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<strong>Section</strong> <strong>Days</strong> 2010<br />
November 3<br />
Natural Sciences and Engineering<br />
November 4<br />
Life Sciences<br />
November 5<br />
Humanities and Social Sciences<br />
Abstract Book<br />
2010
RESEARCH DISCUSSIONS<br />
ACROSS DISCIPLINES<br />
Welcome to the 4 th <strong>Section</strong> <strong>Days</strong> of the Ruhr University <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong>!<br />
The 4 th <strong>Section</strong> <strong>Days</strong> of the Ruhr University <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong> take place on November 03-05,<br />
2010. They are organised by teams of doctoral fellows from the three scientific sections:<br />
Natural Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Humanities and Social Sciences. They are<br />
realised as three one-day conferences with invited guest speakers and doctoral candidates<br />
from other universities. The <strong>Section</strong> <strong>Days</strong> combine talks of guest scientists and fellows with<br />
workshops and poster presentations to support research discussions across disciplines. They<br />
give insight into up-to-date research discussions in different research areas and continue the<br />
interdisciplinary dialogue within and beyond the sections.<br />
The conference topics are:<br />
Natural Sciences and Engineering (November 03, 2010):<br />
“Nanotechnology”<br />
“Plenty of room at the bottom” - Richard Feynman’s (California Institute of Technology)<br />
famous speech in 1959 is considered as the foundation of Nanotechnology. With his<br />
demonstration how to write the entire Encyclopedia Britannica on the head of a pin, he<br />
showed impressively the possibilities present in this research field, “the small scale”, and<br />
provided a lot of new impulses for scientists.<br />
Nanotechnology is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions between<br />
approximately 1 and 100 nanometers (=1 E-9 meter) size range. It has recently become one of<br />
the most active research fields in the areas of solid state physics, chemistry, biology, and<br />
engineering. This leads to the requirement to fabricate new materials on an even finer scale<br />
with the goal to continue decreasing the cost and increasing the speed of information<br />
transmission and storage. Nanomaterials display novel and often enhanced properties and<br />
functions that differ markedly from those seen from items made of identical materials and can<br />
open up possibilities for new technological applications. One far-reaching phenomenon,<br />
which appears when dealing with such small-dimension materials is the increasing influence<br />
of quantum mechanical effects. Some of these effects, like superposition and entanglement,<br />
which play an important role in the concept of Quantum Computers, will be introduced within<br />
this conference.<br />
Life Sciences (November 04, 2010):<br />
“Communication”<br />
This year´s Life Science <strong>Section</strong> Day is dedicated to “communication”. In general,<br />
communication describes a process whereby information is enclosed in a package and is<br />
imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium. This includes much more than the<br />
communication between single individuals, which builds the basis of our society but also e.g.<br />
the behavior of different signaling molecules, different cells and brain regions, or even<br />
different generations. In all cases, communication shapes and defines the emerging<br />
cooperation.<br />
While keeping this in mind, the section day will focus on several topics within the life<br />
sciences, regarding micro- and neurobiology, behavioral biology, as well as the worldwide<br />
communication between different scientists.
Humanities and Social Sciences (November 05, 2010):<br />
“Borders - Conflicts - Innovations”<br />
This year’s <strong>Section</strong> Day addresses the question of what happens when research in one field<br />
reaches its limits and depends on the contribution of other disciplines. Which tensions can<br />
arise from this and how can possible, subsequent conflicts be resolved? Furthermore, we want<br />
to illuminate in which areas of (modern life) individuals and societies are confronted with<br />
borders and how conflicts might arise from the crossing and transgression of them. From the<br />
vantage point of interdisciplinarity the <strong>Section</strong> Day will inquire how and where the<br />
humanities and social sciences yield innovative potentials to overcome borders as well as<br />
resulting conflicts. The <strong>Section</strong> Day will be introduced by keynote speeches followed by<br />
workshops of three thematic panels: „Border Experiences and Conflicts“ / „Grenzerfahrungen<br />
und Konflikte” (Panel I), „Innovation in Language and Culture“ / „Innovation in Sprache und<br />
Kultur“ (Panel II), „Transgressing Boundaries in Interdisciplinary Perspective“ /<br />
„Grenzüberschreitung im interdisziplinären Vergleich“ (Panel III).<br />
All members of the Ruhr University <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong> are invited to discuss state-of-the art<br />
research with guest scientists and fellow section members and to reflect research results,<br />
problems and questions in a broader scientific context.<br />
This <strong>abstract</strong> <strong>book</strong> contains <strong>abstract</strong>s of all presented posters and/or short exposés of<br />
dissertation projects as well as contact information of the participating fellows.<br />
The organisers,<br />
Bochum, November 3, 2010<br />
Natural Sciences and Engineering:<br />
Meurer, Alexander<br />
Petrov, Ihor<br />
Sharma, Vinay<br />
Sosniak, Anna<br />
Al-Anbaki, Usama<br />
Vreshch, Olesia<br />
Life Sciences:<br />
Geissler, Maren<br />
Kasties, Nils<br />
Lübbert, Matthias<br />
Mavarani, Laven<br />
Molitor, Bastian<br />
Saffian, Delia<br />
Storcksdieck, Michael<br />
Wolf, Janina<br />
Humanities and Social Sciences:<br />
Banhold, Lars<br />
Borutta, Sina Katharina<br />
Fiodarava, Alena<br />
Häberlein, Bianca<br />
Heinemann, Simone<br />
Kittler, Judith<br />
Mischke, Dennis<br />
Petrenko, Olena<br />
Sina, Véronique<br />
Starzak, Tobias<br />
Utler, Astrid
Programme
Programme <strong>Section</strong> <strong>Days</strong> 2010<br />
November 3-5, 2010<br />
Wednesday November 3, 2010:<br />
Natural Sciences and Engineering: “Nanotechnology”<br />
09:00 – 09:30 Registration and Poster Setup<br />
09.30 – 09.45 Welcome<br />
Dr. Michael Seitz (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
09:50 - 10:30 “From Micro- to Nanotechnology”<br />
