McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12 and

Curriculum Correlation BetweenMcGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12 andThe Ontario Curriculum, Chemistry, Grade 12,University Preparation (SCH4U)This course enables students to deepen their understanding of chemistry through the study of organicchemistry, energy changes and rates of reaction, chemical systems and equilibrium, electrochemistry, andatomic and molecular structure. Students will further develop problem-solving and laboratory skills as theyinvestigate chemical processes, at the same time refining their ability to communicate scientific information.Emphasis will be placed on the importance of chemistry in daily life, and on evaluating the impact ofchemical technology on the environment.Scientific Investigation SkillsThroughout this course, students will: McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Page(s)• SIS.01 Demonstrate an understanding ofsafe laboratory practices by selecting andapplying appropriate techniques forhandling, storing, and disposing oflaboratory materials (e.g., safelydisposing of organic solutions; correctlyinterpreting Workplace HazardousMaterials Information System [WHMIS]symbols), and using appropriate personalprotection (e.g., wearing safety goggles).{N.B. The Scientific Investigation Skills arefundamental to the McGraw-Hill RyersonChemistry 12 program. Following are some pointsin the text where these skills are specificallytaught or called upon; it is not an exhaustive list.}[Safety in Your Chemistry Laboratory]Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond(Investigation 1-A: Preparing a Carboxylic AcidDerivative)Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.4 Reaction Mechanisms(Investigation 6-B: Determining the Rate LawEquation for a Catalyzed Reaction)Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases(Investigation 8-A: K a of Acetic Acid)Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.2 Solubility Equilibria(Investigation 9-A: Determining K sp for CalciumHydroxide)viii-xi42-43306-307394-395434McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school

• SIS.07 Communicate the procedures andresults of investigations for specificpurposes by displaying evidence andinformation, either in writing or using acomputer, in various forms, includingflow charts, tables, graphs, and laboratoryreports (e.g., construct visual models thatexplain intermolecular and intramolecularforces).Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.2 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom(Section Review #3)Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.2 Determining Enthalpy of Reaction byExperiment(Investigation 5-A: Determining the Enthalpy of aNeutralization Reaction)Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.4 Reaction Mechanisms(Investigation 6-B: Determining the Rate LawEquation for a Catalyzed Reaction)138240-241306-307• SIS.08 Express the result of anycalculation involving experimental datato the appropriate number of decimalplaces or significant figures.• SIS.09 Select and use appropriate SIunits.[Appendix D: Math and Chemistry] 590-594[Appendix E: Chemistry Data Tables] 595-599• SIS.10 Identify and describe science- andtechnology-based careers related to thesubject area under study (e.g., describecareers related to thermochemistry, suchas chemical engineering).Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.2 Hydrocarbons[Careers in Chemistry: The Art, Science, andBusiness of Perfumery]Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.1 The Nuclear Atomic Model[Careers in Chemistry: Nuclear Medicine]Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.4 Energy Sources[Careers in Chemistry: Nuclear Safety Supervisor]Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction[Careers in Chemistry: Anesthesiology: A Careerin Pain Management]Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells[Careers in Chemistry: Explosives Chemist]17129259371514McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school3

Unit 1 Organic ChemistryOverall ExpectationsBy the end of this course, students will:• OC V.01 Demonstrate an understandingof the structure of various organiccompounds, and of chemical reactionsinvolving these compounds.• OC V.02 Investigate various organiccompounds through research andexperimentation, predict the products oforganic reactions, and name and representthe structures of organic compoundsusing the IUPAC system and molecularmodels.McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.1 Bonding and the Shape of Organic Molecules1.2 Hydrocarbons1.3 Single-Bonded Functional Groups1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O BondChapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.1 The Main Types of Organic Reactions2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules2.4 Organic Compounds and Everyday LifeChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 1Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.2 Hydrocarbons1.3 Single-Bonded Functional Groups1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond(Investigation 1-A: Preparing a Carboxylic AcidDerivative)(Investigation 1-B: Comparing PhysicalProperties)Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups(Using Markovnikov’s Rule)(Predicting and Naming Reactions)(Investigation 2-A: Oxidizing Alcohols)(Predicting the Products of More OrganicReactions)2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules(Classifying and Naming Products ofPolymerization Reactions)(Investigation 2-B: Synthesis of a Polymer)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 1Page(s)5-1112-2021-3435-5157-6465-8081-9697-104566-56712-2021-3435-5142-434967-6873747884-8586-87566-567McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school4

• OC V.03 Evaluate the impact of organiccompounds on our standard of living andthe environment• Specific Expectations:Understanding Basic ConceptsBy the end of this course, students will:• OC 1.01 Distinguish among the differentclasses of organic compounds, includingalcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylicacids, esters, ethers, amines, and amides,by name and by structural formula.• OC 1.02 Describe some physicalproperties of the classes of organiccompounds in terms of solubility indifferent solvents, molecular polarity,odour, and melting and boiling points.Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups[Canadians in Chemistry: Dusanka Filopovic]2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules[Risks of the Polymer Industry][Chemistry Bulletin: Degradable Plastics: GarbageThat Takes Itself Out]2.4 Organic Compounds and Everyday LifeUnit 1 An Issue to Analyze: Current IssuesRelated to Organic ChemistryMcGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.2 Hydrocarbons1.3 Single-Bonded Functional Groups1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O BondChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 1Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.1 Bonding and the Shape of Organic Molecules[Molecular Shape and Polarity]1.3 Single-Bonded Functional Groups[Functional Groups][Physical Properties and Forces BetweenMolecules](ThoughtLab: Comparing Intermolecular Forces)[Alcohols][Alkyl Halides][Table 1.7: Physical Properties of Ethers][Table 1.8: Physical Properties of Amines][Additional Characteristics of Amines]1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond[Table 1.9: Physical Properties of Aldehydes andKetones][Additional Characteristics of Aldehydes andKetones][Table 1.10: Comparing Boiling Points][Table 1.12: Physical Properties of CarboxylicAcids][Table 1.13: Physical Properties of Esters][Additional Characteristics of Esters][Table 1.14: Physical Properties of Amides](Investigation 1-B: Comparing PhysicalProperties)69888997-104110-111Page(s)12-2021-3435-51565-5668-1021-2222-242425-27283133333737374046464849McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school5

