-year-old man was prosecutedat the Solna District Court for human trafficking,attempted rape, unlawful threats and assault. Theman had smuggled a 16-year-old Romanian girlthrough Europe in a private car and then housed herin a caravan at the Solvalla camp site. The girl waskept under constant surveillance and was forced tosteal items such as food and tobacco that the manthen sold on. On at least one occasion the manattempted to force the girl to practice oral sex on himand also assaulted her.The man was sentenced to a year in prison forattempted rape but was acquitted on other counts 45 .The court dismissed the indictment for human traffickingsince the prosecutor could not prove that thereason for transporting her to Sweden and housingher there was to commit thefts. The Court of Appealconfirmed the District Court sentence 46 .3.4 Child trafficking for sexual purposesoutside Sweden’s bordersOne type of crime that ought to be given increasedattention is the sexual exploitation of children in othercountries by Swedish nationals, the so-called childsex trade. This type of crime involves a person, usual-44 Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003.45 Solna District Court 29.12. 2011, Case no B 9980-11.46 Svea Court of Appeal 02-03-2012, Case no. 756-12.

3. Criminal Development33ly a man resident in Sweden, travelling to anothercountry in order to sexually exploit a girl or boy residentin that country, in return for some form of payment.The crimes committed against children in particularare child rape, the purchase of sex acts fromchildren and child pornography crimes.Project to combat child trafficking for sexualpurposes outside SwedenDuring the period 2009-2010, the National Bureau ofInvestigation Cyber-Crime Section ran a project tocombat child trafficking for sexual purposes withinthe framework of the Government’s assignment for theSwedish National Police Board to strengthen nationalinitiatives to combat prostitution and human traffickingfor sexual purposes. 47 The purpose of this projectwas to combat more effectively the crime of traffickingchildren for sexual purposes committed by Swedesoutside Sweden’s borders, and to simplify proceduresfor tipping off the police in Sweden about these crimes.During the project period, around fifty Swedishmen resident in Sweden were identified who were suspectedof travelling abroad with the aim of committingthe sexual abuse of children. Gradually, as thegeneral public became more aware of the project, thenumber of tip-offs regarding these men increased.Work to identify and investigate these crimes continuedafter the end of the project. In 2011, a furtherthirty Swedish men were identified as suspected oftravelling abroad with the aim of committing childsexual abuse or producing child pornographyabroad. The National Bureau of Investigation wasalso investigating around a hundred tip-offs fromSwedish and foreign police authorities and from thegeneral public about these crimes.Two cases of particular interestIn 2011, a Swedish man was sentenced in KristianstadDistrict Court to imprisonment for five years for the47 Ju2008/7403/POrape of a child, conspiracy to commit child rape,aggravated child pornography, sexual exploitation ofchildren and aggravated exploitation of children forsexual posing. The Court of Appeal lengthened thesentence to imprisonment for seven years 48 . The manwas a VIP member of a well-known internationalpaedophile network that has more than 600 members.The network’s members communicated via anelectronic Internet-based bulletin board going by thename of “Dream Board” 49 .The man, aged 45, was resident in Sweden, but onone occasion visited the Philippines where, on thatoccasion, he subjected children to sexual exploitationin different hotel rooms. The man was arrested athome in Sweden after a tip-off and through policesurveillance work. The evidence at the trial consistedof the man’s own photographic and video material.The man had documented the sexual abuse of fourFilipino girls aged between three and fifteen. Thechildren could not be identified. A woman who providedthe man with children was identified but couldnot be arrested.Another case in 2011 concerned a Swedish man,aged 76, who was married to a Filipino woman, aged27. The man lived with his wife in the Philippines forsix months and in Sweden (where he was registered)for six months. In the Philippines, the man taughtyoung girls the English language. It was possible toprove that he had sexually exploited at least three ofthose girls aged between 7 and 11. All the assaultstook place in their own homes. The man also lentmoney at usurious interest rates to people in the48 The Court of Appeal for Skåne and Blekinge 28-03-2012, Caseno. B 224-1249 ”The network specialised in graphic and often violent imagesof the sexual abuse of children under the age of 12, includinginfants. It created an incentive among members to create newfiles by kicking them out of the network if they did not uploadmaterial at least once every 50 days, and by granting themgreater access to its archives if they created their own childpornography,” said Assistant Attorney General, Lanny A.Breuer (NY Times, 3 August 2011)

3. Criminal Development34Philippines who were living in poverty. He was arrestedin Sweden in July after a tip-off to police.The man was charged with the sexual exploitationof children, child pornography offences and theattempted rape of a child. Investigators from theNational Bureau of Investigation’s Cyber-Crime Sectiontravelled to the Philippines on two occasions toconduct interviews with the children, and on one furtheroccasion before recording evidence via videolink. The trial was held in the Eskilstuna DistrictCourt in December 2011 and the man was sentencedin March 2012 to imprisonment for 18 months foraggravated sexual abuse of children, the sexual abuseof children and child pornography offences 50 .European collaborative project, HavenIn 2010, Europol, carried out a survey into the way casesconcerning child trafficking for sexual purposes outsidea country’s national boundaries were dealt with inEU member countries. The authority found that manycountries had neither established procedures nor allocatedresources for dealing with these cases.In order to improve member states’ investigationsinto this type of crime, increase the number of prosecutionsand improve collaboration, the EuropolChild Exploitation Group implemented a Europeancollaborative project called “Haven”. The first stepwas a joint day of action at some of Europe’s majorairports, in Sweden, the UK, the Netherlands andGermany in March 2011.The aim of this day of action was to:• detect and prevent European citizens from committingsexual abuse of children throughout the world.• detect sexual offences against children abroad, initiatepreliminary investigations and prosecute suspects.• detect people who are carrying child pornographymaterials.50 Eskilstuna District Court 29.03. 2012, Case no B 1875-11.• raise awareness among the general public about theexistence of the phenomenon and that a team withinthe police authorities is working on the problem.• expand and improve collaboration between policeand customs authorities to make further jointactions of a similar nature possible.• gather knowledge about how and where “child sextourists” are travelling, to optimise working methods.In Sweden, the day of action was carried out atArlanda Airport in a collaborative operation involvingthe National Bureau of Investigation, the StockholmCounty Police Authority and Swedish Customs.The operations team inspected five flight arrivals, onefrom Turkey and four from Thailand and checked1,623 passengers. IT forensic scientists examinedtechnological equipment consisting of eight harddisks, four digital cameras, two mobile phones, a videocamera, nine USB sticks, six DVDs and a videotape, belonging to 28 passengers, but did not find anycriminal material.Swedish Prosecution Authority Review ProjectIn December 2011, the Swedish Prosecution Authority,Development Centre Gothenburg, published areview report on child sex tourism 51 . The review wascarried out in response to the criticisms levelled at theSwedish Prosecution Authority for failures in handlingso-called child sex tourism cases.The Swedish Prosecution Authority reviewed thirteencases on which police reports had been drawn upbetween 2008 and 2010, and additional reports madein 2011. The Authority established that three preliminaryinvestigations had been closed because of evidenceproblems while the rest are still ongoing. At thetime the report was compiled in July 2011 not one preliminaryinvestigation had led to legal proceedings.51 Child sex tourism - a review project. Available at: http://www.aklagare.se. Under the Documents tab, and under the heading“2011 - Review of child sex tourism.”

3. Criminal Development35However, two people had been arrested in Sweden forthe sexual abuse of children committed abroad. Thereview showed that the prosecutors tried to make useof all of the possibilities that existed for investigatingsuspected crimes, which did produce results in somecases.Using the report as a basis, the Swedish ProsecutionAuthority decided in 2012 to prepare concisemethodological support to facilitate the handling ofthese cases. Methodological support was expected tobe an easily-accessible complement to the manualLegal Assistance in Criminal Matters 52 and the manualHandling Matters Relating to Child Abuse 53 .52 Published by the Swedish Prosecution Authority Legal Department.53 Published by the Swedish Prosecution Authority DevelopmentCentre in Gothenburg.

4. Other National Bureau of Investigation initiatives against human trafficking364. Other National Bureauof Investigation initiativesagainst human traffickingThe National Bureau of Investigation is leading Sweden’sfight against serious organised crime, nationallyand internationally. The overall objective of theNational Bureau of Investigation’s task is to combatthe opportunities that criminal networks have tobecome established and to operate in Sweden. Theauthority is also to establish international collaborativelinks and participate in emergency preparedness.The National Bureau of Investigation constitutes theSwedish police’s national point of contact in internationalcases and collaborates closely with bodies suchas Interpol and Europol.Intelligence SectionBy processing and analysing information, theNational Bureau of Investigation’s Intelligence Sectionhas acquired a good overview of the aggravatedorganised crime in Sweden. The Intelligence Sectioncommunicates this overview by means of strategicreports and high quality operational intelligence. Theintelligence work is expected to prevent and combatorganised crime or, in specific cases, to lead to the initiationof preliminary investigations concerningongoing serious crimes.The intelligence section is responsible for the strategicand operational criminal intelligence service atnational level, for example in targeting human trafficking.The intelligence section assists, arranges andcoordinates international cases and intelligenceassignments that affect several authorities or countries.The work is carried out in collaboration withthe police authorities’ criminal intelligence services,other crime-fighting authorities and through internationalpolice collaboration.Investigation SectionAt the National Bureau of Investigation there is alsoan Investigation Section, tasked with investigatingserious crimes such as human trafficking, and providingassistance to the local police authorities, whenrequired. This section also handles cases involvingrequests for legal aid from other countries.In 2011 the National Bureau of Investigation playedan active part in the cases described in that year’s situationreport and was also responsible for certain majorinternational human trafficking cases. See below:Collaboration with NorwayBeginning in autumn 2010, the National Bureau ofInvestigation collaborated with the police in theHordaland police district in Norway on an extensivehuman trafficking case. (For more information, seeunder Four cases of particular interest, p.29).Cooperation with the UKIn 2010, the National Bureau of Investigation assistedthe police authority in Skåne with a preliminaryinvestigation concerning suspected human traffickingfor forced labour, in which the victims wereexploited for purposes such as carrying out tarmacand paving work for private individuals in differentparts of Sweden. In this case, the National Bureau ofInvestigation also collaborated with police in the UKsince the itinerant suspects belonged to the same familyresident in that country. The investigation led tolegal proceedings in the District Court in Malmöbeing brought against two people in 2010 on chargesincluding human trafficking. The court dismissed theprosecution.

4. Other National Bureau of Investigation initiatives against human trafficking37The collaborative work between the National Bureauof Investigation and the police authorities in the UKcontinued during 2011. In September 2011, the Britishpolice made a major raid on a camp in Bedfordshirewhich led to seven people from one family beingdetained. About twenty people were taken into thecare of social services as victims of human traffickingfor forced labour purposes. The investigation showedthat the victims were vulnerable men who were withoutfamily, work and home, and/or victims who wereintellectually impaired. S ome of the victims mayhave worked for the family for more than 15 years.The living environment, food supply and sanitaryconditions for the workers in the camp were substandard.In July 2012, four perpetrators were sentencedby Luton Crown Court for offences includinghuman trafficking for forced labour purposes 54 .Collaboration with BelgiumDuring the period 2008 to 2011, in conjunction withan investigation into suspected procuring and humantrafficking in Belgium, the National Bureau of Investigationran a parallel investigation into suspectedhuman trafficking in Sweden. The investigationbegan when several Thai women were found in brothelsin Belgium by the Belgian police. The women hadentered the Schengen area on visas issued by theSwedish Embassy in Bangkok.The investigation confirmed that the SwedishEmbassy in Bangkok had been misled concerning thevisa applications. The perpetrators had attached falsedocuments, linked to named referees /sponsors inSweden, to applications for visas. Some referees hadalso knowingly provided false information. Suspected54 The ringleaders were sentenced on 12 July 2012 to betweenfour and eleven years in prison for such offences as “holdinganother in servitude or requiring another to perform forcedlabour”.aggravated procuring or human trafficking could notbe substantiated however because there was no evidencethat the referees were aware that women wouldbe exploited for prostitution purposes. Any violationof the Aliens Act was deemed to be covered by thestatute of limitations.The investigation showed that businesses and privateindividuals in Belgium had recruited Thai womenfor prostitution in an organised manner, and thatpeople living in Sweden had deliberately recruitedreferees for the women. The necessary elements forcomplicity in aggravated procuring or human traffickingcould not be verified, despite the suspiciousbehaviour of persons being considered to be a facilitatingfactor for the criminality itself.Following a request from the Belgian police, theNational Bureau of Investigation, assisted by localpolice authorities, held interviews with people in Swedenin association with the ongoing preliminaryinvestigation into human trafficking. The interviewsrevealed that seven Thai women, who all found themselvesin financial difficulties at home were recruitedto Belgium with false promises of well-paid jobs asmasseuses. The recruiters, who were a Thai womanand her American husband, acquired tickets andapplied for visas for the women through the SwedishEmbassy in Bangkok. The victims had no links withSweden. Despite this, the recruiters approachedtwenty Swedish men who chose to stand as guarantorsfor the visa applications.In Belgium, the women were exploited in prostitutionin order to pay off the money owed for travel,food and lodging. The women, who did not receiveany payment, were forced to live in the brothel massagebooths in which they were also exploited andwere kept locked up at night. Three men were arrestedin the case, one of whom was married to a Thaiwoman.