PD Dr. rer. nat. habil. Saskia Fischer (Ruhr-Universität Bochum/ Humboldt<br />
Universität Berlin, Germany)<br />
10:35 - 11:15 “Graphene – Potential Applications of a ‘Nobel’ Material?”<br />
Dr.-Ing. Max Lemme (Harvard University, USA)<br />
11:20 - 11:40 Coffee Break<br />
11:45 - 12:25 “Nanoparticles from the Gas Phase - Properties and Applications”<br />
Prof. Dr. Axel Lorke (Universität Duisburg-Essen, Germany)<br />
12:30 - 13:20 Lunch<br />
13:25 - 14:05 Industrial Talk I<br />
Prof. Dr.-Ing. Attila Bilgic (KROHNE Messtechnik GmbH, Germany)<br />
14:10 - 14:40 “Using Nanoparticles to Enhance the Performance of Modern Coatings”<br />
Dr. Michael Berkei (ALTANA Chemie)<br />
14:45 - 15:45 Poster Session with Coffee Break<br />
15:50 - 16:30 “Quantum Computers – supercomputers of the future?”<br />
Prof. Dr. Dieter Suter (Technische Universität Dortmund, Germany)<br />
16:35 - 17:00 Closing Remarks by Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS) and<br />
awarding of Poster Prizes<br />
after 17:00 Social Evening (optionally)
Thursday November 4, 2010:<br />
Life Sciences: “Communication”<br />
08:45 Registration and Poster Set-Up<br />
09:15 – 09:30 Welcome Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS)<br />
09:30 – 10:10 “Sending and Receiving Signals in the (Neuronal) Stem Cell Niche”<br />
PD Dr. Alexander von Holst (Department of Cell Morphology and<br />
Molecular Neurobiology Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Host: Maren<br />
Geißler)<br />
10:10 – 10:50 „Talk to me Like Lovers do –<br />
Communication Between Neurons and Glial Cells”<br />
PD Dr. Constanze Seidenbecher (Department of Neurochemistry/ Molecular<br />
Biology Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology Magdeburg, Germany; Host:<br />
Maren Geißler)<br />
10:50 - 11:50 Postersession 1 with Coffee Break<br />
11:50 – 12:30 "Eavesdropping on Neuronal Networks“<br />
Dr. Frank Hofmann (Multi Channel Systems MCS GmbH Reutlingen,<br />
Germany; Host: Maren Geißler)<br />
12:30 - 13:30 Lunch<br />
13:30 – 14:10 "Deafness Genes: More than Meets the Ear”<br />
Prof. Dr. Hans Gerd Nothwang (Department of Neurogenetics<br />
Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Germany; Host: Matthias<br />
Lübbert)<br />
14:10 – 14:50 „Animal <strong>Research</strong> (Using Primates): Needless and Reprehensible or<br />
Irreplaceable and Justified?“<br />
Prof. Dr. Stefan Treue (German Primate Center Göttingen, Göttingen; Host:<br />
Nils Kasties)<br />
14:50 - 15:30 "Wolf Society and Communication"<br />
Dr. Julia Eggermann (AG Verhaltensbiologie und Didaktik der Biologie<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany; Host: Janina Wolf)<br />
15:30 – 16:30 Postersession 2 with Coffee Break<br />
16:30 – 17:15 „Molecular Mechanisms of Cognition? Claims and Reality of Modern<br />
Neuroscience"<br />
Prof. Dr. med. Andreas Draguhn (Institute of Physiology und<br />
Pathophysiology Universität Heidelberg, Germany; Host: Nils Kasties)<br />
17:15 - 17:45 Awarding of Poster Prizes<br />
17:45 – 19:00 Get together with dinner
Friday November 5, 2009:<br />
Humanities and Social Sciences: “Borders – Conflicts - Innovations”<br />
08.30 – 09.00 Registration and Poster-Setup<br />
09.00 – 09.15 Welcome and Introduction<br />
09.15 – 10.00 “Group-focused Enmity and its Societal Causes and Implications”<br />
Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick (Universität Bielefeld, Germany)<br />
10.00 – 10.15 Coffee Break<br />
10.15 – 11.00 “Innovation in Times of Knowledge Society: Multidisciplinary Reflections<br />
about the Hype of a Functionalist Concept”<br />
Prof. Dr. Brigit Blättel-Mink (Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Germany)<br />
11.00 – 11.30 Poster Session I<br />
11:30 – 12.15 “Desire as a Mode of Transgressing Borders?”<br />
Dr. Antke Engel (Institute for Queer Theory Berlin, Germany)<br />
12.15 – 13.30 Lunch<br />
13.30 – 16.00 Workshops Panel I – III<br />
Panel I: „Border Experiences and Conflicts” / „Grenzerfahrungen und<br />
Konflikte”<br />
Chair: Prof. Dr. Andreas Zick, Astrid Utler, Simone Heinemann, Olena<br />
Petrenko, Tobias Starzak; contact: astrid.utler@web.de<br />
Sophie Einwächter: “Border Conflicts, Terrorism and Trauma in Screen<br />
Narratives of Violence“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Corinna Koch: “The Relevance of Metaphor to Every Field of Scientific<br />
<strong>Research</strong>” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Bastian Sendhardt: “Towards a New Understanding of Borders: Beyond<br />
Territorial Borders, from Borders to Bordering” (Universität der<br />
Bundeswehr München, Germany)<br />
Thomas Weitner: “Two Philosophical Theories of the Moral Significance of<br />
State Borders” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Panel II: „Innovation in Language and Culture” /<br />
„Innovation in Sprache und Kultur”<br />
Chair: Prof. Dr. Birgit Blättel-Mink, Alena Schulz-Fiodarava, Sina<br />
Katharina Borutta, Judith Kittler, Bianca Häberlein; contact: alena.schulzfiodarava@email.de<br />
Daniel Kallweit: „Spanische und deutsche Chats im Vergleich – Neografie<br />
als Grenze, Konflikt und Innovation“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Bernd Leiendecker: “Die innovative Flashback Struktur von How I Met<br />
Your Mother” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Katarzyna A. Meyer-Hubbert: „Der Islam - eine Religion aus Grenzen und<br />
Konflikten?“ (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)
16.00 – 16.15 Coffee Break<br />
Judith Schäfer: „Das Verhältnis von Sprache, kultureller Identität und ihrer<br />
Vermittlung im 18. Jahrhundert am Beispiel Jakob Michael Reinhold<br />
Lenz“(Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Panel III: „Transgressing Boundaries in Interdisciplinary Perspective“ /<br />
„Grenzüberschreitung im interdisziplinären Vergleich“<br />
Chair: Dr. Antke Engel, Véronique Sina, Dennis Mischke, Lars Banhold ;<br />
contact: veronique.sina@rub.de<br />
Jacob Lange: “Gazing Upon the Border of Life and Death: Photography of<br />
the Real and its Dialectical Potential for Ideological Change in Sally Mann’s<br />
What Remains” (University of Ulster, Northern Ireland)<br />
Daniela Olek/Christine Piepiorka: “Lost in Hypertext?! Crossing the line<br />
with a new concept of narration?” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Maria Verena Siebert: “Harry Potter and Twilight as Transgressive<br />
Phenomena” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany)<br />
Vivian Strotmann: “A Late Medieval Persian From An Angle: Discovering<br />
Perspectives on MaÉd al-DÏn al-FÏrØzÀbÀdÏ” (Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
Germany)<br />