• OC 1.03 Describe different types oforganic reactions, such as substitution,addition, elimination, oxidation,esterification, and hydrolysis.• OC 1.04 Demonstrate an understandingof the processes of addition andcondensation polymerization.• OC 1.05 Describe a variety of organiccompounds present in living organisms,and explain their importance to thoseorganisms (e.g., proteins, carbohydrates,fats, nucleic acids).• Specific Expectations:Developing Skills of Inquiry andCommunicationBy the end of this course, students will:• OC 2.01 Use appropriate scientificvocabulary to communicate ideas relatedto organic chemistry (e.g., functionalgroup, polymer).Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.1 The Main Types of Organic Reactions2.2 Reactions of Functional GroupsChapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules[Making Synthetic Polymers: Addition andCondensation Polymerization](Investigation 2-B: Synthesis of a Polymer)Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules[Natural Polymers]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 1McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]{N.B. The following is a sample of the scientificvocabulary defined in and used throughout thisunit; it is not an exhaustive list.}alkyl halidecarbonyl groupcarboxylic acidelimination reactionfunctional grouphydrolysis reactionMarkovnikov’s rulepolymer57-6465-8082-8586-8786-95565-566Page(s)2835395912616681McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school6

• OC 2.02 Use the IUPAC system to nameand write appropriate structures for thedifferent classes of organic compounds,including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones,carboxylic acids, esters, ethers, amines,amides, and simple aromatic compounds.• OC 2.03 Build molecular models of avariety of aliphatic, cyclic, and aromaticorganic compounds.Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.2 Hydrocarbons[General Rules for Naming Organic Compounds](Naming and Drawing Hydrocarbons)[Naming an Aromatic Hydrocarbon](Naming and Drawing Aromatic Compounds)1.3 Single-Bonded Functional Groups[How to Name an Alcohol](Naming and Drawing Alcohols)[Alkyl Halides](Naming and Drawing Alkyl Halides)[How to Name an Ether](Naming and Drawing Ethers)[How to Name an Amine](Naming and Drawing Amines)1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond[How to Name an Aldehyde][How to Name a Ketone](Naming and Drawing Aldehydes and Ketones)[How to Name a Carboxylic Acid](Naming and Drawing Carboxylic Acids)[How to Name an Ester](Naming and Drawing Esters)[How to Name an Amide](Naming and Drawing Amides)Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.1 Bonding and the Shape of Molecules(ExpressLab: Molecular Shapes)1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond(Investigation 1-B: Comparing PhysicalProperties)13-1616-1718-19192626-27282829303132353636394044454748649• OC 2.04 Identify some nonsystematicnames for organic compounds (e.g.,acetone, isopropyl alcohol, acetic acid).Chapter 1 Classifying Organic CompoundsThroughout Chapter 1, nonsystematic names are givenalongside IUPAC nomenclature for many commonly usedorganic compounds.• OC 2.05 Predict and correctly name theproducts of organic reactions, includingsubstitution, addition, elimination,esterification, hydrolysis, oxidation, andpolymerization reactions (e.g.,preparation of an ester, oxidation ofalcohols with permanganate).Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups(Using Markovnikov’s Rule)(Predicting and Naming Reactions)(Investigation 2-A: Oxidizing Alcohols)(Predicting the Products of More OrganicReactions)[Concept Organizer: Organic Reactions]2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules(Classifying and Naming Products ofPolymerization Reactions)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 167-687374787884-85565-566McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school7

• OC 2.06 Carry out laboratory proceduresto synthesize organic compounds (e.g.,preparation of an ester, polymerization).Specific Expectations:Relating Science to Technology, Society, andthe EnvironmentBy the end of this course, students will:• OC 3.01 Present informed opinions onthe validity of the use of the termsorganic, natural, and chemical in thepromotion of consumer goods.• OC 3.02 Describe the variety andimportance of organic compounds in ourlives (e.g., plastics, synthetic fibres,pharmaceutical products).• OC 3.03 Analyse the risks and benefitsof the development and application ofsynthetic products (e.g., polystyrene,aspartame, pesticides, solvents).Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.4 Functional Groups With the C=O Bond(Investigation 1-A: Preparing a Carboxylic AcidDerivative)Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules(Investigation 2-B: Synthesis of a Polymer)McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds[Chapter opening text]1.1 Bonding and the Shape of Organic Molecules[Weblink](Section Review # 1)Chapter 1 Classifying Organic Compounds1.2 Hydrocarbons[Careers in Chemistry: The Art, Science, andBusiness of Perfumery]Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups[Canadians in Chemistry: Dusanka Filopovic]2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules2.4 Organic Compounds and Everyday LifeChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 1Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups[Canadians in Chemistry: Dusanka Filopovic]2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules[Risks of the Polymer Industry][Chemistry Bulletin: Degradable Plastics: GarbageThat Takes Itself Out]2.4 Organic Compounds and Everyday Life[Risk-Benefit Analysis][Risks and Benefits of Organic Compounds](ThoughtLab: Risk-Benefit Analyses of OrganicProducts)42-4386-87Page(s)4511176991-9697-104565-56669888997-9898-100100McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school8