4. Other National Bureau of Investigation initiatives against human trafficking38Collaboration with the police authoritywithin the county of GävleborgIn 2011, the National Criminal Intelligence Department’sIntelligence and Investigation Section assistedthe police authority in Gävleborg in a preliminaryinvestigation into human trafficking for forced labourpurposes, in which victims from Bulgaria were forcedto travel to Sweden to pick berries. On two occasions,prosecutors and police officers from the InvestigationSection travelled to Bulgaria to conduct interviewswith twelve victims. The victims, who were vulnerableand impressionable, were included in family-likeconstellations in which there were complex loyaltiesbetween perpetrators and victims. The victims’ vulnerabilityin the home country was exploited by theperpetrators who also demanded that the victimspaid all expenses for travel and accommodation,which put them in a more dependent relationshipwith the traffickers. In June 2012, two offenders wereeach sentenced at the Hudiksvall District Court toten months’ imprisonment, and expulsion for tenyears for human trafficking for the purposes of forcedlabour.In 2011, the National Bureau of Investigation alsoassisted the police authority in the county of Västmanlandon a human trafficking case, and was itselfinvestigating a case of child trafficking in which a12-year-old girl was forced from Bulgaria to Swedenfor the purpose of stealing. (For more information,see under the heading A case of particular interest p.21 and Four cases of particular interest p.30).

5. Other Swedish National Police Board initiatives to combat human trafficking395. Other Swedish NationalPolice Board initiatives tocombat human traffickingPart of the Swedish National Police Board’s strategicwork is to provide general supervision activities.Supervision activities are intended to help guaranteeand safeguard the authority’s public commitmentsand the requirements for legal certainty, security andgood management of public funds. Carrying outsupervision highlights the way in which differentpolice departments use their resources to achievespecified goals. Supervision activities are also part ofthe operations development for the entire police force.In 2011, the Swedish National Police Board passeda resolution about an inspection plan which included,for example, a mandate to carry out inspection of“the police authorities’ ability to investigate cases ofhuman trafficking for sexual purposes and purchasesof sexual services.” The inspections, which will beimplemented in 2012, “are to provide answers as towhether the police authorities are acting in compliancewith the government order (Ju 2008/7403/PO)with a focus on operational work influenced by strategy,perseverance, etc.” 55 .To ensure that the inspection should not be too difficultto manage, it will only affect the purchase ofsexual services and human trafficking for sexual purposes.Available statistics indicate large variationsbetween the police authority’s involvement and theability to detect and combat these types of crimesdespite the special initiatives implemented since 2004.The inspection, which is expected to shed light onthese variations, will focus on:• the police authorities’ strategy for combating humantrafficking and the purchase of sexual services55 VLK-128-494/12• the way the police authorities handle these types ofcrimes within the framework of the strategic andoperational management of the activity• the authorities’ perseverance over time to combatthese crimes• the ability of the police authorities to combat thesecrimes and the methods that they use to expose sextrafficking and the purchase of sexual services• the extent to which reported crimes result in convictions• the way the police work to combat human traffickingconducted under the Police National InvestigationConcept (PNU)• the way the police authorities work to combathuman trafficking conducted within the frameworkof the Police Intelligence Model (PUM)• the extent to which and the way in which the policeauthorities use Article 13 of the Council of EuropeConvention on the Suppression of Trafficking inHuman Beings (2005) concerning a person who issubject to human trafficking being entitled to a 30day period of reflection for rest and recuperation,to enable the victim to have the opportunity to freethemselves of the influence of the human traffickers• the extent to which and the way in which theauthorities apply the Aliens Act, Chapter 5, §15concerning temporary residence permits to enablea preliminary investigation or main hearing in thecriminal case to be held• collaboration between the police authorities, theSwedish Prosecution Authority, the SwedishMigration Board, county councils, municipalitiesand NGOs.

6. Analysis and recommendations406. Analysis andrecommendations6.1 IntroductionAs one of the measures in the government’s actionplan to combat prostitution and human traffickingfor sexual purposes, the Swedish National PoliceBoard received an express mandate to act as nationalrapporteur on issues related to human trafficking.The national rapporteur’s mission involves gatheringinformation about the scope of human trafficking to,within and through Sweden, analysing the situation,giving recommendations about the way traffickingcan be prevented and combated, and also reportingannually on these results to the government. 566.1.1 Proposed measures – All forms of humantraffickingFew convictions for human traffickingThere may be several reasons for there being few casesof convictions for human trafficking in Sweden.First, human trafficking legislation is complex andoften difficult to enforce. If criminal liability forhuman trafficking is to be applied, the perpetratormust, for example, show direct intent as regards theexploitation, i.e. he or she must have been intendingto exploit the victim. This requirement can make itvery difficult to apply the law when it comes to provingthe perpetrator’s intent to exploit the victim, particularlyin cases where recruitment and transporttook place outside Sweden.Second, problems arise in court when the victimdoes not stick to the story that he or she provided topolice at earlier interviews. This may lead to a reductionin the victim’s credibility and to the prosecutionbeing dismissed, unless other evidence exists.Third, it is difficult for the court to visualise thepsychological mechanisms that control victims ofhuman trafficking and that, for the victim, there was56 Government Bill 2010/11: 77, Strict punishment for the purchaseof sexual services.no real or acceptable alternative to submitting to theperpetrator’s will. The methods used by the perpetratorto control the victim’s free and genuine will oftenconsist of subtle threats and pressures. These arefacts/evidence that the victim usually talks about, butwhich cannot always be supported by other evidencein the form of written threats, for example, or by evidencefrom phone tapping or other surveillancemeasures.A fourth reason may be that some perpetratorshave changed their modi operandi in recent years.Instead of, as before, using violence and threatsagainst victims, they offer improved conditionsinstead in the form of greater freedom and a greatershare of the revenues. This often means that victimsbecome more loyal to the perpetrators and less likelyto testify against them.One or more of these factors have sometimes contributedto prosecutions concerning human traffickingnever being brought, being dismissed, or the courtmay choose a sentence at the lower end of the tariffrange or a milder offence being cited: procuring incases of suspected human trafficking for sexual purposesand usury in cases of suspected trafficking forforced labour purposes.Since the success factors in these investigations arerelatively low in comparison with other serious crimeand the penalty tariffs are low, the tariffs and not thesentences may influence the police’s future priorities.Proposed measures: To ensure that human traffickingfor various purposes can be investigated andprosecuted in the optimum way, methodology andskills development measures ought to be undertakenregularly within all law-enforcement agencies thatcome into contact with issues that concern humantrafficking. Methodology and skills developmentmeasures are particularly important for increasingknowledge of the mechanisms behind human trafficking.The skills-improvement initiatives musttherefore focus on the factors that make human traffickingpossible for various purposes, the form of

6. Analysis and recommendations41criminalisation, the identification of the victims andtheir actual situation, with the goal of providing comprehensiveprotection and support, and an analysis ofthe application of law in order to promote greaterconsistency. This applies to all forms of human traffickingbut in particular trafficking for purposes otherthan sexual, where there is a great lack of knowledgeand very little experience.Proposed measures: Administrative measuresalongside the prosecution should also be consideredcarefully in order to prevent and make it difficult forhuman trafficking networks to become establishedand operate in the country. For example, these measuresmay include the introduction of checks and/orinspections, the issue of permits and amended procedureswithin an authority, etc. Examples of administrativemeasures are the guidelines that the SwedishMigration Board developed for businesses that offeredemployment to berry pickers from third countries toprevent the exploitation of individuals. See page 24.Increased protection and support for all victimsof human trafficking and intensified collaborationThe objectives of the government’s drive against prostitutionand human trafficking for sexual purposes wasto increase awareness of the issues, but also to increasecollaboration to strengthen the rights of victims.Despite various targeted skills enhancement initiativeswithin the judicial system, insufficient attentionis paid to the victims’ vulnerability and actual situationwith the consequence that the victims do notreceive the support and protection they need and areentitled to. Victims of human trafficking are examinedand their motives and situations are questioned,often in a very far-reaching way. This indicates a lackof knowledge about the social, economic, politicaland legal circumstances in the victims’ home countriesthat have led to their becoming victims of humantrafficking, and about the implications for them, forexample, when they return home or when personalinformation is handled in an inappropriate manner.It is not just law-enforcement and social service agenciesthat are involved in working to provide comprehensiveprotection and support to victims of humantrafficking for various purposes. Women’s shelters,organisations for children’s rights and for victims,trades unions and other active players in society alsocome into contact with victims of human traffickingin their everyday work. These can and ought to contributeknowledge of the victims’ situation, backgroundand need for action, protection and supportto reinforce the judicial system’s handling of humantrafficking cases.Proposed measures: Increased collaborationbetween the judicial system and NGOs to gain a betterunderstanding of the victims’ situation, backgroundand need for action, protection and supportto reinforce the judicial system’s handling of humantrafficking cases.Proposed measures: Within the framework of thegovernment’s initiative, Stockholm’s County AdministrativeBoard was tasked to promote more intensivecollaboration and national coordination concerningprostitution and human trafficking for sexual purposes.To further strengthen the collaboration betweenauthorities and between authorities and society ingeneral, the mandate of Stockholm’s County AdministrativeBoard ought to be expanded in 2013 and 2014to include forms of exploitation other than sexual.Adequate support without any requirement for initiatinga preliminary investigation and residencepermits for accompanying children of witnessesUnder current regulation, human trafficking victimsand other witnesses are covered by comprehensiveprotection, such as in cases where it is required if it isto be possible for a preliminary investigation ofcrimes to be implemented 57 . The victim is then given57 A temporary residence permit may be granted to an alien whoremains here, if this is required in order for a preliminary investigationor main hearing to be held in the criminal case.