16.15 – 17.00 Poster Session II (Poster Evaluation by <strong>Section</strong> Participants)<br />
17.00 – 17.30 Final Discussion / Poster Prize Ceremony<br />
Prof. Dr. Nils Metzler-Nolte (Speaker RURS)<br />
17.30 Social Evening
Abstracts
Natural Sciences and Engineering
NSE_01<br />
A-SI:H/A-C:H MULTILAYER AS ELONGATION<br />
TOLERANT BARRIER COATINGS FOR POLYMERS<br />
H. Bahre, A. Will, M. Böke and J. Winter<br />
Experimental Physics II - Application oriented plasma physics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: hendrik.bahre@rub.de<br />
Though seldom noticed, nanometre sized functional coatings are common in everyday life.<br />
They can dramatically change properties such as hardness, conductivity or biocompatibility of<br />
a large substrate. Plasma discharges are an established tool to deposit these coatings.<br />
However, the industrial production process is often merely empirical. The aim of the<br />
SFB-TR 87 is to overcome this “trial and error” principle through the investigation of the<br />
underlying processes from a physical and material scientific point of view.<br />
The project B2 of the SFB investigates multilayer coatings for polymers. The basic idea is to<br />
combine polymer-like sliding layers and hard diamond-like carbon layers to form a multilayer<br />
that is tolerant to elongation. At a later stage, nanoparticles that are synthesized within the<br />
plasma shall be incorporated in the coating.
NSE_02<br />
LONG TERM LATENT HEAT STORAGE<br />
FOR INTEGRATED ENERGY NETWORKS<br />
Dipl.-Ing. Alexandra Becker and Prof. Dr. David W. Agar<br />
Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering<br />
Laboratory of Technical Chemistry B (Reaction Engineering)<br />
TU Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, D-44227 Dortmund<br />
e-mail: alexandra.becker@bci.tu-dortmund.de<br />
The world wide energy demand is extremely increasing. In addition to climate change and<br />
finite nature and instability of fossil fuel supply, the intensified use of renewable energies is<br />
absolutely necessary. The technical possibilities to use solar-, wind- and geothermal-energy<br />
already exist. The mayor problem to be solved is the gap between energy demand and supply<br />
in time as well as in location. For example, solar energy is mainly available in summer and<br />
near the equator. In contrast, the energy demand has its maximum values in winter and in<br />
densely populated areas.<br />
Within this project a new system for long term heat storage is to be developed. It should be<br />
used to integrate renewable energies as well as waste heat from industrial applications to<br />
cover the domestic energy demand. It can also be used to enhance the efficiency of combined<br />
heat and power generation. Several liquid and solid storage media are to be<br />
thermodynamically characterized and a possible assembly of storage unit and peripheral<br />
devices are to be proposed. Simulations of the dynamics of supply and demand, in addition to<br />
experimental validation of the storage behavior should lead to predictions of the economical<br />
and ecological feasibility of the developed system.
NSE_03<br />
DYNAMIC QOS PROVISIONING BASED ON<br />
BUSINESS PROCESSES<br />
Patrick-Benjamin Bök, M.Sc.<br />
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Group Integrated Information Systems<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: boek@iis.rub.de<br />
The execution of business processes is supported by running many applications within a<br />
corporate network. Each business process includes several tasks which have different<br />
priorities expressing each task's relevance in helping to achieve the related business<br />
objectives. The provisioning of a certain level of QoS according to the requirements of an<br />
entire business process can hardly be accomplished using existing QoS provisioning schemes<br />
because these do not account for the dynamic requirements introduced by business processes.<br />
The definition of a certain level of QoS using the existing models is just driven by technical<br />
aspects of the running applications. A novel business process aware semantic QoS<br />
provisioning scheme that accounts for the dynamic requirements and permits applicationindependent<br />
usage is in the focus of my research. In the business world the priority of a task<br />
depends on the current context it is executed in. So equal tasks may need different conditions<br />
of QoS in different situations, which can be characterized by the tasks that ran before or run in<br />
parallel. Therefore, the semantic behavior is based on the entire business processes as input<br />
for the QoS provisioning process. With the proposed QoS provisioning scheme a fair<br />
application conditioning can be achieved that is much closer to the business requirements on<br />
QoS. For the validation of the scheme, it has been implemented as a QoS-driver in different<br />
operating systems and simulated in Omnet++.
NSE_04<br />
COOLING AND ACCRETION OF THE LOWER<br />
OCEANIC CRUST AT FAST SPREADING<br />
MID-OCEAN RIDGES<br />
Kathrin Faak,<br />
Sumit Chakraborty and Laurence Coogan<br />
Faculty of Geoscience, Institute for Geology, Mineralogy and Geophysics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: Kathrin.Faak@rub.de<br />
The formation and cooling of new oceanic lithosphere continually resurfaces the surface of<br />
two-thirds of Earth and is the principal mechanism of cooling of Earth's interior. The<br />
formation of new ocean crust along the global mid-ocean ridge system involves the<br />
emplacement of ~20 km 3 of magma per year. An intimately linked process is the circulation of<br />
seawater through newly formed crust that extracts magmatic heat and produces hydrothermal<br />
fluids enriched in base metals and nutrients that form massive sulfide deposits and feed<br />
chemosynthetic ecosystems on the seafloor. Additionally these hydrothermal systems have a<br />
profound influence on the composition of the oceans.<br />
However the processes involved in crystallizing and cooling this magma to form the oceanic<br />
crust are still poorly understood. At the moment two different models are discussed in the<br />
literature to explain the formation of oceanic crust – the “Gabbro glacier” and the “Sheeted<br />
sill” model, which predict different thermal evolution of the oceanic crust and different depth<br />
of hydrothermal circulation.<br />
We apply methods of geospeedometry to samples directly from the ocean floor to determine<br />
cooling rates of the oceanic crust as a function of depth. This allows to check, which of the<br />
models is in better conformity with the observations made in nature.