• OC 3.04 Provide examples of the use oforganic chemistry to improve technicalsolutions to existing or newly identifiedhealth, safety, and environmentalproblems (e.g., leaded versus unleadedgasoline; hydrocarbon propellants versuschlorofluorocarbons [CFCs]).Chapter 2 Reactions of Organic Compounds2.2 Reactions of Functional Groups[Canadians in Chemistry: Dusanka Filopovic]2.3 Molecules on a Larger Scale: Polymers andBiomolecules[Risks of the Polymer Industry][Chemistry Bulletin: Degradable Plastics: GarbageThat Takes Itself Out]2.4 Organic Compounds and Everyday Life[Problem Solving With Organic Compounds](ThoughtLab: Problem Solving with OrganicCompounds)698889100-102103Unit 2: Structure and PropertiesOverall ExpectationsBy the end of this course, students will:• SP V.01 Demonstrate an understandingof quantum mechanical theory, andexplain how types of chemical bondingaccount for the properties of ionic,molecular, covalent network, and metallicsubstances.• SP V.02 Investigate and compare theproperties of solids and liquids, and usebonding theory to predict the shape ofsimple molecules.McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.2 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the AtomChapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and SolidsChapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding(Investigation 4-A: Properties of Substances)4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity(ExpressLab: Using Soap Bubbles to ModelMolecular Shape)(Predicting Molecular Shape and DeterminingPolarity)4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids(Investigation 4-B: Determining the Type ofBonding in Substances)Page(s)131-138163-172173-189190-208164180188202McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school9

• SP V.03 Describe products andtechnologies whose development hasdepended on understanding molecularstructure, and technologies that haveadvanced the knowledge of atomic andmolecular theory.Specific Expectations:Understanding Basic ConceptsBy the end of this course, students will:• SP 1.01 Explain the experimentalobservations and inferences made byRutherford and Bohr in developing theplanetary model of the hydrogen atom.Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.1 The Nuclear Atomic Model[Careers in Chemistry: Nuclear Medicine]Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity[Shapes and Polarity of Molecules][Tools & Techniques: AIM Theory and ElectronDensity Maps: Molecules Go 3-D]4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids[Technology Link: X-ray Diffraction][Chemistry Bulletin: Ionic Liquids: A Solution tothe Problem of Solutions][Amorphous Solids][A Material Made to Order: Intermolecular andIntramolecular Forces in Action][Deriving Theory From Application:Superconductors]Unit 2 Project: Materials ConventionChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 2McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.1 The Nuclear Atomic Model[Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of the Atom][Prelude to a New Atomic Model][The Problem of Atomic Spectra](Investigation 3-A: Atomic Emission Spectra –Teacher Demonstration)[The Bohr Model of the Atom][How Bohr’s Atomic Model Explains theSpectrum for Atomic Hydrogen][The Successes and Limitations of the BohrAtomic Model]129178186199203203-204205-206206-207212-213566-567Page(s)120-121122122-123124-125126126-128128-129• SP 1.02 Describe the quantummechanical model of the atom (e.g.,orbitals, electron probability density) andthe contributions of individuals to thismodel (e.g., those of Planck, de Broglie,Einstein, Heisenberg, and Schrödinger).Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.2 The Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom 131-138McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school10

• SP 1.03 List characteristics of the s, p, d,and f blocks of elements, and explain therelationship between position of elementsin the periodic table, their properties, andtheir electron configurations.• SP 1.04 Explain how the properties of asolid or liquid (e.g., hardness, electricalconductivity, surface tension) depend onthe nature of the particles present and thetypes of forces between them (e.g.,covalent bonds, Van der Waals forces,dipole forces, and metallic bonds).• SP 1.05 Explain how the Valence ShellElectron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) modelcan be used to predict molecular shape.Specific Expectations:Developing Skills of Inquiry andCommunicationBy the end of this course, students will:• SP 2.01 Use appropriate scientificvocabulary to communicate ideasrelated to structure and bonding (e.g.,orbital, absorption spectrum, quantum,photon, dipole).Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.3 Electron Configurations and Periodic Trends[Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table][Summarizing Characteristics of s, p, d, and fBlock Elements][Electron Configurations, Atomic Properties, andPeriodic Trends](ThoughtLab: Periodic Connections)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and SolidsChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity[Shapes and Polarity of Molecules][Introducing Valence-Shell Electron-PairRepulsion (VSEPR) Theory][Molecular Geometry][Predicting Molecular Shape][The Relationship Between Molecular Shape andMolecular Polarity]McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]{N.B. The following is a sample of the scientificvocabulary defined in and used throughout thisunit; it is not an exhaustive list.}absorption spectrumaufbau principlefree-electron modelHund’s rulelattice energyorbital-shape quantum numberphotonprinciple quantum number (n)147-148149150-157151566-567163-172190-208566-567178178-180181-183183-186187-188Page(s)128142170143166134126134McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school11