6. Analysis and recommendations42the opportunity of a period of reflection in order todecide whether he or she wants to cooperate with thecriminal investigation authorities, and can thenobtain a temporary residence permit issued by theSwedish Migration Board. Accompanying the permitis a right to protection plus financial, social and medicalassistance for the victim to a greater extent than isthe case for asylum seekers, for example. The temporaryresidence permit provides an opportunity formunicipalities also to receive state compensation forthe accrued costs for the victim, which is governed bya regulation 58 . The strong link to the legal processmeans that victims of human trafficking who areidentified outside of this, in a situation where the victimneeds time for reflection before making a reportto the police, cannot be given the support and help towhich they are entitled under international conventionsratified by Sweden 59 .In cases where victims of trafficking are identifiedoutside the judicial process, when it may be suspectedthat a person has been a victim of trafficking, only hisor her basic needs can be provided, such as the paymentof emergency financial benefit payments fromthe social services, known as emergency assistance.This may be the case if a person is identified as a victimof trafficking, by social services, for example, andneeds time for reflection to decide whether he or sheshould dare to participate in the legal process orwould be able to cope with doing so.The municipalities will receive no compensationfrom the state for the emergency assistance that theypay out, which means that the victim needs to decidefairly urgently whether or not he or she should participatein the legal process. This means that the victimends up in a stressful situation and may have to make58 Payments from the state to the municipalities are governed bythe Regulation (2002:1118) concerning state benefits for asylumseekers and others59 See, for example, the Council of Europe Convention on theSuppression of Trafficking in Human Beings (2005), Article12.a decision too quickly about possible participation.In a case in which the victim chooses not to participate,there is a risk that the judicial system’s opportunitiesfor being able to investigate the crime willdecrease.More preliminary investigations could eventuallybe initiated as a result of people who are suspected ofbeing victims of human trafficking being offered adequateassistance and protection with no requirementfor a preliminary investigation to be initiated. Thiscould also be done if it were possible to issue residencepermits for accompanying children of witnesses.Proposed measures: To further support the opportunitiesfor law-enforcement agencies to prevent andcombat human trafficking, there should be comprehensivevictim support and protection for people whoare suspected of being victims of human traffickingregardless of purpose, even in cases where a preliminaryinvestigation has not been initiated.The possibility of issuing residence permits for childrenaccompanying witnesses should be consideredin order to facilitate participation in the legal process.Limited access to qualified interpretersThe international agreements signed by Swedeninclude an obligation to ensure that victims are providedwith translations of all materials relating tothem, and also with interpretation services in a languagethey can understand 60 . According to the EUDirective on entitlement to interpretation and translationservices in criminal proceedings, interpretationmust also be available immediately and of sufficientquality to ensure that suspects or defendantsunderstand what they are being accused of and areable to exercise their rights to a defence. The samerights apply to injured-parties 61 . Similar obligations60 See, for example, the Council of Europe Convention on theSuppression of Trafficking in Persons (2005), Article 10.61 The European Parliament and Council Directive 2010/64/EUof 20 October 2010 concerning the right to interpretation andtranslation in criminal proceedings.

6. Analysis and recommendations43for the police authorities and other public authoritiesare contained in the Administrative Procedure Act(1986:223).Despite these commitments, the police authoritiesfind it increasingly difficult to gain access to qualifiedinterpreters and translators, particularly in certainlanguages. These shortages have seriously affectedinvestigations and results in some cases. The mainproceedings in a human trafficking case in Västmanlandin 2011 were characterised by major problems,for example, in the interpretation and translation ofevidence. Two interpreters interpreted the same materialin different ways and one injured-party did notunderstand what was said during the main proceedingsdespite the fact that interpreters were used. Theprosecution for human trafficking was dismissed 62This shows that the rule of law may suffer when victimsand/or suspects speak a language for which onlya few interpreters are available. In some cases, victimsor witnesses and interpreters also belong to thesame social networks in Sweden or in the country oforigin. This sometimes makes the victims anxiousthat sensitive information about them will be spreadto people they know or to the suspected perpetrators.Proposed measures: To improve the availability ofqualified interpreters and translators in human traffickingcases, a national inventory encompassing ananalysis of the judicial system’s future needs for courtinterpreters ought to be drawn up urgently.Need for increased cultural skills within the responsibleauthoritiesIn a multicultural society, the responsible authoritieshave a responsibility to identify the victims and protectthem from and take action against the crime thatcan result when cultural or religious traditions andvalues come into conflict with prevailing legal principles.At the same time, officials of the responsibleauthority must carry out their duties in a respectful62 Västmanland District Court 25.08.2011, Case no. B 406-11.manner with regard to individuals and groups withdifferent traditions, cultures and values. This setsstrict requirements for cultural skills and awarenessof their own and others’ values.Proposed measures: Responsible authoritiesshould be given the opportunity to enhance their culturalskills through skills development and a multidisciplinaryapproach in collaboration with otheragencies and experts in cultural diversity, to increasetheir staff’s ability to perform their duties and toimprove efficiency in these investigations.6.1.2 Proposed measures – Human trafficking forsexual purposesIn recent years there has been a steady increase inhuman trafficking for sexual purposes within the EU.There may be a number of reasons for this. Theenlargement of the EU and the abolition of visarequirements for citizens of the new accession countrieshas made it easier for human traffickers torecruit and transport particularly vulnerable youngwomen and girls, to be exploited for sexual purposesin EU member countries. The increase may also bedue to certain countries within the EU opening uplegal prostitution markets. During the same period,the difficult economic situation in certain Europeancountries such as Spain, Italy and Greece, has led to adeterioration in opportunities for profiting from theprostitution markets in these countries. Traffickersand pimps looked instead to new and more financiallyprofitable markets in the Netherlands and Germany,but also in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.From 2010 to 2011, the decrease in the number ofconvictions in Sweden for sex trafficking and procuringmay be due to a lack of perseverance within thepolice authorities over time but also to differences inthe commitment of the police authorities and theirability to detect and combat these types of crimes. Atthe same time, however,there was an increase in thenumber of legal proceedings concerning the purchaseof sexual services from 2010 to 2011. This may be

6. Analysis and recommendations44explained by the fact that a human trafficking or procuringcase may involve hundreds of sex-purchasers,which can take a long time to investigate. Sex-purchasershave to be identified and it is not unusual forthese cases to be referred to other police authorities inwhose geographical area the sex-purchasers reside.This may mean that reports and legal proceedingsconcerning purchases of sexual services are difficultto compare from one year to another when the legalproceedings are not initiated in the same year inwhich the report was made.Proposed measures: The work of combatinghuman trafficking, regardless of its purpose, must beconcentrated on all stages of this criminal activity. Inthe case of human trafficking for sexual purposes, thework of the police authorities is focused both on themen who purchase sexual services or sex acts fromchildren under the age of 18 in Sweden and in transitcountries, and on the organisers of human traffickinginside Sweden and abroad. This is of particularimportance in preventing serious crime organisationsfrom becoming established in Sweden, and for eliminatingthe demand for sexual services. To succeed inthis work, not only the police authorities but also theprosecuting authorities and the courts must regularlyenhance their skills through skill enhancement initiativesand exchanges of experience as well as prioritisingwork to combat these crimes.Need for review of visa procedures at certain SwedishembassiesAs mentioned earlier, the scale of tips received by theNational Bureau of Investigation concerning suspectedprostitution in relation to Thai massage parloursin Sweden remains high. (For more information, seesection 3.1 Trafficking in human beings for sexualpurposes p. 11).The checks that the Swedish Tax Agency made during2011-2012 regarding the cash management on alarger number of Thai massage parlours, and on severaloccasions, showed weaknesses in this. In conjunctionwith these controls, it was also observed inseveral places that members of staff were remarkablyscantily clad and in any case did not have residencepermits.The parallel investigation conducted by the NationalBureau of Investigation in relation to a human traffickinginvestigation in Belgium initiated in 2008,showed that visas issued by the Swedish Embassy inBangkok were a facilitating factor in carrying out thecrime in Belgium. The visas were issued because theEmbassy was, in various ways, misled in a number ofapplication cases. (For further information, see underthe heading Collaboration with Belgium p. 37). In2011 reports were also received concerning the factthat referees, who proved both to be known in relationto brothel operations in Denmark, acted assponsors for visa applications at the Swedish Embassyin Bangkok and thus recruited women to exploitthem in prostitution.Proposed measures: A thorough targeted reviewand improvement of the visa procedures at Swedishembassies in selected countries of origin should beimplemented urgently. Reviewing and improving thevisa procedures is expected to make it difficult for thenetworks that specialise in human trafficking for sexualpurposes. In cases where problems emerge concerningthe misuse of visas, work permits etc, stricterchecking of applications could be introduced in theembassies concerned with the aim of preventing peoplefrom falling victim to human trafficking or preventingfraudulent entry into the country.Proposed measures: The police investigation workon these crimes would be facilitated if the SwedishMigration Board were given the opportunity toinform the police authorities in cases where the samereferee crops up in a large number of visa applications.Such a measure would also prevent women andgirls in these countries of origin being subject to thesecrimes.Proposed measures: Consideration should be givento whether the sponsor/referee should be held finan-

6. Analysis and recommendations45cially responsible with regard to accommodation andrepatriation of the people that are invited into Sweden,for example. This could be done by making thesponsor/referee pay a deposit for this purpose, a systemthat is applied in Denmark, for example.6.1.3 Proposed measures – Human trafficking forother purposesIn line with the increase in the number of foreignworkers on the Swedish labour market, there was alsoan increase in the information given to the police in2011, including cases of human trafficking for forcedlabour in which employees from EU countries andother countries were exploited by unscrupulousrecruitment agencies and criminal networks. For aperson to be able to obtain a work permit in Sweden,the employer must submit an offer of employment tothe Swedish Migration Board that shows that thewages and working conditions are in line with prevailingcollective agreements. This offer will not belegally binding.The victims are recruited to be exploited in fieldssuch as the berry industry, the construction industryor in restaurants. It is difficult to define the extent ofhuman trafficking for purposes other than sexual,into and within Sweden. One of the reasons for this isthat it is a crime that is seldom reported and difficultto detect. The lack of reporting may be because thegeneral public do not know about the victims’ situation,their fears of reprisals or that victims sometimesfeel gratitude to the perpetrators because they aremarginally better off in Sweden than in their homeland,despite their difficult situation.Proposed measures: To prevent an increase in thesecrimes and to provide support for the victims, interactionought to be intensified and extended betweenthe police authorities, the Swedish ProsecutionAuthority, the Swedish Economic Crime Authority,Social Services, the Swedish Migration Board, theSwedish Labour Market Board, the Swedish WorkEnvironment Authority and the Swedish Tax Agency,trades unions and employers’ organisations etc, andtheir counterparts in the victims’ countries of origin.In addition, the regulations concerning these issuesought to be reviewed continuously, to make it moredifficult for unscrupulous employers and criminalnetworks to become established in Sweden.Proposed measures: To be able to continue combatinghuman trafficking for forced labour, it isimportant that the police investigate the crimes committedwhen private individuals purchase servicesfrom people who are subjected to forced labour. TheSwedish National Police Board proposes that anational awareness campaign concerning this form ofhuman trafficking should be carried out, focusing onthe demand for these services and the criminal liabilityof private individuals.6.1.4 Proposed measures – Trafficking in childrenfor various purposesJust as with human trafficking in adults, organisedcrime is largely behind the trafficking of children.This is particularly evident in countries that lack aneffective regulatory framework for protecting girlsand boys 63 .Challenges for the judicial systemTraffickers understand, and are well aware of, the difficultiesfacing the judicial system when it comes todealing with girls and boys under the age of 18 as victimsof human trafficking as well as the perpetratorsof the crime. It has been shown that adults and thechildren they have brought with them for the purposesof theft and begging may have been apprehendedin several countries under different identities. Thismakes it difficult for the police to identify and takeaction against this form of organised crime, sincethese individual crime reports are not automaticallylinked to human trafficking. Like Sweden, severalcountries in Europe do not register minors in a cen-63 UNICEF (2006).