NSE_05<br />
SIMULATION OF FLUIDIZED BEDS<br />
Hold J., Wirtz S. and Scherer V.<br />
LEAT, Department of Energy Plant Technology<br />
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: hold@leat.rub.de<br />
Fluidized beds are used for many chemical engineering processes as granulation, drying or<br />
coating and for energy technology applications like combustion processes. Experiments are<br />
very time-consuming and cost-intensive; furthermore the interior of the fluidized beds is<br />
difficult to access. Different simulation methods are therefore available for modeling of the<br />
fluid and particle dynamics in these systems. On the one hand the coupled CFD-/DEMapproach<br />
can be used. The mechanical behaviour of each particle is described via the Newton<br />
and Euler equations using the DEM-method and CFD is used for the fluid dynamics. On the<br />
other hand fluidized beds can be calculated via Euler-Euler-simulations based on the kinetic<br />
theory of granular flow in a continuum description. An investigation of mixing of different<br />
solids in fluidized beds through an experimental setup, and simulations based on Euler/Euler<br />
and CFD/DEM is ongoing and initial results will be presented.
NSE_06<br />
ADSORPTION AND OXIDATION OF METHANOL ON<br />
PERFECT AND DEFECTIVE ZnO SURFACES<br />
Physical Chemistry I<br />
Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Germany<br />
email: Lanying.Jin@rub.de<br />
Lanying Jin, Henshan Qiu and Yuemin Wang<br />
Zinc oxide has attracted much research interest due to its particular electronic, optical and<br />
catalytic properties[1]. In catalysis, Cu/ZnO is the standard catalyst for the industrial<br />
methanol synthesis. So far, it is not fully understood how Cu/ZnO catalyst works for methanol<br />
synthesis and its stream reforming. Therefore, studies of the interaction of methanol with ZnO<br />
are of fundamental importance in understanding the relevant catalytic processes on atomic<br />
scale. In this work, we report on the adsorption and oxidation of methanol on the perfect and<br />
defective non-polar ZnO(10-10) surfaces by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy<br />
(HREELS) and thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS). Exposing the perfect ZnO(10-10)<br />
surface to methanol at room temperature leads to partial dissociative adsorption forming<br />
methanol and methoxy species. After heating to high temperatures most of the adsorbates<br />
desorb molecularly and only a small amount of methoxy species undergoes selective<br />
oxidation to CH2O at 570 K and complete oxidation to CO, CO2 and H2 at 595 K. It is found<br />
that this surface becomes more active after creating Zn-O dimer vacancies by controlled argon<br />
sputtering. The dominant feature is methoxy decomposition yielding CO, CO2 and H2 at 595<br />
K, which is totally different from the results on perfect surfaces. In addition, the formation of<br />
formate species is also identified on the defective ZnO(10-10) surface by HREELS. Finally,<br />
the results on ZnO single crystals are compared with those on ZnO nanoparticles obtained by<br />
UHV-FTIR spectroscopy.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Ch. Wöll, Prog. Surf. Sci. 82 (2007) 55.
NSE_07<br />
KEMIEPLUS – A CHEMISTRY PROJECT FOR<br />
CHILDREN AND THEIR PARENTS WITH EMPHASIS<br />
ON SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY<br />
Helma Kleinhorst and Katrin Sommer<br />
Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Didactics of Chemistry<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: helma.kleinhorst@rub.de<br />
KEMIE, which is the German acronym for “Children experience chemistry with their<br />
parents”, is a project for children from the third to the fifth grade and their parents. During a<br />
period of nine months the participants research and carry out experiments at the Alfried<br />
Krupp-Schülerlabor of the Ruhr-University.<br />
A central guideline of the project KEMIE and the subsequent advanced project KEMIEplus is<br />
the engagement with scientific inquiry, especially scientific methods of thinking and operation<br />
[1]. The reason for focusing on this guideline are several studies which indicate that children<br />
have difficulties with implementing the experimental method [2, 3].<br />
That is why the project KEMIE is concerned with analyzing parts of the experimental<br />
method: The aim is to examine to what extent children’s and parents’ knowledge regarding the<br />
processes of generating, testing and evaluating hypotheses develops by participating in the<br />
project. Therefore, we apply an already existing test about the logic of experimentation [4, 5]<br />
in a slightly modified version: instead of conducting interviews the test is converted into a<br />
questionnaire. Thus, the study includes all of the overall 96 children and their parents.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Sommer, K.; Russek, A.; Kleinhorst, H.: KEMIE – Kinder erleben mit ihren Eltern Chemie. Didaktische<br />
Konzeption und Umsetzung eines langfristig angelegten Eltern-Kind-Projektes. In: Chemkon (im Druck).<br />
[2] Hammann, M.: Kompetenzentwicklungsmodelle. In: MNU 57 (2004) 4, S. 196-203.<br />
[3] de Jong, T.; van Joolingen, W. R.: Scientific Discovery Learning with Computer Simulations of Conceptual<br />
Domains. In: Review of Educational <strong>Research</strong> 68 (1998) 2, S. 179-201.<br />
[4] Bullock, M.; Ziegler, A.: Scientific reasoning: Developmental and individual differences. In: Weinert, F.E.;<br />
Schneider, W. (Hrsg.): Individual development from 3 to 12. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1999,<br />
S. 38-54.<br />
[5] Grygier, P.: Wissenschaftsverständnis von Grundschülern im Sachunterricht. Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad<br />
Heilbrunn 2008.