• SP 2.02 Write electron configurations forelements in the periodic table, using thePauli exclusion principle and Hund’srule.• SP 2.03 Predict molecular shape forsimple molecules and ions, using theVSEPR model.• SP 2.04 Predict the polarity of varioussubstances, using molecular shape andthe electronegativity values of theelements of the substances.Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.3 Electron Configurations and Periodic Trends(Writing Electron Configurations)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity(Predicting Molecular Shape)(Predicting Molecular Shape and DeterminingPolarity)Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding(Predicting Polarity)4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity(Predicting Molecular Shape and DeterminingPolarity)145-146566-567185-186188169-170188• SP 2.05 Predict the type of solid (ionic,molecular, covalent, network, or metallic)formed by a substance, and describe itsproperties.Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding(Investigation 4-A: Properties of Substances) 164• SP 2.06 Conduct experiments to observeand analyse the physical properties ofdifferent substances, and to determine thetype of bonding present.Specific Expectations:Relating Science to Technology, Society, andthe EnvironmentBy the end of this course, students will:• SP 3.01 Describe some applications ofprinciples relating to atomic andmolecular structure in analyticalchemistry and medical diagnosis (e.g.,infrared spectroscopy, X-raycrystallography, nuclear medicine,medical applications of spectroscopy).Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.1 Chemical Bonding(Investigation 4-A: Properties of Substances)4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids(ThoughtLab: Properties of Liquids)(Investigation 4-B: Determining the Type ofBonding in Substances)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 3 Atoms, Electrons, and Periodic Trends3.1 The Nuclear Atomic Model[Careers in Chemistry: Nuclear Medicine]Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids[Technology Link: X-ray Diffraction]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5164196202566-567Page(s)129199566-567McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school12

• SP 3.02 Describe some specialized newmaterials that have been created on thebasis of the findings of research on thestructure of matter, chemical bonding,and other properties of matter (e.g.,bulletproof fabric, superconductors,superglue).Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids[Chemistry Bulletin: Ionic Liquids: A Solution tothe Problem of Solutions][Amorphous Solids][A Material Made to Order: Intermolecular andIntramolecular Forces in Action][Deriving Theory From Application:Superconductors]Unit 2 Project: Materials ConventionChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5203203-204205-206206-207212-213566-567• SP 3.03 Describe advances in Canadianresearch on atomic and molecular theory(e.g., the work of Richard Bader atMcMaster University in developingelectron-density maps for smallmolecules; the work of R.J. Le Roy at theUniversity of Waterloo in developing themathematical technique for determiningthe radius of molecules called the Le RoyRadius).Chapter 4 Structure and Properties of Substances4.2 Molecular Shape and Polarity[Shapes and Polarity of Molecules][Tools & Techniques: AIM Theory and ElectronDensity Maps: Molecules Go 3-D]4.3 Intermolecular Forces in Liquids and Solids[Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. R.J. Le Roy]Unit 3: Energy Changes and Rates of Reaction178186200Overall ExpectationsBy the end of this course, students will:• EC V.01 Demonstrate an understandingof the energy transformations andkinetics of chemical changes.McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.1 The Energy of Physical, Chemical, andNuclear Processes5.2 Determining Enthalpy of Reaction byExperiment5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation5.4 Energy SourcesChapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.2 The Rate Law: Reactant Concentration andRate6.3 Theories of Reaction Rates6.4 Reaction Mechanisms and CatalystsChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Page(s)221-233234-242243-255256-262278-288289-296297-310567-568McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school13

• EC V.02 Determine energy changes forphysical and chemical processes and ratesof reaction, using experimental data andcalculations.• EC V.03 Demonstrate an understandingof the dependence of chemicaltechnologies and processes on theenergetics of chemical reactions.Specific Expectations:Understanding Basic ConceptsBy the end of this course, students will:• EC 1.01 Compare the energy changesresulting from physical change, chemicalreactions, and nuclear reactions (fissionand fusion).Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.2 Determining Enthalpy of Reaction byExperiment(Investigation 5-A: Determining the Enthalpy of aNeutralization Reaction)5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation(Investigation 5-B: Hess’s Law and the Enthalpyof Combustion of Magnesium)Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.1 Expressing and Measuring Reaction Rates(Investigation 6-A: Studying Reaction Rates)6.4 Reaction Mechanisms(Investigation 6-B: Determining the Rate Law fora Catalyzed Reaction)Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.1 The Energy of Physical, Chemical, andNuclear Processes[Hot Packs and Cold Packs: Using the Energy ofPhysical Changes]5.4 Energy SourcesChapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.3 Theories of Reaction Rates[Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates:Applications]6.4 Reaction Mechanisms[Catalysts](Thought Lab: Researching Catalysts)Unit 3 Project: Developing a Bulletin AboutCatalysts and EnzymesMcGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.1 The Energy of Physical, Chemical, andNuclear Processes240-241248-249274-275306-307228256-262295302-304305314-315Page(s)221-233• EC 1.02 Explain Hess’s law, usingexamples.Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation 243-255McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school14

• EC 1.03 Describe, with the aid of agraph, the rate of reaction as a function ofthe change of concentration of a reactantor product with respect to time; expressthe rate of reaction as a rate law equation(first- or second-order reactions only);and explain the concept of half-life for areaction.• EC 1.04 Explain, using collision theoryand potential energy diagrams, howfactors such as temperature, surface area,nature of reactants, catalysts, andconcentration control the rate of chemicalreactions.• EC 1.05 Analyse simple potential energydiagrams of chemical reactions (e.g.,potential energy diagrams showing therelative energies of reactants, products,and activated complex).• EC 1.06 Demonstrate an understandingthat most reactions occur as a series ofelementary steps in a reactionmechanism.Specific Expectations:Developing Skills of Inquiry andCommunicationBy the end of this course, students will:Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.1 Expressing and Measuring Reaction Rates[Figure 6.2: The Concentration of C Versus Time]6.2 The Rate Law: Reactant Concentration andRate[Relating Reactant Concentration and Rate][The Rate Constant][Defining First-Order Reactions][Defining Second-Order Reactions][The Initial Rates Method][Determining the Rate Constant][The Half-Life of a Reaction]Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.3 Theories of Reaction Rates6.4 Reaction Mechanisms and CatalystsChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.3 Theories of Reaction Rates[Transition State Theory](Drawing Potential Energy Diagrams)Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.4 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts[Elementary Reactions][Proposing and Evaluating Mechanisms](Evaluating Proposed Mechanisms)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]269278-279279279-280280280-281282285289-296297-310567-568291-293294297-298298-300301567-568Page(s)McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school15

