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Class: 3rd Year H/W UnitsSubject: Atmospheric Dynamics Thr. 3 Lab. - 3×2 = 61.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1011.12.13.Vectors and Vector Calculusvectors, components, dot product, cross product, derivatives of vectors, the gradient,divergence, curl, the Lalacian, the del operator is linearFundamental ForcesUnits, coordinates and velocity, forces, the pressure gradient force, the gravitational force,viscous force, rotating reference frames, mathematical development of apparent forces, theCoriolis force, centrifugal force and gravity, gopotential, the momentum equationPressurethe hydrostatic equation , pressure decrease in an isothermal atmosphere, density profile,thickness and the hypsometric equation, pressure coordinatesThe Total Derivativethe total derivative, advection of a scalar versus a vector, more on advection,advection of momentum and the curvature terms, vector form vs. component form ofmomentum equationScale Analysisscale analysis of the horizontal momentum equations, the Rossby number and geostrophic,cyclostrophic, and gradient balance, more on the geostrophic wind, the ageostrophic wind ,scale analysis of the vertical momentum equationThe Continuity and Additional Equationsan Eulerian derivation of the continuity equation, a Lagrangian derivation of the continuityequation, incompressible and anelastic continuity equations,thermodynamic energy equation, the equation of state, the governing equationsBalanced Flownatural coordinates, geostrophic flow, inertial flow, cyclostrophic flow, gradient flow,trajectories vs. streamlinesThermal Windthermal wind, physical explanation of thermal wind, backing and veering windsVertical Motionpressure coordinates, momentum equations in pressure coordinates, continuity equation inpressure coordinates, thermodynamic energy equation in pressure coordinates, pressuretendency equationCirculationbarotropic and baroclinic fluids, circulation, circulation in a barotropic fluidcirculation in a baroclinic fluid, circulation on a rotating earthVorticityvorticity, vortex stretching, relative versus absolute vorticity, curvature versus shear,geostrophic vorticityThe Vorticity Equationderivation of the vorticity equation, physical meaning of the terms in the vorticity equation,the vorticity equation on the synoptic scale, the quasi-geostrophic approximationPotential Vorticitythe barotropic quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation, potential vorticity in a barotropic fluid,potential vorticity in a baroclinic fluid, potential vorticity and the generation of lee-sidetroughsTextbookAn Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Volume 88, Fourth Edition (InternationalGeophysics), By James R. Holton, Academic Press, 2004.