NSE_08<br />
MULTISCALE MODELLING OF WAVES IN<br />
RESIDUAL SATURATED ROCKS<br />
Patrick Kurzeja and Holger Steeb<br />
Mechanics – Continuum Mechanics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: patrick.kurzeja@rub.de<br />
Wave propagation in porous media is of importance in many seismic applications and in the<br />
investigation of geophysics. While successful models exist for fully saturated rocks, the<br />
studies of partially saturated porous stone still have to clear some hurdles. The latter cover<br />
special physical phenomena, which only appear in residual saturated material, like capillaryinduced<br />
resonance of trapped fluid compounds or wave-induced fluid flow. Therefore it is of<br />
great interest to include the resonance effects of single liquid clusters in a multiscale<br />
continuum theory.<br />
solid gas<br />
Fig. 1 - Biphasic model (solid/gas) with undamped oscillators (liquid patches)<br />
We investigate a model which is based on a multiscale averaging process and ‘smears’ the<br />
heterogeneous distribution. The solid and the non-wetting phase are treated as homogenised<br />
continua. In contrast the discrete allocation of the wetting phase is taken into account via an<br />
oscillator model, cf. [2]. This means to consider the physics of the fluid patches on the<br />
microscale before the implementation is executed.<br />
With the help of microscopic investigation, cf. [1], the characteristic properties of the porous<br />
stone are described on a larger mesoscale. Accounting for the distinct eigenfrequencies and<br />
their probability extends the understanding of the physical processes and finally leads to the<br />
2behaviour of residual saturated rocks. Particular attention is paid to dispersion relations.<br />
References<br />
[1] Hilpert, M., Jirka, G.H. and Plate, E.J., Capillarity-induced resonance of oil blobs in capillary tubes and porous<br />
media, Geophysics, 65(3), 874-883, 2000.<br />
[2] Steeb, H., Frehner, M. and Schmalholz, S., Waves in residual-saturated porous media, Generalized Continuum<br />
Mechanics: One Hundread years after the Cosserats, G.A. Maugin and A.V. Metrikine (Eds.), Springer,<br />
New York, 2010 (accepted).
NSE_09<br />
MODULAR CHEMICAL PLANT<br />
Stefan Lier and Marcus Grünewald<br />
Institute for Thermo- and Fluid Dynamics<br />
Chair for Fluid Process Engineering<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: Lier@fluidvt.rub.de<br />
Modular plants consist of modules, which are standardized, autonomously operating parts of<br />
the plant. These modules are technically and organizationally limited areas of the plant, which<br />
fulfill defined tasks. Starting with these modules, companies can create capacity either by<br />
equaling-up modules from general structures or by numbering-up equipment. In the chemical<br />
industry, this approach has not been employed extensively hitherto, although this industry<br />
faces challenges similar to other industries. These are, in particular, increasing global<br />
competition, shorter product life cycles, and more volatile markets that are difficult to<br />
forecast. Therefore, more flexible production concepts, like modular plants, may help to meet<br />
such challenges.<br />
Here we compare the economics of a modular chemical plant with those of a traditional largescale<br />
plant by investigating investment and operation costs, combined with revenues, using a<br />
net present value analysis. This analysis reveals that the modular plant displays earlier<br />
breakeven points but will eventually be overtaken by the large-scale plant because of the<br />
latter’s economies of scale.<br />
To date, economies of scale have dictated the construction of large-scale plants, but our results<br />
show that, in certain cases, smaller modular plants can be more advantageous economically.<br />
In these cases, the effects of flexibility surpass the effects of scale.
NSE_10<br />
EXPERIMENTAL SIMULATION OF SOLAR<br />
MAGNETIC FLUX TUBES<br />
Felix Mackel, P. Kempkes, H. Stein, J. Tenfelde and H. Soltwisch<br />
Institute for Experimental Physics V<br />
Workgroup Laser and Plasma Physics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: felix.mackel@ep5.rub.de<br />
A pulsed-power experiment has been designed to produce arc-shaped magnetic flux tubes<br />
similar to ascending solar flares. The tubes are filled with hydrogen plasma and expand with<br />
a velocity of about 2.5 cm/µs, while keeping their minor radius of about 1.5 cm constant<br />
during their lifetime of about 10 µs. In order to characterize the plasma regime and to<br />
investigate relevant magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, accurate data on parameters like<br />
electron density and mean energy are essential.<br />
For measuring the line integrated electron density a CO2 laser interferometer is set up at a<br />
fixed position. Time resolved measurements of the discharge arc’s passage across the<br />
laser beam allow for the measurement of the radial profile of the line-integrated electron<br />
density. Results are compared to measurements taken with an electrostatic probe at the<br />
same position.<br />
The magnetic field of the arc is investigated employing induction probes. From the currentgenerated<br />
magnetic field, information about the arc’s propagation and expansion is obtained.<br />
Furthermore, the derived plasma conditions indicate the possibility of magnetic flux being<br />
frozen into the plasma.
NSE_11<br />
PROBING THE DEPTH OF THE SKIN:<br />
INVESTIGATION OF SKIN WATER CONTENT USING<br />
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY<br />
Meike Mischo, Laura von Kobyletzki, Diedrich A. Schmidt, Erik Bründermann,<br />
Norbert H. Brockmeyer and Martina Havenith<br />
Physical Chemistry II<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: meike.mischo@rub.de<br />
Various prevalent skin diseases are associated with an alteration in water content of the skin<br />
compared to the skin of young and healthy subjects. Also the skin of older subjects shows<br />
altered water content. Judged by its appearance, the skin of many HIV patients resembles the<br />
skin of older subjects.<br />
In order to detect differences in the molecular composition and especially the water content, a<br />
pilot study with skin samples from several patients of each group was carried out using<br />
Raman spectroscopy. The groups investigated were especially skin of young & healthy<br />
subjects, of old & healthy subjects, of eczema patients and HIV patients.<br />
Confocal Raman Technology was employed to measure changes in the molecular<br />
composition. In contrast to previous studies of skin with Raman spectroscopy we were able to<br />
probe not only the surface layers of the skin but also the deepest layers - all in the same skin<br />
sample.<br />
The results show that the samples show a clear signature in the Raman spectra. The ultimate<br />
aim is to find parameters for the classification of skin pathologies and treatment indications.
NSE_12<br />
LASER ELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS<br />
IN MICRODISCHARGES<br />
Sarah Müller, Dirk Luggenhölscher and Uwe Czarnetzki<br />
Institute for Plasma and Atomic Physics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: sarah.mueller@rub.de<br />
Electric field induced coherent Raman scattering (E-CRS) measurement is a promising<br />
technique for measuring electric fields in high-pressure environments and was first<br />
demonstrated with hydrogen molecules by Ochkin and Tskhai in 1995. The technique is ideal<br />
for the investigations of microdischarges at atmospheric pressures. The frequencies of two<br />
focussed laser beams in the visible are tuned to match the energy difference between the two<br />
lowest virational levels in hydrogen. The presence of a static electric field then leads to the<br />
emission of coherent IR radiation at this difference frequency. The signal intensity scales with<br />
the square of the static electric field strength. In parallel to this process also anti-Stokes<br />
radiation in the UV by the standard CARS process is generated. Normalization of the IR<br />
signal by the UV signal provides a population independent measurement quantity.<br />
No further knowledge of other gas/plasma parameters such as the gas density is required for<br />
the measurement.<br />
Further details on the measurement technique as well as measurement results in<br />
microdischarges will be presented.