6. Analysis and recommendations46tral register when they commit crimes. When childrenare apprehended in connection with committingthefts or shoplifting in Sweden, they often tell thesame story (taught to them by the traffickers) thatthey are only in Sweden for a visit.The level of knowledge within police authoritiesalso varies as regards trafficking in children with theintention of using them to commit crimes. This isprobably because the phenomenon is relatively new inSweden. Interviews with the children indicate thatthey have been brought up by the perpetrators to gaina criminal identity, as a result of which current interviewmethods have to be adapted. Since the childrenare trained from an early age to commit crimes, theyhave also been taught not to cooperate with theauthorities and not to give any information that couldentrap perpetrators. Another problem is that the traffickershave, in many cases, tied the children to thememotionally, often through the use of force or manipulation.For that reason, the children often try toescape from the institutions in which they have beenplaced in order to make contact with the perpetrators.As a result of this manipulation, the children donot trust the authorities and the police in particular.Overall, this results in lengthy preliminary investigationsin which the chances of bringing a case to trialare relatively limited.Proposed measures: According to Sweden’s internationalcommitments under the conventions concerninghuman trafficking, it should be noted that thecrimes committed by girls and boys when they arecontrolled by traffickers should not automaticallylead to punishment 64 . The previously proposed skillbuildinginitiatives should also include increasedknowledge of the different possibilities in the Swedishregulations to omit imposing penalties on victimswho have been forced to engage in criminal activity 65 .Proposed measures: Society has major, overallresponsibility for protecting these children from continuedabuse. Studies need to be carried out to makea thorough analysis of the knowledge that ought toand can be obtained by the judicial system if childrenand young people in Sweden have been subject totrafficking for other purposes, in order to find outwhat methods might provide high quality information.64 Council of Europe Convention on the Suppression of Traffickingin Human Beings, Article 26.65 Chapter 23 § 5 and Chapter 29 § 6 of the Penal Code. For moreinformation see “Provisions on the waiving of a penalty,” SOU2008:41 Human trafficking and child marriage p. 282-283.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities47Annex 1 – Reporting by thepolice authoritiesThe following report is based on the information thatthe police authorities submitted to the SwedishNational Police Board for 2011. The only policeauthorities mentioned here are those that have reportedcases involving human trafficking for various purposes,related cases and cases of particular interest.Collaboration Area Stockholm(Counties of Stockholm and Gotland)The situation in the county of StockholmIn 2003, the government passed a resolution toassign SEK 30 million to the police to combathuman trafficking during the period 2004-2006.That same year, the surveillance squad within theCity Police Commissioner District began a HumanTrafficking Project called Project Europe. The objectiveof this project was to identify individuals andnetworks responsible for aggravated procuring orhuman trafficking for sexual purposes and associatedcrimes in the county of Stockholm and to bringthese people to trial.In May 2008, the management of the policeauthority in the County of Stockholm resolved thatProject Europa should be reformed into a commissionto combat human trafficking for sexual purposesand the project period should be extended to December2010. In April 2011, the operation was made permanentand the project was reformed into a section.Less complex cases of procuring are dealt with at thecounty’s other Police Commissioner Districts.For a long time, the Stockholm police have beenfollowing the development of prostitution activitiesand related crimes such as procuring and human traffickingfor sexual purposes. The City Police CommissionerDistrict employs people with many years ofexperience in investigating crimes similar to humantrafficking, and this has contributed to the developmentof effective working practices.In 2011, the authority received particular informationabout girls and women from Estonia, Lithuania,Romania, Nigeria, Hungary, Thailand and Latviawho were being exploited for sexual purposes in theStockholm area. The suspected perpetrators alsocame from these countries and from Sweden. The foreignwomen who were available for sale on websites inSweden were exploited mainly in apartments andhotels in Stockholm. An increasing number of women,mainly from Lithuania and Romania but alsofrom Nigeria, were exploited in street prostitution.The women were usually sent to Sweden by ferryfrom the Baltic States and Finland, or by bus. Somewomen were sent to Sweden by air.In 2011, three reports were drawn up concerninghuman trafficking for sexual purposes. One reportled to prosecution while two were closed down afterinvestigation due to lack of evidence. A further 45reports were filed concerning aggravated procuringand/or procuring.In addition, 351 reports were filed concerning thepurchase of sexual services in this section and 392throughout the authority. All reports concerning thepurchase of sexual services concerned men who hadpurchased or tried to purchase sexual services fromwomen. All of the reviewed reports led to preliminaryinvestigations being initiated. A total of 139 legal proceedingswere initiated, of which 96 resulted in ordersof summary punishment, 37 in court judgements andsix in waivers of prosecution.In 2011, a number of women who had been in theprostitution environment in Stockholm were deportedto the countries in which they were domiciled.Before deportation, the police unsuccessfully investigatedwhether the women were being exploited inprostitution in Sweden within the framework of criminalactivities such as human trafficking or procuring.Deportations of women from another EU countrywho were being exploited in prostitution ceased after

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities48the Migration Court in Gothenburg declared thatthese deportations were not in conformity with theEU directive on freedom of movement. 66Below are details of a number of cases that havebeen investigated or on which judgements have beengiven during 2011. Reported cases were investigatedwithin the Commission to Combat Human Traffickingfor Sexual Purposes, the border police inStockholm and within the Serious Crime section inSöderort.Preliminary investigation: The Rån Case - JointInvestigation Team67 with EstoniaFifteen reports were filed in the Rån case. A JointInvestigation Team (JIT) was formed to streamlinethe work. The team included the Commission toCombat Human Trafficking, the Nordic liaisonpolice in Estonia, and the Estonian and CentralCriminal Investigation Department and the InternationalProsecution Authorities in Tallinn and Stockholm.The main suspects were three men in their twentiesfrom Estonia and a 46-year-old woman from Sweden.Surveillance measures and phone tapping of the suspectswere conducted simultaneously in both countries.After raids in both countries two people werearrested in Tallin and three in Stockholm. Housesearches were carried out and several objects of interestto the investigation were seized. The people arrestedin Estonia were then extradited to Sweden.The preliminary investigation led to the DistrictCourt sentencing a woman to three years of impris-66 Administrative Court in Gothenburg, Migration Court Department1, 08.04.2011, Case no. UM 832-11. Free MovementDirective 2004/38/EC67 A joint investigation team (JIT) is an operational associationof police officers and prosecutors with a time-limited mandatewhich coordinates cross-border criminal investigations. Membersfrom two or more EU countries are members of a jointinvestigation team with the assistance of Europol and Eurojust.onment and expulsion for 10 years for aggravatedprocuring and extortion. A 29-year-old man was sentencedto imprisonment for two and a half years foraggravated procuring, procuring, attempted procuringand attempted extortion. A man aged 26 and aman aged 25 were each sentenced to imprisonmentfor one and a half years and expulsion for five yearsfor procuring. Finally, a man aged 24 was sentencedto imprisonment for three months for procuring andtwo men were fined 50 times their daily income forpurchasing sexual services 68 . The 25-year-oldappealed against his conviction for procuring, but theCourt of Appeal upheld the district court’s ruling 69 .Nine Estonian women aged between 24 and 41 wereinjured-parties or witnesses in this case.Preliminary investigation: The STHLMSTJEJER CaseA report concerning aggravated procuring was filedin this preliminary investigation. The prime suspectwas a 52-year-old man of Finnish origin but residentin Sweden. The man acted as “webmaster” for a websitepublishing advertisements for the sale of womenbetween the ages of 18 and 40 for sexual purposes.The man was arrested but released pending legal proceedings.The case is ongoing.Preliminary investigation: The Natalia CaseA report concerning aggravated procuring was filedin the case. The main suspect was a 41-year-old Swedishman, who managed a website on which he publishedpictures of and advertisements concerning thesale of women, Swedish and foreign, for sexual purposes.The District Court gave the man a custodial sentenceof one year and six months for procuring, andhe was placed under an obligation to pay SEK700,000 to the State. In addition, a woman aged 43was sentenced to imprisonment for three months, for68 Söderort District Court 29.09.2011, Case no. 15187-11.69 Svea Court of Appeal 22-12-2011, Case no. B 8490-11.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities49complicity in procuring 70 . The woman becameinvolved since she acted as payee and signed for moneythat came from advertisers on the website, despiteknowing the money’s origin. The Court of Appealconfirmed the District Court ruling 71 .Preliminary investigation: The Oktav CaseIn this preliminary investigation, reports were filedconcerning aggravated procuring and the purchaseof sexual services. The main suspects were a managed 32 and a woman aged 29, resident in Sweden butoriginating in Poland. One more man was arrestedfor the same crime in Poland but was released by thePolish authorities. Four women from Poland, agedbetween 20 and 33, were identified as witnesses in thecase. The Commission collaborated on this case withthe customs liaison officer in Poland and with thePolish police and prosecution authorities 72 .The 32-year-old ringleader was sentenced in January2012 to eight months of imprisonment by the DistrictCourt for procuring and theft. The man, whohad been released, was sentenced to imprisonmentfor four months for procuring, and the 29-year-oldwoman was given a suspended sentence and a finebased on her daily income, for theft 73 . The districtcourt held that those suspected of procuring had promotedand improperly exploited the fact that the fourwomen had casual sexual relations in return for payment.The promotion consisted of the perpetratorsproviding an apartment in Stockholm and one inTumba, where the women lived and were exploited forthe purchase of sexual services. They had also providedthe women with mobile phones and phonecards, advertised the sale of sexual services on websitesand taken phone calls from male purchasers ofsexual services. The financial exploitation consisted70 Stockholm District Court 08.07. 2011, Case no B 5085-11.71 Svea Court of Appeal 29-08-2011, Case no. B 6171-11.72 Police and customs cooperation.73 Stockholm District Court 10.01.2012, Case no B 14587-10.of their having seized a certain proportion of the paymentfor purchases of sexual services.Preliminary investigation: SödertörnNine reports were filed in this case which concernednine injured-parties, all of them young Swedish womenaged between 18 and 21. A man, aged 41, was sentencedby the District Court to four years and sixmonths of imprisonment for aggravated procuring,rape and the purchase of sexual services 74 . The activitieshad been going on for six years. During theseyears, the man exploited eight women on several differentoccasions. In conjunction with the housesearch, the police found computer files and pornographicimages which led to eight injured-partiesbeing identified. The District Court ruled on thesequestration of SEK 630,000 of which SEK 270,000was to cover the injured-parties’ damages claims andSEK 360,000 which related to the value of the proceedsof crime.The perpetrator was convicted for aggravated procuringbecause the business had been conducted inan organised form, extensively and for a lengthy period.The business had also involved the ruthlessexploitation of the women while the man had made asubstantial profit. The sentence was made final inMay 2011.City Police Prostitution TeamFor a long time, the police authority in the County ofStockholm have been focusing their efforts on combatingopen street prostitution and the purchase ofsexual services at hotels and in other premises inStockholm. Police initiatives against street prostitutionusually result in interventions against the crimeof purchasing sex, assault, drink driving, drugscrimes, and breaches of the Aliens Act. The policeauthority also exercises statutory supervision and74 Södertörn District Court 11.04.2011, Case no B 13968-11. Thesentence was made final in May 2011.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities50controls of known activities that offer striptease and“video clubs” 75 . These police initiatives always takeplace in collaboration with the social services’ prostitutionteams which are able to offer support andassistance to the vulnerable people they come across.The City Police Prostitution Team consists of twopolice officers working full-time to combat the purchaseof sexual services in public places and on theInternet. Following skills enhancement programsorganised by the prostitution team, other workingparties in the City Police have been involved in thiswork. The team regularly visits hotels in Stockholmand outside, to talk about their work and how thehotel staff may get in touch with the ProstitutionTeam via a “hotline” if they suspect crimes such ashuman trafficking, procuring and the purchase ofsexual services.In 2011, the women who had been exploited instreet prostitution moved from Malmskillnadsgatanto Mäster Samuelsgatan and Vasagatan, probablybecause these streets are better lit and are thereforeconsidered to be safer. During the year, between 15and 20 women of both Swedish and foreign originwere out on these streets every night. The majority ofthe foreign women came from Estonia, Lithuania,Latvia, Romania, Hungary, Nigeria and Belarus.The women of Swedish origin who were exploitedin street prostitution in Stockholm in 2011, all hadsevere psychosocial problems. Many had a long historyof alcohol or drug abuse, and had been subject tosexual abuse while others were addicted to gambling.The number of female drug-abusers within streetprostitution declined dramatically in 2011 becausewomen were offered the opportunity to undergotreatment and therapy for problems such as heroinaddiction.The number of male sex-purchasers in street prosti-75 The term “video club”, in this context, is used to mean a videoshop that also offers booths for people who want to look aterotic films and simultaneously satisfy themselves sexually.tution in Stockholm City fell significantly during theyear, while the social services’ KAST project saw anincrease in the number of men who sought help tostop purchasing sexual services 76 . Approximately sevenout of ten sex-purchasers in Stockholm admit purchasingsex as soon as they are found and then receivean order of summary punishment 77 . The punishmentfor attempting to purchase sexual services is still afine of 30 times daily income, while the penalty forthe full offence leads to a fine of 50 times dailyincome. Despite the fact that one man was reportedten times for purchasing sexual services in 2011, hewas still only sentenced to fines based on dailyincome 78 .In 2011, the Prostitution Team drew up more than200 reports concerning the purchase of sexual serviceswhich were investigated by the Human TraffickingTeam in the City Police Commissioner District. Legalproceedings were brought in most cases. The groupalso prepared 15 reports on procuring, which werealso investigated by the Human Trafficking Team inthe City Police Commissioner District. The ProstitutionTeam arrested eight people from Lithuania andone from Sweden for procuring. Of these, six weresentenced to prison terms of between four monthsand one year.In 2011, several Lithuanian criminal gangs weredetected which were trafficking Lithuanian womenfor sexual purposes into Sweden. Everyone involvedcame from the same area in northern Lithuania,Siauliai, and used similar methods. Most frequently,two Lithuanian pimps travelled to Sweden by ferry inthe company of two Lithuanian women who were to76 Kast - Köpare Av Sexuella Tjänster [Eng: Purchasers of sexualservices]. A municipal initiative in Stockholm, Gothenburgand Malmö which is aimed at those who purchase sexual services,or are thinking of purchasing sex.77 Police assistant Simon Häggström, Prostitution Team inStockholm City.78 Police assistant Simon Häggström, Prostitution Team inStockholm City.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities51be exploited in prostitution. The perpetrators actedas “local managers” during their stay in Sweden, andalso advertised the business on the following websites:• Sexystockholmcityescorts.com• Realescort.se• Cityoflove.com• sthlmtjejer.netThe women, aged between 18 and 20, were put into anapartment in which male sex-purchasers were able toexploit them, or they would be conveyed to sex-purchasers’hotel rooms. The women admitted in policeinterviews that they knew that they were going to beexploited in prostitution and that they would receive40-50% of the earnings, which would be distributed atthe end of their stay in Sweden. Instead the perpetratorsretained the earnings and threatened the womenwith reprisals if they cooperated with the police.In 2011, the Prostitution Team worked preventivelyto prevent the sexual abuse of young girls and boyswho were being sold for sex via social networks or websiteson the Internet. Several cases were discovered inwhich men purchased sex acts performed by childrenand where children had been sexually exploited in otherways. Police also detected cases in which male sexpurchasershad chosen to sell under-age girls to othermen for sexual exploitation. The Prostitution Teamalso contacted people who advertised the sale of sexualservices on-line, whenever there was any reason tobelieve that these suspects were minors.Border Police DepartmentSince 1 October 2010, the Border Police Departmentin the County of Stockholm has held investigativeresponsibility as regards human trafficking for purposesother than sexual. The Border Police Departmentregularly receives information about peoplefrom EU or other countries being brought to Swedento be exploited for begging and thieving in an organisedmanner.In 2011, the Border Police investigated ten casesunder the heading of human trafficking for purposesother than sexual. Of these cases, only one led to aprosecution for human trafficking, and it was laterdismissed. This case is described below under theheading - A case of particular interest investigatedby the Border Police Department. In other cases thepreliminary investigations were closed. In caseswhere there were suspicions of human trafficking,the alleged perpetrators and the injured parties camefrom China, Hungary, Romania, Belarus and Latvia.In some cases the injured-parties were under 18.In several cases, the injured-parties were tricked intoSweden with false or flatteringly described joboffers, but preliminary investigations were closedwhen it was not possible to prove that the perpetratorsused unfair means. In the closed cases, theinjured-parties worked on snow clearing, at carwashes and in catering companies. It is worth notingthat the number of cases concerning human traffickingincreased during 2011, in which the smuggledpeople were forced to sell all their possessions orwere indebted to the smuggler, thereby ending up ina vulnerable position.A case of particular interest investigatedat the Border Police DepartmentIn December 2011, a 42-year-old man was prosecutedat the Solna District Court for human trafficking,attempted rape and unlawful threats and assault.According to the indictment, the man had smuggleda 16-year-old Romanian girl through Europe in a carand then housed her, against her will, in a caravan atSolvalla camp site where she was kept under constantsurveillance. The girl was forced to steal food andtobacco on the man’s behalf, goods that the man thensold on, and she was also subjected to sexual abuse.The man was sentenced to a year in prison forattempted rape but was acquitted of other counts.The court dismissed the indictment for human trafficking,since the purpose of transporting and hous-