• EC 2.01 Use appropriate scientificvocabulary to communicate ideas relatedto the energetics of chemical reactions(e.g., enthalpy, activated complex).• EC 2.02 Write thermochemicalequations, expressing the energy changeas a _H value or as a heat term in theequation.• EC 2.03 Determine heat of reaction usinga calorimeter, and use the data obtainedto calculate the enthalpy change for areaction (e.g., neutralization of sodiumhydroxide and hydrochloric acid).• EC 2.04 Apply Hess’s law to solveproblems, including problems thatinvolve data obtained throughexperimentation (e.g., measure heats ofreaction that can be combined to yield the_H of combustion of magnesium).{N.B. The following is a sample of the scientificvocabulary defined in and used throughout thisunit; it is not an exhaustive list.}activated complexcatalystcollision theoryenthalpymolecularityrate-determining stepsecond-order reactionstandard molar enthalpy of formationsubstratethermochemical equationChapter 5 Energy and Change5.1 The Energy of Physical, Chemical, andNuclear Processes(Stoichiometry and Thermochemical Reactions)5.2 Determining Reaction of Enthalpy byExperiment(Determining the Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions)5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation(Using Hess’s Law to Determine EnthalpyChange)(Thermochemical Equations for Enthalpy ofFormation)(Using Enthalpies of Formation)Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.2 Determining Enthalpy of Reaction byExperiment(Determining the Enthalpy of Chemical Reactions)(Investigation 5-A: Determining the Enthalpy of aNeutralization Reaction)Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation(Using Hess’s Law to Determine EnthalpyChange)(Investigation 5-B: Hess’s Law and the Enthalpyof Combustion of Magnesium)(Thermochemical Equations for Enthalpy ofFormation)(Using Enthalpies of Formation)292276289222297299280250304223226238-239247251254238-239240-241247248-249251254McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school16

• EC 2.05 Calculate heat of reaction usingtabulated enthalpies of formation.• EC 2.06 Determine throughexperimentation a rate of reaction (e.g.,of hydrogen peroxide decomposition),and measure the effect on it oftemperature, concentration, and catalysis.Specific Expectations:Relating Science to Technology, Society, andthe EnvironmentBy the end of this course, students will:Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.3 Hess’s Law of Heat Summation[Table 5.3 Selected Standard Molar Enthalpies ofFormation](Thermochemical Equations for Enthalpy ofFormation)(Using Enthalpies of Formation)[Appendix E Chemistry Data Tables][Table E.8 Standard Enthalpies of Formation]Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.1 Expressing and Measuring Reaction Rates(Investigation 6-A: Studying Reaction Rates)6.4 Reaction Mechanisms(Investigation 6-B: Determining the Rate LawEquation for a Catalyzed Reaction)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]250251254597274-275306-307567-568Page(s)• EC 3.01 Compare conventional andalternative sources of energy with respectto efficiency and environmental impact(e.g., burning fossil fuels, solar energy,nuclear fission).Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.4 Energy Sources 256-262• EC 3.02 Describe examples oftechnologies that depend on exothermicor endothermic changes (e.g., hydrogenrocket fuel, hot and cold packs).• EC 3.03 Describe the use of catalysts inindustry (e.g., catalytic converters) and inbiochemical systems (e.g., enzymes) onthe basis of information gathered fromprint and electronic sources.Chapter 5 Energy and Change5.1 The Energy of Physical, Chemical, andNuclear Processes[Hot Packs and Cold Packs: Using the Energy ofPhysical Changes][Nuclear Fission][Nuclear Fusion]5.4 Energy SourcesChapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions6.4 Reaction Mechanisms[Catalysts][Biological Catalysts][Web Link](Thought Lab: Researching Catalysts)Unit 3 Project: Developing a Bulletin AboutCatalysts and EnzymesChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3228230-231231256-262302-304304-305304305314-315567-568McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school17

• EC 3.04 Describe examples of slowchemical reactions (e.g., rusting), rapidreactions (e.g., explosions), and reactionswhose rates can be controlled (e.g., fooddecay, catalytic decomposition ofautomobile exhaust).Chapter 6 Rates of Chemical Reactions[Chapter opening text]6.3 Theories of Reaction Rates[Temperature Dependence of Reaction Rates:Applications]6.4 Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysts[Proposing and Evaluating Mechanisms][Catalysts]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3266295298-300302-304567-568Unit 4: Chemical Systems and EquilibriumOverall ExpectationsBy the end of this course, students will:• CS V.01 Demonstrate an understandingof the concept of chemical equilibrium,Le Châtelier’s principle, and solutionequilibria.McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.1 Recognizing Equilibrium7.2 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium7.3 The Equilibrium Constant7.4 Predicting the Direction of a ReactionChapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases8.3 Bases and Buffers8.4 Acid-Base Titration CurvesChapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.2 Solubility Equilibria9.3 Predicting the Formation of a PrecipitateChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 4Page(s)323-327328-333334-353354-371388-403404-411412-414430-442443-451568-570McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school18

