12.Dvorak analysis, track prediction, intensity and size predictionMonsoonsGeneral, differential heating of land and ocean, role of moist processesrotational and frictional effects, land/ocean geometryReferences1. An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, Volume 88, Fourth Edition (InternationalGeophysics), By James R. Holton, Academic Press, 2004.2. Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, 2 nd ed., by Mark Z. Jacobson, CambridgeUniversity Press, 2005.
Class: 3rd Year H/W UnitsSubject: Desert Meteorology Thr. 2 Lab. - 2×2 = 41.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.1011.12.13.14.15.16.The atmospheric dynamics of desertsSome basic concepts of atmospheric structure and dynamics, Definition of desert,Climatological causes of aridity, Dynamic feedback mechanisms that may cause and sustaindeserts, The dynamics of desert heat lowsThe climates of the world desertsGeneral meteorological characteristics of deserts, General physiographic characteristics ofdeserts, General vegetative characteristics of deserts, African deserts, North American deserts,South American deserts, Australian deserts, Asian deserts, European arid areas, Ocean desertsAtmospheric and surface energy budgets of desertsComponents of the atmospheric and surface energy budgets, Atmospheric and surface energybudgets of desertsSurface physics of the unvegetated sandydesert landscapeIntroduction to the concepts of land-surface physics, Land-surface physics of unvegetated sandydesertVegetation effects on desert surface physicsThe effects of vegetation on the desert surface energy budget, The effects of vegetation on thedesert surface water budget, The effects of vegetation on desert winds near the surfaceSubstrate effects on desert surface physicsTypes of desert substrate, Effects of desert substrate types on the surface energy budget,Effects of desert substrate types on the surface water budgetDesert-surface physical propertiesAlbedo, Thermal properties, Aerodynamic roughness, Emissivity, Hydraulic propertiesNumerical modeling of desert atmospheresGeneral concept of numerical weather prediction, Some examples of atmospheric modelapplications in arid areasDesert boundary layersBasic concepts of boundary-layer structure, Unique aspects of desert boundary layersDesert microclimatesCauses of intra-desert microclimates, Examples of intra-desert microclimate variabilityDynamic interactions among desert microclimatesThermally forced wind circulations in desert environments,Oasis effectsDesert rainfallStatistical characterization of desert rainfall, Causes of desert rainfall, and its modulation,Artificial rainfall enhancement in arid areas, Dew and fog deposition in the desertAnthropogenic effects on the desert atmosphereIrrigation , Water-table deepening, Grazing and overgrazing, Introduction of non-nativevegetation , Dryland agriculture, Urbanization, Off-road vehicle use,, DeforestationChanges in desert climateTime scales of climate and aridity change, A summary of recent climate periods, Methods ofestimating climate change in arid regions, Examples of changes in desert climate during theLate Pleistocene and Holocene , Manifestations and causes of climate change in desertsSevere weather in the desertDust storms and sand storms, Rainstorms, floods, and debris flowsEffects of deserts on the global environment andother regional environmentsGlobal and regional transport of desert dust: background, Global climate effects of desert dust,Regional and global human-health effects of desert dust, Distant ecological effects of desertdust, Dynamic effects of deserts on meteorological processes in other regions, Suggestedgeneral references
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