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities52ing the girl was unclear. The Court of Appeal confirmedthe District Court sentence.County of GotlandIn 2011, a man was justifiably suspected of procuringbut the preliminary investigation was closed. Tworeports concerning the purchase of sexual serviceswere drawn up. One of these led to a conviction.Collaboration Area West(counties of Västra Götaland and Halland)County of Västra GötalandSince 2003, the police authority in Västra Götalandhas had a special surveillance team, the Human TraffickingTeam, which is administered under the CountyCriminal Investigation Department. The HumanTrafficking Team is responsible for working to combathuman trafficking for sexual purposes and procuring.The team is one of six surveillance teamswhich are subordinate to the Serious OrganisedCrime Department and connected to an action teamleader who has the option of detailing other investigationteams to assist the human trafficking team on ahuman trafficking case. The human trafficking teamalso works closely with the public order police in thecity of Gothenburg, and the Border Police.Since 2005, there has been a plan in Västra Götalandfor taking into care victims who have been subjectto human trafficking. In addition to actually takingvictims into care in Sweden, it also includes anundertaking from the authorities affected, whereverpossible, to make preparations for the victim’s returnand to get in touch with the authorities and organisationsconcerned, to facilitate the victim’s reintegration.In 2011, 15 preliminary investigations into humantrafficking for sexual purposes were launched, ofwhich two concerned victims under 18. In addition,22 preliminary investigations were initiated concerningprocuring/aggravated procuring which could belinked in certain cases to human trafficking for sexualpurposes. Other cases concerned women fromRomania and Poland who were brought to Sweden tobe exploited for sexual purposes, such as in streetprostitution. The women from Romania and Polandwere sold through street prostitution. Most of themen purchasing sex were reported after having beenencountered in the vicinity of the English Church andin the Rosenlund area of central Gothenburg.In 2011, the Greater Gothenburg Police District ranan operation in the Rosenlund district focusing onpreventing the purchase of sexual services. Almost255 male sex-purchasers were reported, resulting in214 orders of summary punishment being issued byprosecutors and 26 cases being investigated furtherby the County Criminal Investigation Department.In the preliminary investigations conducted in 2011concerning human trafficking for sexual purposes,the majority of perpetrators were citizens of Swedenand Romania. In some preliminary investigationsthere were also suspicions concerning other crimessuch as property crimes. One of these preliminaryinvestigations led to two men from Romania and oneman from Iraq being sentenced to imprisonment bythe Gothenburg District Court for procuring, concerninga woman recruited from Romania. In thiscase five men were also fined for purchasing sexualservices. The Court of Appeal acquitted a man convictedin the District Court for procuring.Preliminary investigation: The Madonna CaseIn spring 2011, a preliminary investigation was initiatedconcerning a Romanian human trafficking networkin Gothenburg. In the case, 15 Romanian women,aged 18-42, were identified as victims of humantrafficking for sexual purposes. These women wereexploited on a daily basis by a large number of malesex-purchasers in violent circumstances. The perpetratorssupervised the women, and kept them lockedup except when they were being transported to thesex-purchasers.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities53In May 2012, two men from Romania were each sentencedby the Gothenburg District Court to prisonterms of six years for human trafficking and aggravatedprocuring. At the same time, three more menfrom Romania were sentenced to four years sixmonths of imprisonment for aggravated procuringand one man from Romania was sentenced to imprisonmentfor three years for aggravated procuring 79 .A case of special interestA man and his wife, both from Serbia, were prosecutedin December 2011 in Gothenburg District Courtfor human trafficking for sexual purposes and forputting a person in a situation of distress after havingrecruited a 14-year-old girl from Serbia to Sweden.The intention was for her to be exploited sexually bythe couple’s 25-year-old son, and to subject her to distressthrough an enforced relationship with the son.The woman was also indicted for assault, unlawfulthreats, rape or complicity in rape or sexual coercion.The son was prosecuted for the rape of a child and thesexual exploitation of children and for rape or sexualcoercion.The prosecution was based primarily on informationconveyed by the girl during police interviews.During the trial, the girl changed her statement. Thecourt could not determine which of the girl’s pieces ofinformation were correct, and whether the girl hadchanged her story because she had been subject tothreats of reprisals. The indictment concerninghuman trafficking was dismissed for reasons thatincluded the fact that it was impossible to prove theintention behind bringing the girl to Sweden. Othercounts were also dismissed. The conviction wasappealed but the Court of Appeal confirmed the DistrictCourt’s sentence in September 2012 80 .79 Gothenburg District Court 14.05.2012, Case no. 8184-11.80 The Court of Appeal for Western Sweden 14.09.2012, Case noB 1689-12County of HallandIn 2011, the police authority in Halland initiated anintelligence project to combat human trafficking forsexual purposes and related crime. The project resultedin a Swedish man being sentenced by the DistrictCourt to imprisonment for five months for procuring.At the same time, six men were sentenced to finesbased on daily income for the purchase of sexual services,and another ten men received orders of summarypunishment for the purchase of sexual services.The victims were a 32-year-old woman from Panama,and a 40-year-old woman whom the perpetrator hadrecruited from Romania.Collaboration Area North(Counties of Västerbotten, Norrbotten, Västernorrland,Jämtland)County of VästerbottenIn 2011, three preliminary investigations concerninghuman trafficking for purposes other than sexualwere initiated. Two preliminary investigations werediscontinued by prosecutors. The third preliminaryinvestigation involved a 44-year-old man from anAsian country who was suspected of human traffickingfor forced labour, or usury and illegal threats,extortion and interference in a legal case. The manand his son were each convicted in April 2012 bySkellefteå District Court to 240 hours of communityservice 81 . The two were jointly and severally to pay tothe three injured-parties SEK 15,000 in damages.One of the preliminary investigations that was discontinuedconcerning human trafficking for otherpurposes related to a man who was suspected of havingabused functionally-impaired victims fromPoland. The man was supposed to have deprived thevictims of their identity documents and forced themto beg and sell paintings and wooden carvings. Areport concerning unlawful threats was submitted in81 Skellefteå District Court 19.04.2012, Case no. 179-12.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities54Norrbotten involving the same suspect in which afemale victim submitted similar details to those inVästerbotten. The preliminary investigation concerningunlawful assault was, however, discontinued sincethe offence could not be proven.County of NorrbottenIn January 2011, Haparanda District Court sentenceda 58-year-old man with Finnish citizenship livingin Sweden to fines based on daily income, for procuring82 . The District Court found that the man had,on two occasions, transported Russian women fromFinland to Sweden and conveyed them to male sexpurchasers.One further man was sentenced to a finebased on daily income and a suspended sentence forthe purchase of sexual services.The Court of Appeal changed the District Court’ssentence for the 58-year-old who was instead given afine based on daily income for complicity in the purchaseof sexual services 83 .In June 2011, three people from Romania wereremanded in custody by the district court in Luleå,on probable grounds, on suspicion of aggravatedtheft. The perpetrators specialised in the theft of goldjewellery from elderly people. There were suspicionsthat a 14-year-old Romanian girl who was travellingwith the perpetrators was being forced to committhefts on their behalf.A preliminary investigation was launched againstthe suspected perpetrators of human trafficking forother purposes in order to investigate whether the girlhad been forced to go on the trip for the purpose ofcommitting crimes. Social Services took the girl intocare, under the Act (1990:52), relating to the Care ofYoung Persons (Specific Provisions) despite her parents,who had travelled from Romania, contradictingthis. The Administrative Court confirmed that the82 Haparanda District Court 22.02.2011, Case no. 974-10.83 The Court of Appeal for Upper Norrland 07.06.2011, Case noB 244-11.girl should be taken into care. The parents appealedagainst this ruling to the Administrative Court ofAppeal which refused the appeals. Instead, theAdministrative Court of Appeal referred the decisionto competent authorities in the girl’s home countryunder the Brussels II Regulation (Article 8.1) 84 . Thisarticle means that a Swedish court has no jurisdictionin matters of parental responsibility if it can be investigatedin the country in which the child is domiciled.Taking the girl into care was upheld in compliancewith the Administrative Court of Appeal ruling andshe was reunited with her parents. The competentcourt in the girl’s home country was informed of theAdministrative Court of Appeal’s ruling by the SwedishMinistry of Foreign Affairs. The preliminaryinvestigation into human trafficking was closed inDecember 2011 since no crime could be proven.County of VästernorrlandIn 2011, a preliminary investigation was initiated concerninghuman trafficking for forced labour. The caseconcerned three people from Vietnam (aged 24, 36and 39) who were lured to Sweden with promises ofwork at a Thai restaurant. All were given a work permitby the Swedish Migration Board. To be able topay for the trip to Sweden victims were forced to borrowmoney in their home country. After nearly a yearin Sweden, they contacted the police and told themabout non-existent jobs and work at lower levels ofpay than had been agreed. Prosecutors discontinuedthe case in January 2012 since it was unclear whetherany exploitation had taken place. The injured-partieswere later given assistance by social services to travelback to their homeland.In October 2011, a man in his 30s from Sundsvallwas sentenced by Sundsvall District Court to a sus-84 Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcementof convictions in matrimonial matters and matters of parentalresponsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities55pended sentence with 120 hours of community servicefor procuring concerning four Swedish women,aged between 22 and 28 85 . Among other things, theman had posted advertisements for the sale of thesewomen for sexual purposes on-line and had also conveyedthem to the male sex-purchasers. In this case,two men were given fines based on daily income forpurchasing sexual services. A third man was also sentencedfor the purchase of sexual services. In thecourt’s opinion, however, there were no grounds forimposing a new sentence since he had recently beensentenced to imprisonment for other crimes. TheCourt of Appeal for Lower Norrland made the punishmentstricter for the ringleader, increasing it to ayear in prison for procuring because the business hadbeen extensive.A further preliminary investigation into procuringthat could be attributed to human trafficking for sexualpurposes was initiated in 2011, but was discontinuedbecause the victims did not want to participate.County of JämtlandIn September 2010, a 42-year-old Swedish man wassentenced by the Court of Appeal for Lower Norrlandto two years of imprisonment for aggravatedprocuring. The perpetrator published advertisementson-line concerning the sale of women for sexual purposes.The women were exploited by male sex-purchasersin the perpetrator’s home, at local hotels andhostels, as well as the purchasers’ own homes andbusiness premises. The convicted person appealedagainst the sentence to the Supreme Court but withdrewthat appeal. Up to September 2011, 73 orders ofsummary punishment had been issued in this casebased on 427 reports concerning the purchase of sexualservices. Another five reports concerning the purchaseof sexual services were drawn up in 2011 but nopreliminary investigation was initiated.85 Sundsvall District Court 07.10.2011, Case no B 317-11.Collaboration Area South(Counties of Skåne, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Blekinge)County of SkåneThe police authority in Skåne investigated humantrafficking for sexual and other purposes at the CountyCriminal Investigation Department while procuringand the purchase of sexual services were investigatedwithin the various police districts.At the Border Police unit, which belongs to theCounty Criminal Investigation Department, a criminalintelligence team was appointed in 2011, focusingon human trafficking and people smuggling. TheCounty Criminal Investigation Department alsoextended its surveillance management resource toimprove opportunities for combating human trafficking.An investigator at the Border Police is a memberof an international expert group on human trafficking,which consists of officers and employees of bodiessuch as UNICEF 86 , OSCE 87 and Eurojust 88 withinFRONTEX 89 . The group drew up a handbook in 2011concerning perpetrator profiling which will be usedto train all police officers within the EU. 90Cases in 2011In 2011 sixteen reports were drawn up regardinghuman trafficking, split into the following headings:Human trafficking for sexual purposes involving children 2under the age of 18Human trafficking for sexual purposes involving people4aged 18 or overOther human trafficking involving children under the age 3of 18Other human trafficking involving persons aged 18 or older 786 The United Nations Children’s Fund.87 Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe.88 Eurojust is a consultative body within the EU Member States’national prosecuting authorities.89 Frontex is the EU’s common agency for border control.90 Handbook on Risk Profiles on Trafficking in Human Beings(2011).