NSE_13<br />
THE MULTIPOLE RESONANCE PROBE<br />
J. Oberrath, M. Lapke, Christian Schulz, Robert Storch, Tim Styrnoll,<br />
Christian Zietz, Peter Awakowicz, Ralf Peter Brinkmann, Thomas Musch,<br />
Thomas Mussenbrock and Ilona Rolfes<br />
Theoretical Electrical Engineering<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: oberrath@tet.rub.de<br />
The plasma resonance spectroscopy is a well established plasma diagnostic method and realized<br />
in several designs. Based on Hilbert-space methods it is possible to derive a general<br />
mathematical solution for arbitrary diagnostic designs. An analysis shows the main feature of<br />
this family of methods, it is the ability of the system to resonate. An interpretation in terms of<br />
a lumped element circuit reveals the main weakness of certain realizations. A complicated resonance<br />
structure that impedes a clear and simple analysis of the measured spectrum is observed.<br />
The multipole resonance probe (MRP) is presented as an idea to overcome this problem in<br />
terms of a high geometrical and electrical symmetry [1]. To determine its resonance structure<br />
an analytic expression for the probe response is needed. We are able to derive an analytic<br />
solution because of this special diagnostic design.<br />
After theoretical investigations we build up the first prototype of the MRP, and can show its<br />
applicability for the measurement of the electron density in technological plasmas. Therefore,<br />
we measure the absorption spectrum by a network analyzer in the range of approximately 100<br />
MHz to 10 GHz. It shows characteristic resonances from which plasma parameters like the<br />
electron density can be derived by the analytical expression for the resonance frequencies.<br />
References<br />
[1] M. Lapke et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 051502 (2008).
NSE_14<br />
CONTROL OF ALUMINUM OXIDE DEPOSTION<br />
BY VARAIBLE BIASING<br />
M. Prenzel, T. Baloniak, A. Kortmann, T. de los Arcos and A. von Keudell<br />
Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Experimental Physics II<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Group Reactive Plasmas<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: marina.prenzel@rub.de<br />
Thin film deposition by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) is an established<br />
technique. Advantages are the control of deposition rate, stoichiometry and crystallinity<br />
of the films [1]. Within the project, the influence of a substrate bias on the material properties<br />
during thin film deposition from plasma is investigated. The external bias voltage manipulates<br />
the energy distribution function of the ions impinging on the substrate (IEDF) [2]. An optimized<br />
ion bombardment can significantly improve film properties like film hardness, adhesion,<br />
crystallinity, or wear resistance. Here, we report on the influence of sinus RF biasing at 1<br />
MHz on the crystallinity of aluminium oxide films. The films are prepared in a RF magnetron<br />
discharge, which is used for reactive sputtering of an aluminium target. The temperature of<br />
the substrate is varied and reaches up to 700 °C.<br />
First results show that the orientation of the crystal structure can be manipulated by the variation<br />
of bias voltage. Theses and subsequent results will help to optimize the Al2O3 deposition<br />
process and to reveal the role of the ion energy in the film growth in the future. The work is<br />
funded by DFG within SFB-TR 87.<br />
References<br />
[1] Y. Yamada-Takamura et al., Characterization of α-phase aluminum oxide films deposited by filtered vacuum<br />
arc. Surf. Coat. Tech. 142-144, pp. 260-264. 2001.<br />
[2] T. Baloniak. Erzeugung maßgeschneideter Ionen-Energieverteilungsfunktionen in Niederdruckplasmen. PhD<br />
Thesis. 2010.
NSE_15<br />
HMDSO / O2 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE PLASMA<br />
CHEMISTRY LEADING TO SiO2 FILM SYNTHESIS<br />
Rüdiger Reuter, Dirk Ellerweg, Jan Benedikt and Achim von Keudell<br />
Institute for Experimental Physics II: Reactive Plasmas<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: ruediger.reuter@rub.de<br />
In the past years, a particular type of atmospheric pressure plasma emerged: non equilibrium<br />
microplasmas that operate at low power (< 50 W) and allow the treatment of or deposition on<br />
thermolabile substrates. One of the possible applications is a deposition of SiO2 films. It has<br />
already been shown that anorganic carbon free SiO2 films can be deposited by means of<br />
several types of these jets.<br />
The main problems are the high film porosity, which is usually controlled by energetic ion<br />
bombardment in low pressure plasmas, and the limited knowledge of the plasma chemistry<br />
involved. The latter one is due to difficulties connected with microplasma diagnostics. More<br />
understanding and optimisation of deposition process are needed to improve the film<br />
properties.<br />
Here we report on the deposition of SiO2 film by means of microplasma jets driven by RF<br />
voltage and operated in Ar or He as plasma forming gas. Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO)<br />
and O2 are used as precursor to generate SiO2. The SiO2 film composition is measured by<br />
FTIR and XPS as functions of varying plasma parameters and distance between jet effluent<br />
and film substrate and compared with the gas phase analysed by means of molecular beam<br />
mass-spectrometry.
NSE_16<br />
EFFICIENT IMPLEMENTATION OF<br />
HARDWARE ORIENTED NUMERICS<br />
Dirk Ribbrock<br />
Faculty of Mathematics, LSIII Applied Mathematics<br />
TU Dortmund, Vogelpothsweg 87, 44227 Dortmund<br />
email: dirk.ribbrock@math.tu-dortmund.de<br />
Various techniques offering hardware oriented approaches to numerical calculations are<br />
presented. A hardware <strong>abstract</strong>ion layer (HAL) on the lowest level is used, which grants full<br />
exploitation of the underlying hardware capabilities. This HAL leads to the portable support<br />
of X86-SSE MultiCore CPUs, Cuda & OpenCL enabled GPUs, the Cell BE and any<br />
combination of these architectures in an MPI capable cluster and therefore makes all levels of<br />
parallelism accessible to the application programmer.<br />
On top of this, multiple reliable and efficient applications are implemented, ranging from well<br />
know linear algebra (BLAS) operations and linear solvers to full fluid dynamics (CFD)<br />
applications based on finite element (FE) or Lattice-Boltzmann (LB) methods.<br />
These applications exploit all three dimensions of possible optimisation: efficient numerics,<br />
specialised hardware architectures and hardware oriented data structures.<br />
The implementation of this library features many modern software technology concepts like<br />
re-usability, portability, modularity and maintainability via massive usage of template meta<br />
programming.