• CS V.02 Investigate the behaviour ofdifferent equilibrium systems, and solveproblems involving the law of chemicalequilibrium.• CS V.03 Explain the importance ofchemical equilibrium in various systems,including ecological, biological, andtechnological systems.Specific Expectations:Understanding Basic ConceptsBy the end of this course, students will:Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.1 Recognizing Equilibrium(ExpressLab: Modelling Equilibrium)7.3 The Equilibrium Constant(Investigation 7-A: Measuring an EquilibriumConstant)7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction(Investigation 7-B: Perturbing Equilibrium)(Using Le Châtelier’s principle)Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases(Investigation 8-A: K a of Acetic Acid)Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.2 Solubility Equilibria(Investigation 9-A: Determining K sp for CalciumHydroxide)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction(Sample Problem: Determining the Direction ofShift to Attain Equilibrium)[Le Châtelier’s Principle][Applying Le Châtelier’s Principle:Manufacturing Ammonia][Careers in Chemistry: Anesthesiology: A Careerin Pain Management]Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.3 Bases and Buffers[Buffer Solutions][Buffers in the Blood][Web Link]Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria[Chapter opening text]9.2 Solubility Equilibria[Heterogeneous Equilibrium: A SolubilitySystem][Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. Joseph MacInnis]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]325340-343358-361366-367394-395434568-570355356-357367371409-410411411418430-431439568-570Page(s)McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school19

• CS 1.01 Illustrate the concept ofdynamic equilibrium with reference tosystems such as liquid-vapourequilibrium, weak electrolytes insolution, and chemical reactions.Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.1 Recognizing Equilibrium 323-327• CS 1.02 Demonstrate an understandingof the law of chemical equilibrium as itapplies to the concentrations of thereactants and products at equilibrium.• CS 1.03 Demonstrate an understandingof how Le Châtelier’s principle canpredict the direction in which a system atequilibrium will shift when volume,pressure, concentration, or temperature ischanged.Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.3 The Equilibrium ConstantChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a ReactionChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3334-353568-570354-371568-570• CS 1.04 Identify, in qualitative terms,entropy changes associated withchemical and physical processes.• CS 1.05 Describe the tendency ofreactions to achieve minimum energyand maximum entropy.• CS 1.06 Describe, using the concept ofequilibrium, the behaviour of ionicsolutes in solutions that areunsaturated, saturated, andsupersaturated.Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.2 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 328-333Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.2 Thermodynamics and Equilibrium 328-333Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.1 Recognizing Equilibrium 323-327• CS 1.07 Define constant expressions,such as K sp , K w , K a , and K b .• CS 1.08 Compare strong and weak acidsand bases using the concept ofequilibrium.• CS 1.09 Describe the characteristics andcomponents of a buffer solution.Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases[The Ion Product Constant for Water][The Acid Dissociation Constant]8.3 Bases and Buffers[Section opening text]9.2 Solubility Equilibria[The Solubility Product Constant]Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.1 Explaining the Properties of Acids and Bases8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and BasesChapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.3 Bases and Buffers[Buffer Solutions][Buffers in the Blood]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3388-389393404431-432377-387388-403409-410411568-570McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school20

Specific Expectations:Developing Skills of Inquiry andCommunicationBy the end of this course, students will:• CS 2.01 Use appropriate vocabulary tocommunicate ideas, procedures, andresults related to chemical systems andequilibrium (e.g., homogeneous, commonion, K a value).• CS 2.02 Apply Le Châtelier’s principleto predict how various factors affect achemical system at equilibrium, andconfirm their predictions throughexperimentation.• CS 2.03 Carry out experiments todetermine equilibrium constants (e.g.,K eq for iron [III] thiocyanate, K sp forcalcium hydroxide, K a for acetic acid).• CS 2.04 Calculate the molar solubility ofa pure substance in water or in a solutionof a common ion, given the solubilityproduct constant (K sp ), and vice versa.McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]{N.B. The following is a sample of the scientificvocabulary defined in and used throughout thisunit; it is not an exhaustive list.}acid dissociation constant (K a )acid-base titration curvebase dissociation constant (K b )common ion effectfractional precipitationhomogeneous equilibriumLe Châtelier’s principlesecond law of thermodynamicssolubility product constant (K sp )Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction(Investigation 7-B: Perturbing Equilibrium)(Using Le Châtelier’s Principle)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.3 The Equilibrium Constant(Investigation 7-A: Measuring an EquilibriumConstant)Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases(Investigation 8-A: K a of Acetic Acid)Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.2 Solubility Equilibria(Investigation 9-A: Determining K sp for CalciumHydroxide)Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.2 Solubility Equilibria(Calculating Molar Solubility From K sp , and K spfrom Molar Solubility)(The Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility)Page(s)393412404436448326357330431358-361366-367568-570340-343394-395434436439McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school21