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities56Human trafficking for sexual purposes involvingchildren under the age of 18Two reports were drawn up concerning girls fromVietnam. One girl came to Sweden under the pretextthat she would be given a job and a wage, while theother girl said she was forced to travel to Swedenagainst her will. Both preliminary investigations werediscontinued.Human trafficking for sexual purposes involvingpeople aged 18 or over.In 2011, four reports were drawn up concerninghuman trafficking for sexual purposes involving peopleaged 18 or over. In one case, a woman from Ugandatold how she was transported from her homecountry to Sweden by force, under the pretext thatshe was to get married. In the second case, a womantold how she was brought to Sweden with the promiseof being able to attend school in Denmark. Duringthe trip to Sweden, she realised that she was going tobe exploited in prostitution, and in that way pay offher debt for the journey. A third injured-party camefrom Thailand and it was suspected that she was thevictim of human trafficking in conjunction with herapplication for a visa in Thailand and her subsequentstay in Denmark and Sweden. Three of the four preliminaryinvestigations were closed but one led to aconviction and is reported below under the heading -A case of particular interest.Other human trafficking with children under theage of 18In 2011 three reports were drawn up concerning otherhuman trafficking involving children under 18. Twoof these concerned girls where there were indicationsthat they had been transported from Sweden to othercountries to undergo forced marriage. The preliminaryinvestigation was discontinued in both cases.The third report has not yet been finally submitted.Other trafficking involving persons aged 18 or olderIn 2011, seven reports were drawn up concerning otherhuman trafficking involving persons aged 18 orolder. One report concerned a Romanian couple whocame to Sweden from Italy with a promise of workand housing, where payment for the work performedwas not made. In another report, a man was suspectedof arranging marriages between Swedish womenand foreign men using threats and pressure.Suspicions of fake marriages also occurred inanother report in which Thai women were brought toSwedish men for marriage or LTA relationships.When the Thai women arrived in Sweden, they andthe Swedish men were extorted of money by the suspectedperpetrators. The report contained detailabout a man from Serbia who tried to sell women intheir twenties. One report concerned a woman fromNigeria who said she had been forced into prostitutionthrough threats that her family would beharmed. Finally, one report concerned suspicionsabout a man from Iraq being guilty of human traffickingwhen he transported two women in Sweden.In six out of these seven cases, the preliminary investigationhas been closed.Other informationIn 2011, six preliminary investigations concerningprocuring/aggravated procuring were initiated by thepolice authority in Skåne. Only one of these concernedhuman trafficking for sexual purposes and ledto a prosecution. Additionally, 26 preliminary investigationswere initiated in connection with the purchaseof sexual services, of which eight resulted inprosecution. None of these could be attributed tohuman trafficking for sexual purposes.A case of special interestIn December 2011 two men, aged 24 and 30, fromRomania were sentenced by the District Court inHelsingborg to imprisonment for two years and six

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities57months for human trafficking and two years for complicityin human trafficking 91 , respectively. In thesame case, a 21-year-old man from Kristianstad wassentenced to fines based on daily income, for the purchaseof sexual services. The district court consideredit proven that the two ringleaders had recruited andmisled two young women from Romania to travel toSweden to be exploited for sexual purposes. Once inSweden, the women were transported directly to malesex-purchasers after advertising on the internet, anddid not receive any payment.On the other hand, the Court of Appeal did notconsider that there had been any power relationshipbetween the perpetrators and the victims, and insteadsentenced one of the men to imprisonment for twoyears for aggravated procuring, and the second manto prison for ten months for procuring 92 .County of BlekingeIn 2011, a man was convicted in the Court of Appealfor Skåne and Blekinge to imprisonment for twoyears and six months for the rape of a child and thepurchase of sexual acts involving children on threeoccasions.Counties of Kalmar and KronobergIn 2011, the police authority in Kalmar had no activecases relating to human trafficking, procuring andthe purchase of sexual services.The police authority in Kronoberg, however, investigatedone case involving a Swedish man suspected ofraping a German child, aged 18 months, during a tripto Germany. The man was suspected of belonging toa paedophile network with international branches incountries such as Sweden, Germany, the Netherlandsand the United States. The preliminary investigation91 Helsingborg District Court 28.12.2011, Case no B 4188-11.92 Court of Appeal for Skåne and Blekinge 26-03-2012, Case no.B 111-12was completed in spring 2012. The police authoritycollaborated on the case with the National Bureau ofInvestigation, Europol and Interpol.For several years, the County AdministrativeBoard in the County of Kronoberg has been responsiblefor an expert group for the purpose of identifyingand detecting the occurrence of human trafficking.The group includes representatives of the SwedishProsecution Authority, the Migration Board,Social Services and the police authorities in Kalmarand Kronoberg.Central Collaboration Area - Central(thte counties of Uppsala, Gävleborg, Västmanland)County of UppsalaIn 2011, a 32-year-old man was sentenced by the DistrictCourt to a suspended sentence for procuring.The man had rented out his apartment to three twenty-year-oldSwedish women with the knowledge thatthey would be “selling” sexual services to variousmale sex-purchasers. The man also secretly filmed theacts with a hidden camera. The prosecutor called forsix months of imprisonment for procuring andbelieved that the man had also helped the womenadvertise on the Internet. The defence called for a suspendedsentence because the man had lost his jobbecause of the allegations of procuring and becausehe had been detained for just over a month. Accordingto the defence, the man had not earned any moneyfrom the business and had not helped in recruitingsex-purchasers. The District Court took the defenceline and the sentence was not appealed. In this case,for the purchase of sexual services, three men weregiven fines based on daily earnings.County of GävleborgIn 2011, three preliminary investigations were initiatedin connection with human trafficking for forcedlabour, where the suspected perpetrators recruitedten vulnerable people in economically weak areas in

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities58Bulgaria to pick berries in Sweden. All of the victimstestified against the traffickers and then returned toBulgaria. In one of the cases, a man and a womanfrom Bulgaria were prosecuted for offences includinghuman trafficking, but the court dismissed the indictment.Instead, the man was convicted of attemptedassault, arbitrary conduct and molestation, and sentencedto imprisonment for three months. The womanwas sentenced by the District Court to imprisonmentfor three months for assault and arbitrary conduct93 . The victims in this case were three Bulgarianmen aged between 32 and 42.In another case, in June 2012, a Bulgarian man anda Bulgarian woman were each sentenced by the DistrictCourt in Hudiksvall to prison terms of 10months for human trafficking. The couple were alsosentenced to expulsion for 10 years 94 .In these cases, the police authority in the County ofGävleborg collaborated with the National Bureau ofInvestigation, the Bulgarian police, the InternationalPublic Prosecution Office in Stockholm and with theNorwegian police liaison officer in Sofia.County of VästmanlandIn 2010-2011, the police authority in Västmanlandconducted a project targeting human trafficking forsexual purposes and prostitution. During the projectperiod, the police authority arranged a number ofseminars for selected key people from public authorities,municipalities in the county and NGOs. Theseminars were also aimed at police employees withinthe authority. The purpose of the seminars was toraise awareness among interested parties and to forma network of professional bodies and a liaison group.The County Administrative Board of Västmanlandis the responsible authority for the liaison group combatinghuman trafficking. The group consists of rep-93 Hudiksvall District Court 31.10.2011, Case no. 1834-11.94 Hudiksvall District Court 15.06.2012, Case no. 2220-11.resentatives from social services, the police, theSwedish Migration Board, the Swedish ProsecutionAuthority, the Church of Sweden, women’s shelters,the Swedish Victim Support organisation and thecounty’s schools.The liaison group disseminated information abouthuman trafficking and prostitution through a campaignof specialist courses and several seminars. Thetarget group for these activities included people invarious business sectors such as hotels, restaurantsand taxi companies, to spread awareness of the problemsand encourage the general public and others totip off the police.A case of special interestIn 2011, the District Court in Västmanland dismissedthe indictment for human trafficking against threeperpetrators suspected of having recruited andexploited two women from Slovakia, since the districtcourt did not find any proof of exploitation havingtaken place.The case arose out of information from Interpoland Europol concerning the fact that women fromSlovakia were being exploited for prostitution purposesin Sweden. One woman had previously beenexploited for sexual purposes in Germany, but it wasnot possible to prove that the women had beenexploited for sexual purposes in Sweden. Telephonetapping showed that one of the women had been soldto one of the suspects, but it was unclear what theexploitation purpose was.The preliminary investigation led to three brothers,resident in Sweden but originally from Slovakia,being arrested by the police. The suspicions of humantrafficking concerned the exploitation of two Slovakwomen for sexual purposes, or that they had been putin a position of distress. The distress consisted of suspicionsthat the perpetrators would provide the womenwith Swedish personal identification numbers inorder to exploit them for financial crimes such ascredit fraud. There were also suspicions that the per-