NSE_17<br />
CALIBRATING THE ELECTROMAGNETIC<br />
CALORIMETER OF THE PANDA-DETECTOR<br />
Bernhard Roth for the PANDA Collaboration<br />
Institut für Experimentalphysik I<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: bernhard@ep1.rub.de<br />
PANDA (Anti-Proton ANnihilation at DArmstadt) is a future experiment for High Energy<br />
Physics and will be part of the Facility for Antiproton and Ion <strong>Research</strong> (FAIR), located at the<br />
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany.<br />
The experiment will investigate p annihilations with the aim to explore fundamental questions<br />
in the cross over region of the non perturbative and the strong QCD.<br />
One fundamental subcomponent of the detector will be the Electromagnetic Calorimeter<br />
(EMC) with the ability to measure the kinematics of photons with high resolution. For this an<br />
excellent calibration is mandatory. This is done by comparing the measured mass of pions<br />
(decaying into two photons) with its well known property.<br />
Such a calibration needs a frequent repetition, caused by environmental fluctuations.<br />
Therefore this will be done permanently and in parallel to the running experiments.
NSE_18<br />
EFFECT OF SOIL ORGANIC MATTER<br />
CONFORMATION ON AGING OF XENOBIOTICS<br />
Anastasia Shchegolikhina and Bernd Marschner<br />
Geographical Institute, Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: anastasia.shchegolikhina@rub.de<br />
Bound residues of hydrophobic organic compounds develop mainly through interactions with<br />
soil organic matter (SOM), either through sorption to specific sites (i.e. hydrophobic cavities)<br />
or through slow diffusion into less accessible domains. The relative density and flexibility of<br />
SOM is affected by cations at the exchange sites. Strongly hydrated monovalent cations (i.e.<br />
Na + ) cause SOM to expand and thus make it more accessible to xenobiotics. Polyvalent<br />
cations (i.e Ca 2+ or Al 3+ ) reduce the volume and flexibility of SOM through cation bridging,<br />
which can thus limit diffusion of xenobiotics into the matrix and back out again. In our study,<br />
we wanted to test two hypotheses: (1) the structural conformation of SOM affects sorption<br />
and desorption kinetics of xenobiotics and thus influences the formation of "bound residues"<br />
during aging. (2) The addition of substrates can enhance the biodegradation of bound<br />
residues, either through co-metabolism or through enhanced degradation of the sorbent<br />
(priming effects).
NSE_19<br />
OPTIMAL MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR A<br />
MULTICORE MOBILE TERMINAL<br />
Anas Showk<br />
Institute for Integrated Systems<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: anas.showk@rub.de<br />
The Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the successor technology of the 3G wireless system. The<br />
high data rates enabled by LTE can benefit from a strong computational power provided by<br />
today's high-performance embedded processors. In this work we therefore utilize a multi-core<br />
processor to increase the LTE system throughput in the mobile terminal. We investigate the<br />
dynamic memory allocation scheme for the LTE protocol stack, modeled using Specification<br />
and Description Language (SDL), as the underlying issue with migrating from single to<br />
multiple cores. We discover that, under some schemes, multi-core performance becomes<br />
inferior to a single-core, especially in case of intensive dynamic memory allocation and<br />
deallocation. By modifying the SDL system's run time kernel we implement a static memory<br />
management scheme. This is supplemented by a selective usage of resource protection in<br />
single- and dual-core situations. As a result, an increase of the system throughput by about<br />
75% can be observed when migrating from one core to two cores.
NSE_20<br />
LIF MEASUREMENTS OF METASTABLE DENSITIES<br />
IN COMPLEX PLASMAS<br />
Brankica Sikimić<br />
, Ilija Stefanović, Nader Sadeghi and Jörg Winter<br />
Institute of Experimental Physics II<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: brankica.sikimic@rub.de<br />
Dynamics of metastable argon atoms (Ar*( 3 P2) state) in continuous wave complex plasma has<br />
been investigated by laser induced fluorescence. Different mixtures of argon plasma with<br />
acetylene have been used, including nanometer-sized dust particles produced by reactive<br />
plasma polymerization. Experiments were performed in 0.1 mbar, symmetrically driven CCP<br />
discharge at 13.56 MHz.<br />
Density and axial distribution of metastable atoms have been deduced by absorption and LIF<br />
experiments with an external cavity single-mode diode laser. The axial distribution of<br />
metastable atoms is recorded within a cycle of growth of dust particles and the formation of a<br />
void (dust-free region in the plasma). In pure argon plasma, ionization is located in the<br />
negative glow near electrodes. After introducing acetylene, metastable density decreases due<br />
to the quenching of Ar* by acetylene. Formation of negatively charged nanoparticles leads to<br />
an increase of the ionization rate, sustaining of the discharge and provokes the enhancement<br />
of metastable density. After 20 minutes, the void starts to form, leading to the decrease of the<br />
dust density and the ionization rate. Due to this effect, the metastable density decays until the<br />
dust particles disappear and a new cycle of dust formation starts. We discuss different<br />
mechanisms responsible for the behavior of metastable atoms.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Stefanović, Sadeghi, Winter, J. Phys. D: App. Phys. 43, 2010, 152003.
NSE_21<br />
INTERFACIAL Cu /ZnO CONTACT BY SELECTIVE<br />
PHOTODEPOSITION OF COPPER ONTO THE<br />
SURFACE OF SMALL ZnO NANOPARTICLES IN NON<br />
AQUEOUS COLLOIDAL SOLUTION.<br />
Mahmoud A. Sliem, Todor Hikov, Zi-An Li, Marina Spasova, Michael Farle, Diedrich A.<br />
Schmidt, Martina Havenith-Newen and Roland A. Fischer<br />
Institut of Chemistry and Biochemistry<br />
Department of Inorganic Chemistry II<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: ahmoud.ashour@rub.de<br />
The industrial methanol production from CO, CO2 and H2 over binary Cu/ZnO and ternary<br />
Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 solid state catalysts 1 has been the subject of a large number of studies aiming<br />
to unravel the details of the underlying mechanism 2 as a prototype of the so-called strong<br />
metal support interaction (SMSI) in heterogeneous catalysis which depends on the Cu/ZnO<br />
interface. 3 Since Tauster and Fung first reported that the chemisorption capacity of H2 and CO<br />
decreased significantly for supported metal catalysts in the SMSI condition, there has been<br />
continuing discussion as to whether the phenomenon was caused by electronic or by<br />
geometric/morphological effects. 4 Hereby we present our new results on the efficient surface<br />
decoration of these ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) to obtain not aggregated, Hexadecylamine<br />
(HAD) surfactant stabilized and soluble very small Cu/ZnO NPs with varied content of the Cu<br />
component. The photocatalytic property of the ZnO NPs was used for efficient and selective<br />
photo-assisted decomposition of the Cu precursor [Cu{OCH(CH3)CH2N(CH3)2}2] at the ZnO<br />
surface. The focus of the work described below is the substantiation of the anticipated<br />
interfacial contact of Cu and ZnO by the combination of spectroscopic techniques (UV-Vis,<br />
photoluminescence and RAMAN spectroscopy). 5<br />
References:<br />
[1] Cornils B et al., Catalysis from A to Z, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2003.<br />
[2] Kurtz M et al., Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 2790.<br />
[3] Waugh K. C., Catal. Today, 1992, 15, 51.<br />
[4] Tauster J S et al., J. Am.Chem. Soc., 1978, 100, 170.<br />
[5] Sliem M A et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2010, 12, 9858.