• CS 2.05 Predict the formation ofprecipitates by using the solubilityproduct constant.Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.3 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate(Predicting Precipitates) 447• CS 2.06 Solve equilibrium problemsinvolving concentrations of reactants andproducts and the following quantities:K eq , K sp , K a , K b , pH, pOH.Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.3 The Equilibrium Constant(Writing Equilibrium Expressions)(Calculating Equilibrium Constants)(Finding Equilibrium Amounts Using InitialAmounts and K c , and Solving EquilibriumExpressions Using Quadratic Equations)(Using the Approximation Method)Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.2 The Equilibrium of Weak Acids and Bases(Calculating pH and pOH, and Finding pOH,[H 3 O + ], and [OH - ])(Investigation 8-A: K a of Acetic Acid)(Calculating pH, and Determining K a and PercentDissociation)8.3 Bases and Buffers(Solving Problems Involving K b )(Solving Problems Involving K a and K b )9.1 The Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions(Calculating pH at Equivalence)9.2 Solubility Equilibria(Writing Solubility Product Expressions)(Determining K sp from Measured Solubilities)(Investigation 9-A: Determining K sp for CalciumHydroxide)(Calculating Molar Solubility From K sp , and K spfrom Molar Solubility)(The Effect of a Common Ion on Solubility)(pH of a Buffer and the Common Ion Effect)9.3 Predicting the Formation of a Precipitate(Predicting Precipitates)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3336338347-348352390, 392-393394-395400407409428432433434436439441447568-570• CS 2.07 Predict, in qualitative terms,whether a solution of a specific salt willbe acidic, basic, or neutral.Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.1 The Acid-Base Properties of Solutions(Predicting the Acidity or Basicity of Salts) 424• CS 2.08 Solve problems involving acidbasetitration data and the pH at theequivalence point.Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.4 Acid-Base Titration Curves(Section review #’s 1–5)Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria9.1 The Acid-Base Properties of Solutions(Calculating pH at Equivalence)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3414428568-570McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school22

Specific Expectations:Relating Science to Technology, Society, andthe EnvironmentBy the end of this course, students will:• CS 3.01 Explain how equilibriumprinciples may be applied to optimize theproduction of industrial chemicals (e.g.,production of sulfuric acid, ammonia).• CS 3.02 Identify effects of solubility onbiological systems (e.g., kidney stones,dissolved gases in the circulatory systemof divers, the use of barium sulfate inmedical diagnosis).• CS 3.03 Explain how buffering actionaffects our daily lives, using examples(e.g., the components in blood that help itto maintain a constant pH level; bufferedmedications).McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction(Sample Problem: Determining the Direction ofShift to Attain Equilibrium)[Le Châtelier’s Principle][Applying Le Châtelier’s Principle:Manufacturing Ammonia]Chapter 7 Reversible Reactions and ChemicalEquilibrium7.4 Predicting the Direction of a Reaction[Careers in Chemistry: Anesthesiology: A Careerin Pain Management]Chapter 9 Aqueous Solutions and SolubilityEquilibria[Chapter opening text]9.2 Solubility Equilibria[Heterogeneous Equilibrium: A SolubilitySystem][Canadians in Chemistry: Dr. Joseph MacInnis]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Chapter 8 Acids, Bases, and pH8.3 Bases and Buffers[Buffer Solutions][Buffers in the Blood][Web Link]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 3Page(s)355356-357367371418430-431439568-569409-410411411568-569Unit 5: ElectrochemistryOverall ExpectationsBy the end of this course, students will:McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Page(s)McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school23

• EL V.01 Demonstrate anunderstanding of fundamentalconcepts related to oxidation-reductionand the interconversion of chemicaland electrical energy.• EL V.02 Build and explain thefunctioning of simple galvanic andelectrolytic cells; use equations todescribe these cells; and solvequantitative problems related toelectrolysis.• EL V.03 Describe some uses ofbatteries and fuel cells; explain theimportance of electrochemicaltechnology to the production andprotection of metals; and assessenvironmental and safety issuesassociated with these technologies.Specific Expectations:Understanding Basic ConceptsBy the end of this course, students will:Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.1 Defining Oxidation and Reduction10.2 Oxidation Numbers10.3 The Half-Reaction Method for BalancingEquations10.4 The Oxidation Number Method for BalancingEquationsChapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells11.2 Standard Cell Potentials11.3 Electrolytic Cells11.4 Faraday’s LawChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells(Writing and Determining Half-Cell Reactions)(Investigation 11-A: Measuring Cell Potentials ofGalvanic Cells)11.2 Standard Cell Potentials(Finding Standard Cell Potentials)11.3 Electrolytic Cells(Writing Half-Reactions for Electrolysis)(Electrolysis for Aqueous Solutions)(Investigation 11-B: Electrolysis of AqueousPotassium Iodide)(Predicting Spontaneity of Reactions)Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.4 Faraday’s Law(Calculating Masses of Electrolysis Products)Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells[The Dry Cell Battery][The Alkaline Cell Battery][The Button Cell Battery]11.4 Faraday’s Law[Industrial Extraction and Refining of Metals]11.5 Issues Involving ElectrochemistryMcGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]465-472473-481482-494495-498505-515516-523524-537538-554570-571509510-511521525-526531532-533534-535541512-513513513-514544546-554Page(s)McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school24

• EL 1.01 Demonstrate an understandingof oxidation and reduction in terms of theloss and the gain of electrons or change inoxidation number.• EL 1.02 Identify and describe thefunctioning of the components ingalvanic and electrolytic cells.• EL 1.03 Describe electrochemical cells interms of oxidation and reduction halfcellswhose voltages can be used todetermine overall cell potential.• EL 1.04 Describe the function of thehydrogen half-cell as a reference inassigning reduction potential values.Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.1 Defining Oxidation and Reduction10.2 Oxidation Numbers[Applying Oxidation Numbers to RedoxReactions]Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells11.3 Electrolytic CellsChapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells11.2 Standard Cell Potentials11.3 Electrolytic CellsChapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.2 Standard Cell Potentials[Section opening text](Thought Lab: Assigning Reference Values)465-472478-479570-571505-515524-537505-515516-523524-537516-517522• EL 1.05 Demonstrate an understandingof the interrelationship of time, current,and the amount of substance produced orconsumed in an electrolytic process(Faraday’s law).• EL 1.06 Explain corrosion as anelectrochemical process, and describecorrosion-inhibiting techniques (e.g.,painting, galvanizing, cathodicprotection).Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.4 Faraday’s Law 538-545Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.5 Issues Involving Electrochemistry[Corrosion] 546-549• Specific Expectations:Developing Skills of Inquiry andCommunicationBy the end of this course, students will:McGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Page(s)McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school25