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities59petrators intended to provide the women with Swedishpersonal identity numbers in order to receivesocial security benefits for themselves and their children.One perpetrator was sentenced to six months ofimprisonment for fraud 95 . The prosecution for humantrafficking also covered the claim that the two daughters(aged 6 and 8) of one of the women were beingexploited for stealing food and clothing.Bergslagen Collaboration Area(the counties of Dalarna, Värmland, Örebro)County of DalarnaIn 2011, there were no preliminary investigations concerninghuman trafficking, procuring or purchasingsexual services in the County of Dalarna. In 2012,one post will be filled in order to facilitate surveillancework in this type of crime, especially via theInternet.County of VärmlandIn 2011, a preliminary investigation was initiated concerninghuman trafficking for forced labour in Värmland.The case involved 27 men and women fromUzbekistan who reported that they had been misledabout working conditions in Sweden by a Polish citizenliving in Sweden. The victims said they had beenpromised work in a factory but that on arrival,instead of what they expected, they were offered workas berry pickers. The preliminary investigation is stillongoing. The victims returned to their homeland.County of ÖrebroIn 2011, a Swedish man (aged 48) was sentenced byÖrebro District Court to probation for procuring andfor the purchase of sexual services. The man voluntarilydonated his apartment to one Swedish and oneRomanian woman to enable them to use it for casualsexual relations in return for payment. The womenpaid SEK 500 per sex-purchaser to the 48-year-old.No appeal was raised against the sentence.Collaboration Area East(the counties of Östergötland, Jönköping, Södermanland)County of ÖstergötlandThe police authority in Östergötland did not initiateany preliminary investigations into human trafficking,procuring or the purchase of sexual services in2011.As part of the national initiative to combat volumeand serial crimes in 2012, the police authority inÖstergötland initiated preparatory work in 2011 inorder to take responsibility for coordinating policeactions against gangs of rogue tarmac and pavinglayers from the UK and Ireland, where suspicions ofhuman trafficking arise. The police also began collaboratingwith the Swedish Tax Agency, SwedishCustoms, the Swedish Prosecution Authority, theLarmtjänst service (set up to combat organised crimeon behalf of the Swedish insurance industry) and theSwedish Migration Board because of the special initiative.A methodological manual was updated andmade available to all police forces on the policeintranet, to enable the police to work in a consistentmanner against this type of crime.County of JönköpingBeginning in 2011, the police authority in the Countyof Jönköping worked on information gathering, tipoffmanagement and collaboration with other authoritiesconcerning human trafficking, procuring andthe purchase of sexual services. In addition, a dedicatedcontact person in the authority was appointedto take responsibility for these matters. In 2011, nopreliminary investigations were initiated concerningthese crimes.95 Västmanland District Court 25.08.2011, Case no. B 406-11.

Annex 1 – Reporting by the police authorities60County of SödermanlandDuring 2011, for example, the police in Nyköpinginvestigated a case involving human trafficking forforced labour. Two men, originally from China, whowere working in the hotel and restaurant trade, werearrested on grounds of probability, suspected ofexploiting three young compatriots to work underslave-like conditions. The preliminary investigationwas closed because there was no evidence that theperpetrators had a direct intent to exploit the men.

Annex 2 – Legislation in this area61Annex 2 – Legislation inthis areaTrafficking in human beingsOn 18 March 2010, the government submitted a Billto the Swedish Parliament concerning enhanced protectionin criminal law against human trafficking. 96The Bill proposed a new formulation of the crime ofhuman trafficking, involving a clearer and moreappropriate charge.The aim was to make the charge more effective andto strengthen the protection against human traffickingin criminal law. Among the changes this impliedwere that the requirement for the perpetrator to takecontrol over the victim via commercial means – the“control prerequisite” – was removed. In addition, therequirement for double criminal responsibility wasabolished to enable Swedish courts to be able to passsentence for human trafficking committed abroad.The new provision on human trafficking proposedby the government, which came into force on 1 July2010, reads as follows:Chapter 4 § 1 a of the Penal Code (2010:371)A person who, in cases other than those stated in §1, bymeans of unlawful coercion, deceit, exploitation of aperson’s vulnerable situation or by any other suchimproper means, recruits, transports, transfers, housesor receives another person, and in so doing takes controlof that person in order for the person to be exploitedfor sexual purposes, removal of organs, active militaryservice, forced work or for some other purpose in a situationinvolving distress for the victim, shall be sentencedto imprisonment for human trafficking for a period of aminimum of two and a maximum of ten years.Anyone who commits a crime as referred to in para. 1against a person who has not yet reached the age of 18shall be sentenced for human trafficking even if suchimproper means as stated therein have not been used.If the crime as referred to in paras. 1 or 2 is of a lessgrievous nature, the perpetrator shall be sentenced to aterm of imprisonment of a maximum of four years.”96 Government Bill 2009/10:152Procuring/aggravated procuringChapter 6 § 12 of the Penal Code (2004:406)“Anyone who encourages or improperly economicallyexploits a person having casual sexual relations inreturn for payment shall be sentenced for procuring to aterm of imprisonment of a maximum of four years.If a person who has leased an apartment with a rightof usage becomes aware that the apartment is beingused entirely or to a significant degree for casual sexualrelations in return for payment and does not do whatmay reasonably be expected in order to bring an end tothe lease, and if this activity continues or is resumed inthe apartment, then he or she shall be regarded as havingpromoted the activity and shall be sentenced for culpabilityin compliance with para. 1.If a crime as referred to in para. 1 or 2 is regarded asgrievous, then the perpetrator shall be convicted foraggravated procuring and sentenced to a term ofimprisonment of a minimum of two and a maximum ofeight years. When considering whether or not the crimeis grievous, special attention shall be paid to whetherthe activity was conducted on a large scale, entailed significantfinancial gain or involved the ruthless exploitationof another person.”Culpability for procuring rests with the person whopromotes or exploits the fact that another person hasmore than one casual sexual relationship in return forpayment. The act of procuring may be considered tobe aggravated if the crime relates to an activity thatwas carried out on a fairly large scale, has resulted inconsiderable gain or involved ruthless exploitation. Acrime of procuring may also be considered to beaggravated if it involves aspects of human traffickingand the transportation of girls and women to Swedenfrom other countries for the purposes of prostitution.The maximum punishment for aggravated procuringhas been increased to a term of between six andeight years. This was done to make it possible, forexample, for the people who plan and organise procuringin the nature of human trafficking to be punished,but where it has been impossible to prove therequirement of undue influence.

Annex 2 – Legislation in this area62Purchase of sexual services as worded fromand including 01.07.2011Chapter 6 § 11 of the Penal Code (2011:517) 97Someone who, in a case other than as intended previouslyin this chapter, obtains casual sexual intercoursein return for payment, will be convicted of the purchaseof a sexual service and sentenced to a fine or a custodialsentence of a maximum of one year98.What has been stated in paragraph 1 also applieseven if the remuneration has been promised or given bysomeone else.The purchase of a sexual act from a childChapter 6 § 9 of the Penal Code (2004:406)Someone who, in a case other than as intended previouslyin this chapter, induces a child below the age ofeighteen to carry out or endure a sexual act in return forpayment will be sentenced, for the purchase of a sexualact from a child, to a fine or to a custodial sentence of amaximum of two years.What has been stated in paragraph 1 also applieseven if the remuneration has been promised or given bysomeone else.The Aliens’ ActIn order to make it easier for perpetrators to bebrought to trial, a provision granting temporary residencepermits for foreign witnesses and victims wasintroduced into the Aliens’ Act in 2005 99 where thisis considered justified, in order to carry out a preliminaryinvestigation and main hearing in the criminalcase. In 2011, the Swedish Migration Boardmade 39 decisions to grant temporary residence permitsto such witnesses. On 1 July 2007 the provisionin the Aliens’ Act was amended in order to harmonisewith an EU Directive on the victims of humantrafficking 100 . Witnesses are now required to cooperatewith the criminal investigation authorities, andto break off all links with the individuals who aresuspected of crimes, etc. At the request of the directorof the preliminary investigation, a residence permitfor thirty days can now also be issued if the witnesswants time for reflection in order to recover andto make a decision as to whether he or she wishes tocooperate with the criminal investigation authorities.Chapter 5 § 15 of Sweden’s Aliens Act(2005:716).A temporary residence permit may be granted, at therequest of the leader of the preliminary investigation, toan alien who has been living here, if this is required inorder for a preliminary investigation or main hearing tobe held in the criminal case. A temporary residence permitfor a minimum of six months shall be given at therequest of the leader of the preliminary investigation toan alien who is living here if1. this is required in order for a preliminary investigationor main hearing to be held in the criminal case,2. the alien in question has clearly displayed a willingnessto cooperate with the criminal investigationauthorities,3. the alien has broken off all contacts with the personswho are suspected of a crime that is the subject of thepreliminary investigation, and4. considerations of public order and safety do notrequire that the permit should not be granted.If the alien wishes to have some time for considerationin order to recover and to make a decision as towhether he or she wishes to cooperate with the criminalinvestigation authorities, then a temporary thirty-97 Swedish Government Bill 2010/11:77.98 The aim of tightening up the penalties is to create further roomfor a more nuanced assessment of the punishment value inserious cases of the purchase of sexual services.99 The Aliens’ Act (2005:716) Chap. 5 § 15100 Council Directive 2004/81/EC of 29 April 2004 on the issue ofresidence permits to third-country nationals who have beenvictims of human trafficking or who have been the subject ofan action to facilitate illegal immigration, who cooperate withthe competent authorities.

Annex 2 – Legislation in this area63day residence permit will be issued at the request ofthe leader of the preliminary investigation, as long asthe conditions as stated in items 1 and 4 of para. 1have been fulfilled.A residence permit issued in pursuance of para. 1may be extended if so requested by the leader of thepreliminary investigation and if the conditions statedtherein are still fulfilled. A residence permit issued inaccordance with para. 2 may be extended if sorequested by the director of the preliminary investigationif, for particular reasons, there is a need for alonger period of consideration and the conditions asstated in items 1 and 4 of para. 1 are still fulfilled.Legislation to be considered in cases oftrafficking in human beings for forcedlabourIn Sweden, a person purchasing/engaging the victim’sservices risks being held responsible for usury in compliancewith Chap. 9 § 5 Para 1 of the Penal Code andbreaches of the provisions of the Act on Tax Offences(1971:69). According to the provision on usury, anyonewho, by means of a contract or some other legaldocument, takes advantage of someone’s distress,foolishness, ignorance or dependency in order toderive benefit, which is obviously disproportionate tothe remuneration or for which should no remunerationis paid, shall be punishedChap. 20 § 5 of the Aliens’ Act could also be applicablein certain cases if someone intentionally or negligentlyemploys a foreigner even though the alien inquestion does not have a prescribed work permit.Chap. 3 § 10 of the Penal Code in cases where someoneintentionally or negligently is in breach of what isrequired according to the Work Environment Act, toprevent illness or accident, thereby causing the deathof another person, physical injury or illness.

Annex 3 – Sentences64Annex 3 – SentencesSentences pronouinced in the county of stockholm in 20111A-: Sentence in Södertörn District Court,11.04.2011, Case no. B 13968-111. Man, born 1970, citizen of SwedenCrime: Aggravated procuringRapeThe purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Imprisonment for 4 years and 6 monthsThe offender must pay damages to fiveinjured-parties, at SEK 20,000 each, forone injured-party at SEK 75,000 and oneinjured-party at SEK 95,000. The offenderwas placed under an obligation to pay SEK360,000 as the forfeited proceeds of crime.The sentence became final in May 2011.Victims: Nine Swedish women aged 19-212A-: Sentence in Attunda District Court, 27-04-2011,Case no. B 1267-071. Man, born 1978, citizen of BulgariaCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for purposesother than sexual)Aggravated burglarySentence: Imprisonment for 4 yearThe accused is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before27.04.2021.The offender shall pay damages ofSEK 85,000 to one injured-party.Victims: A girl, aged 12, from Bulgaria.2B-: Sentence in the Svea Court of Appeal 22-12-2011, Case no. B 4140-11The Court of Appeal confirmed the District Courtsentence.3A-: Sentence in Stockholm District Court, 22-09-2011, Case no. B 9708-111. Man, born 1980, citizen of LithuaniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 9 monthsThe defendant is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before22.09.2016.2. Man, born 1983, citizen of LithuaniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 1 yearThe defendant is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before22.09.2016.The offender was placed under an obligationto pay SEK 360,000 as the forfeitedproceeds of crime.Victims: Four women from Lithuania, agedbetween 22 and 30.3B-: Sentence in the Svea Court of Appeal24.11.2011, Case no. B 8157-11The Court of Appeal dismissed the case with regardto the prosecutor’s associated appeal and rejected theprovision concerning deportation for both men.4A-: Sentence in Södertörn District Court,29.09.2011, Case no. B 15187-111. Man, born 1985, citizen of EstoniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 1 years and 6 monthsThe accused is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before29.09.2016.The offender is placed under an obligationto pay SEK 30,000 as the forfeited proceedsof crime.