• EL 2.01 use appropriate scientificvocabulary to communicate ideas relatedto electrochemistry (e.g., half-reaction,electrochemical cell, reducing agent,redox reaction, oxidation number)• EL 2.02 Demonstrate oxidationreductionreactions throughexperiments, and analyse thesereactions (e.g., compare the reactivityof some metals by arranging them inorder of their ease of oxidation, whichcan be determined throughobservation of their ability to displaceother metals from compounds;investigate the reactivity of oxidizingagents such as oxygen and variousacids).• EL 2.03 Write balanced chemicalequations for oxidation-reductionsystems, including half-cell reactions.{N.B. The following is a sample of the scientificvocabulary defined in and used throughout thisunit; it is not an exhaustive list.}disproportionation reactionelectrochemical cellFaraday’s lawhalf-reactionovervoltageoxidation numberredox reactionreducing agentsecondary batteryChapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.1 Defining Oxidation and Reduction(Investigation 10-A: Single DisplacementReactions)10.3 The Half-Reaction Method for BalancingEquations(Investigation 10-B: Redox Reactions andBalanced Equations)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.1 Defining Oxidation and Reduction(Writing Balanced Net Ionic Equations)(Writing Balanced Half-Reactions)10.3 The Half-Reaction Method for BalancingEquations(Writing Balanced Half-Reactions for AcidicSolutions)(Writing Balanced Half-Reactions for BasicSolutions)(Balancing Redox Reactions with Half-ReactionMethod)10.4 The Oxidation Number Method for BalancingEquations(Balancing Redox Reactions with OxidationNumber Method)11.1 Galvanic Cells(Writing and Determining Half-Cell Reactions)Chemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5468525541467527473466466512470-471492-493570-571467468484486490-491497509570-571McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school26

• EL 2.04 Determine oxidation andreduction half-cell reactions, direction ofcurrent flow, electrode polarity, cellpotential, and ion movement in typicalgalvanic and electrolytic cells, includingthose assembled in the laboratory.• EL 2.05 Predict the spontaneity of redoxreactions and overall cell potentials bystudying a table of half-cell reductionpotentials.Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells(Writing and Determining Half-Cell Reactions)(Investigation 11-A: Measuring Cell Potentials ofGalvanic Cells)11.2 Standard Cell Potentials(Finding Standard Cell Potentials)11.3 Electrolytic Cells(Investigation 11-B: Electrolysis of AqueousPotassium Iodide)Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.2 Standard Cell Potentials(Finding Standard Cell Potentials)(Thought Lab: Assigning Reference Values)11.3 Electrolytic Cells(Predicting Spontaneity of Reactions)509510-511521532-533521522534-535• EL 2.06 Solve problems based onFaraday’s law.Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.4 Faraday’s Law(Calculating Masses of Electrolysis Products) 541• EL 2.07 Measure throughexperimentation the mass of metaldeposited by electroplating (e.g., copperfrom copper II sulfate), and applyFaraday’s law to relate the mass of metaldeposited to the amount of charge passed.Specific Expectations:Relating Science to Technology, Society, andthe EnvironmentBy the end of this course, students will:• EL 3.01 Describe examples of commongalvanic cells (e.g., lead-acid, nickelcadmium)and evaluate theirenvironmental and social impact (e.g.,describe how advances in the hydrogenfuel cell have facilitated the introductionof electric cars).Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.4 Faraday’s Law(Investigation 11-C: Electroplating)Unit 5 Design Your Own Investigation:ElectroplatingMcGraw-Hill Ryerson Chemistry 12ChapterSection[Subsection](Investigation, ExpressLab, or ThoughtLab)(Practice Problem or Review Question)[Front Matter or Appendix]Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells[The Dry Cell Battery][The Alkaline Cell Battery][The Button Cell Battery]11.5 Issues Involving Electrochemistry[Automobile Engines]542-543558-559Page(s)512-513513513-514550-551McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school27

• EL 3.02 Explain how electrolyticprocesses are involved in industrialprocesses (e.g., refining of metals,production of chlorine).• EL 3.03 Research and assessenvironmental, health, and safetyissues involving electrochemistry (e.g.,the corrosion of metal structures byoxidizing agents; industrial productionof chlorine by electrolysis and its use inthe purification of water).Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.4 Faraday’s Law[Industrial Extraction and Refining of Metals]11.5 Issues Involving Electrochemistry[Water Treatment and the Chlor-Alkali Process]Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.1 Defining Oxidation and Reduction[Chemistry Bulletin: Aging: Is Oxidation aFactor?]Chapter 10 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions10.3 The Half-Reaction Method for BalancingEquations[Tools & Techniques: The Breathalyzer Test: ARedox Reaction]Chapter 11 Cells and Batteries11.1 Galvanic Cells[Careers in Chemistry: Explosives Chemist]11.5 Issues Involving ElectrochemistryChemistry Course Challenge: The Chemistry ofHuman Health Part 5544552-553469491514546-554570-571McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 300 Water Street, Whitby ON, L1N 9B6 Tel: (905) 430-5000, Fax: (905) 430-5194Toll Free Order: 1-800-565-5758, Toll Free Fax: 1-800-463-5885 www.mcgrawhill.ca/school28