Annex 3 – Sentences652. Man, born 1986, citizen of EstoniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 1 years and 6 monthsThe accused is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before29.09.2016.The offender is placed under an obligationto pay SEK 40,000 as the forfeited proceedsof crime.3. Woman, born 1964, statelessCrime: Aggravated procuringAttempted extortionSentence: Imprisonment for 3 yearsThe accused is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before29.09.2021.The offender is placed under an obligationto pay SEK 80,000 as the forfeited proceedsof crime.The offender, jointly and severally withperpetrator 4, must pay damages to oneinjured-party amounting to SEK 5000.4. Man, born 1981, citizen of SwedenCrime: Aggravated procuringProcuringAttempted procuringAttempted extortionSentence: Imprisonment for 2 years and 6 monthsThe defendant is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before29.09.2021.5. Man born 1987, citizen of EstoniaCrime: Complicity in procuringSentence: Imprisonment for 3 monthsThe appeal against deportation was dismissed6. Man, born 1960, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 100/day7. Man, born 1956, citizen of the UKCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 120/day8. Man, born 1973, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Prosecution disallowed9. Man, born 1950, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Prosecution disallowedVictims: Nine women from Estonia aged 24-41.4B-: Sentence in the Svea Court of Appeal22-12-2011, Case no. B 8490-11Only perpetrator 2 appealed, but that sentence wasconfirmed by the Court of Appeal.5A-: Sentence in Solna District Court, 29.12.2011,Case no. B 9980-111. Man, born 1969, citizen of RomaniaCrime: RapeSentence: Imprisonment for 1 yearThe appeal against deportation was dismissed.Prosecution concerning human trafficking(for purposes other than sexual), unlawfulthreats and assault was dismissed.Victims: A girl, aged 16, from Romania.5B-: Sentence in the Svea Court of Appeal02.03.2012, Case no. B 756-12The Court of Appeal confirmed the District Courtruling.

Annex 3 – Sentences66Sentences pronounced in the county ofSkåne 20111A-: Sentence in Helsingborg District Court, 28-12-2011, Case no. B 4188-111. Man, born 1987, citizen of RomaniaCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for sexualpurposes)Unlawful drivingSentence: Imprisonment for 2 years and 6 monthsThe offender shall, jointly and severallywith perpetrator 2, pay damages toinjured-party A of SEK 37,000 and toinjured-party B of SEK 32,000.The offender is placed under an obligationto pay SEK 13,000 as the forfeited proceedsof crime.2. Man, born 1981, citizen of RomaniaCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for sexualpurposes)Sentence: Imprisonment for 2 yearsThe offender shall, jointly and severallywith perpetrator 1, pay damages toinjured-party A of SEK 37,000 and toinjured-party B of SEK 32,000. Theappeal concerning the forfeiture of theproceeds of crime was dismissed.3. Male born 1990Crime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 40 times daily income ofSEK 50/dayVictims: Two women from Romania aged between19 and 24.1B-: Sentence in the Court of Appeal for Skåne andBlekinge 26.03.2012, Case no. B 111-12The Court of Appeal amended the District Court’ssentence for perpetrator 1 by reducing the sentence toimprisonment for 2 years for aggravated procuring,and for perpetrator 2 by reducing the sentence toimprisonment for 10 months for procuring. TheCourt of Appeal also decreased the damages for perpetrator1 by adjusting it to SEK 20,000 each forinjured-parties A and B. The Court of Appeal dismissedentirely the claims for damages of injuredpartiesA and B with regard to perpetrator 2.Sentences pronounced in the county ofVästmanland in 20111A-: Sentence in Västmanland District Court,25.08.2011, Case no. B 406-111. Man, born 1972, citizen of SwedenCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for purposesother than sexual)Sentence: Prosecution for human trafficking dismissed.2. Man, born 1968, citizen of SwedenCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for purposesother than sexual)RapeSentence: Prosecution for human trafficking andrape was dismissed.3. Woman, born 1961, citizen of SwedenCrime: Unlawful deprivation of libertySentence: Prosecution for unlawful detention wasdismissed.

Annex 3 – Sentences674. Man, born 1972, citizen of SwedenCrime: Trafficking in human beings (for purposesother than sexual)AssaultFraudSentence: Imprisonment for 6 months for fraudProsecution for human trafficking andassault was dismissed.Victims: Two women from Slovakia aged 28 and 36,respectively.The District Court sentence was notappealed.Sentences pronounced in the county ofVästra Götaland in 20111A-: Sentence in Gothenburg District Court,15.07.2011, Case no. B 3509-111. Man, born 1980, citizen of IraqCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 6 months2. Man, born 1987, citizen of RomaniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 4 months3. Man, born 1987, citizen of RomaniaCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 1 yearThe accused is expelled from the countryand banned from returning before15.07.2016.The offender is placed under an obligationto pay SEK 13,000 as the forfeited proceedsof crime.4. Man, born 1985, citizen of IraqCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 80 times daily income ofSEK 50/day5. Man, born 1974, citizen of IraqCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 80 times daily income ofSEK 50/day6. Man, born 1978, citizen of IraqCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 80 times daily income ofSEK 50/day7. Man, born 1977, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 80 times daily income ofSEK 50/day8. Man, born 1951, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Prosecution disallowed9. Man, born 1962, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 100 times daily incomeof SEK 200/dayA prosecution for procuring was dismissedVictims: A woman from Romania, 25 years old.1B-: Sentence in the Court of Appeal for WesternSweden 04-10-2011, Case no. B 3601-11The Court of Appeal changed the District Court sentencefor perpetrator 2 such that the prosecution forprocuring was dismissed. The prosecution for humantrafficking concerning perpetrator 3 was also dismissed.

Annex 3 – Sentences68Sentences pronounced in the county ofHalland in 20111A-: Sentence in Halmstad District Court, 29.12.2011,Case no. B 2354-111. Man, born 1980, citizen of SwedenCrime: ProcuringSentence: Imprisonment for 5 months2. Man, born 1947, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 300/day3. Man, born 1967, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 50/day4. Man, born 1968, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 400/day5. Man, born 1954, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 170/day6. Man, born 1980, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 300/day7. Man, born 1952, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 40 times daily income ofSEK 200/dayVictims: A 40-year-old woman from Romania and a32-year-old woman from Panama.An appeal against the District Court sentencewas submitted to the Court ofAppeal.Sentences pronounced in the county ofGävleborg in 20111A-: Sentence in Hudiksvall District Court,31.10.2011, Case no. B 1834-111. Woman, born 1971, citizen of BulgariaCrime: AssaultArbitrary conductSentence: Imprisonment for 3 monthsProsecution for human trafficking for otherpurposes disallowed.The appeal against deportation was dismissed2. Man, born 1969, citizen of BulgariaCrime: Attempted assaultArbitrary conductMolestationSentence: Imprisonment for 3 monthsProsecution for human trafficking for otherpurposes dismissedThe appeal against deportation was dismissedVictims: Three men from Bulgaria aged between 32and 42.The District Court sentence was notappealed.

Annex 3 – Sentences69Sentences pronounced in the county ofNorrbotten in 20111A-: Sentence in Haparanda District Court,22.02.2011, Case no. B 974-101. Man, born 1952, citizen of SwedenCrime: ProcuringSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 70/day2. Man, born 1950, citizen of SwedenCrime: The purchase of a sexual serviceSentence: Fine equivalent to 50 times daily income ofSEK 50/day1B : Sentence in the Court of Appeal for Upper Norrland07.06.2011, Case no. B 244-11The Court of Appeal modified the District Court’ssentence for perpetrator 1 and pronounced sentenceof a fine based on 30 times a daily income of SEK 50,for complicity in the purchase of sexual services.Victims: a woman from Russia

Annex 4 – Reported offences in 201170Annex 4 – Reported offencesin 2011Reported Crimes 101 2010 2011Entire CountryTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 32 35Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 52 63Procuring incl. aggravated 120 86The purchase of a sexual service 1 277 765The purchase of a sexual act from a child 233 131County of BlekingeTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 0Procuring incl. aggravated 0 0The purchase of a sexual service 1 0The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 2County of DalarnaTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 0Procuring incl. aggravated 1 1The purchase of a sexual service 7 0The purchase of a sexual act from a child 2 2County of GotlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 0Procuring incl. aggravated 0 1The purchase of a sexual service 0 2The purchase of a sexual act from a child 1 1County of GävleborgTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 2Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 3Procuring incl. aggravated 1 0The purchase of a sexual service 3 0The purchase of a sexual act from a child 3 1County of HallandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 2Procuring incl. aggravated 1 2The purchase of a sexual service 1 19The purchase of a sexual act from a child 4 2Reported Crimes 101 2010 2011County of JämtlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 1Procuring incl. aggravated 1 0The purchase of a sexual service 450 5The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 3County of JönköpingTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 0Procuring incl. aggravated 0 0The purchase of a sexual service 2 3The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 4County of KalmarTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 0Procuring incl. aggravated 0 0The purchase of a sexual service 2 1The purchase of a sexual act from a child 9 1County of KronobergTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 0Procuring incl. aggravated 1 1The purchase of a sexual service 2 0The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 0County of NorrbottenTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 2Procuring incl. aggravated 5 0The purchase of a sexual service 2 7The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 1County of SkåneTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 13 7Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 10 11Procuring incl. aggravated 15 6The purchase of a sexual service 103 28The purchase of a sexual act from a child 71 13

Annex 4 – Reported offences in 201171Reported Crimes 101 2010 2011County of StockholmTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 8 2Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 28 13Procuring incl. aggravated 48 46The purchase of a sexual service 392 354The purchase of a sexual act from a child 96 69County of SödermanlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 4 2Procuring incl. aggravated 1 1The purchase of a sexual service 2 12The purchase of a sexual act from a child 0 2County of UppsalaTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 2Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 0Procuring incl. aggravated 4 1The purchase of a sexual service 10 15The purchase of a sexual act from a child 6 6County of VärmlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 1Procuring incl. aggravated 1 2The purchase of a sexual service 3 1The purchase of a sexual act from a child 2 1Reported Crimes 101 2010 2011County of VästmanlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 5Procuring incl. aggravated 2 0The purchase of a sexual service 101 3The purchase of a sexual act from a child 2 2County of Västra GötalandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 5 15Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 0 15Procuring incl. aggravated 19 22The purchase of a sexual service 153 268The purchase of a sexual act from a child 10 8County of ÖrebroTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 0Procuring incl. aggravated 3 0The purchase of a sexual service 18 2The purchase of a sexual act from a child 5 4County of ÖstergötlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 1 0Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 2Procuring incl. aggravated 5 2The purchase of a sexual service 3 21The purchase of a sexual act from a child 12 4County of Västerbottenrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 3Procuring incl. aggravated 8 0The purchase of a sexual service 19 0The purchase of a sexual act from a child 5 3County of VästernorrlandTrafficking in human beings (for sexual purposes) 0 1Trafficking in human beings (for other purposes) 1 3Procuring incl. aggravated 4 1The purchase of a sexual service 3 24The purchase of a sexual act from a child 5 2101 Statistics from the Swedish National Council for CrimePrevention (Brå). Available at: http://statistik.bra.se

Rubrik omslag tunnrubrik omslag tunnIngress omslagIngress omslagRPS Rapport XXXX:XRikspolisstyrelsen december 2012PublisherSwedish National Police boardProductionInformation unit,Swedish National Police boardDnr.POA-429-195/12Issue1 000Printed byRPS Tryckeri 2013Graphic designCitatPhotoSwedish National Police board

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