NSE_22<br />
A SECURE TRUST AND REPUTATION SYSTEM FOR<br />
DECENTRALIZED APPLICATIONS<br />
Stefan Spitz<br />
Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Sciences<br />
<strong>Research</strong> Group Integrated Information Systems<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: stefan.spitz@rub.de<br />
The ability to build trust relations is fundamental to human beings. Trust describes an<br />
unidirectional feeling which exists between two members of a trust system. This feeling is on<br />
the one hand influenced by the individual experience regarding the events during direct<br />
interaction between the two members. On the other hand it is influenced by the reputation that<br />
one of the two members has within the trust system.<br />
Trust and reputation are not independent of each other due to the fact, that an opinion one<br />
member has about another member is influenced by third parties. Both, trust and reputation<br />
are feelings that contain a certain amount of risk and uncertainty. The challenge is to transfer<br />
this human behaviour to a machine processable model without neglecting the factors risk and<br />
uncertainty. Such a trust model could be used to build a decentralized trust management<br />
system, deployable for various applications such as filesharing, sensor networks or in<br />
distributed computing environments (grid, cloud). Furthermore, a decentralized trust system<br />
can be easily modified for centralized applications, including, but not limiting to, online<br />
market platforms such as eBay, Amazon or product rating and review systems such as<br />
Epinions or Bizrate.
NSE_23<br />
MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PLASMA PHYSICAL<br />
CHARACTERISATION OF A VHF FREE<br />
OSCILLATING SYSTEM<br />
Katharina Stapelmann, Egmont Semmler, Nikita Bibinov and Peter Awakowicz<br />
Institute for Electrical Engineering and Plasma Technology<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: stapelmann@aept.rub.de<br />
Cleaning, sterilization and decontamination of medical instruments are key processes in the<br />
medical field and in pharmacological industry. The main objective of these processes is to<br />
remove, inactivate or destroy all pathogens in order to prevent infections, inflammations or<br />
transmission of diseases connected to their presence. However, the traditionally employed<br />
techniques suffer from certain limitations. Therefore a new sterilization and decontamination<br />
technique is urgently required. One promising alternative is plasma sterilisation, which is the<br />
topic of this presentation.<br />
|A plasma sterilization setup has been built and characterized. First microbiological tests show<br />
promising results. A reduction of 10 6 germs is possible within seconds. These results as well<br />
as the basic physical characterization with optical emission spectroscopy and temperature<br />
measurements will be presented and discussed.
NSE_24<br />
DEGRADATION OF SOLUTION-PROCESSED FIELD-<br />
EFFECT TRANSISTORS<br />
Teodor Toader,<br />
Claudia Bock and Ulrich Kunze<br />
Electronic Materials and Nanoelectronics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: teodor.toader@rub.de<br />
In this work 13,6-N-Sulfinylacetamidopentacene (NSFAAP) [1] is used to study degradation<br />
of solution-processed bottom-contact pentacene transistors. We use conventional UV<br />
lithography and lift-off technique to structure Ti/Pd (1 nm/25 nm) electrodes on n-type<br />
oxidised silicon wafer. The pentacene thin films are deposited by spin-coating NSFAAP<br />
from a CHCl3 solution (1 wt%) and thermally converting the precursor to pentacene in a<br />
nitrogen environment (Scheme1). After processing the samples are stored in a glovebox under<br />
nitrogen atmosphere and for comparison in ambient dark atmosphere at T = 21 °C and 50 %<br />
humidity. From two-terminal current-voltage (I−V) measurements characteristic transistor<br />
parameters like the effective and field-effect mobility, the On/Off ratio and the threshold<br />
voltage are extracted with respect to the time after processing. Additionally the degradation of<br />
samples stored under environmental conditions and protected with PMMA is studied. The<br />
I−V measurements are correlated with scanning electron micrographs.<br />
Scheme 1<br />
References:<br />
[1] Ali Afzali, et. al.,. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, (30), 8812-8813, 2002
NSE_25<br />
TOWARDS A MULTI-SCALE MODEL<br />
OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING<br />
Carlo Vinci, Jörg Renner and Holger Steeb<br />
Mechanics – Continuum Mechanics<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
email: vinci@lkm.rub.de<br />
The aim of the present project is to investigate a deformable<br />
fluid-filled fracture embedded in a porous rock matrix and<br />
the coupled hydro-mechanical interaction between fluidfilled<br />
joint and matrix. Injection of fluid into a porous<br />
fractured rock mass alters the opening aperture of preexisting<br />
joints and faults or alternatively initiates formation<br />
of new fractures. The associated dilatation affects the<br />
hydraulic properties of the joint and leads to an increase of<br />
the effective permeability of the rock. Therefore, the flow of<br />
Fig. 1 Borehole intersected by<br />
vertical fractures<br />
fluids and the propagation of hydraulic fractures from boreholes intersecting jointed rock are<br />
controlled by the mechanical response of deformable fractures to transient pressure gradients<br />
imposed by pumping operations. A good understanding of the response of a single fluid-filled<br />
joint to transient pressure changes forms the basis for more advanced physically-based multiscale<br />
continuum models.<br />
The model of the single fracture is based on a simple<br />
deformable ellipsoidal joint [1]. The deformation of the<br />
joint is complemented by the time-dependent diffusion<br />
process of the pore fluid in the joint itself, resulting in a<br />
coupled problem consisting of a) an elastic deformation<br />
problem and b) a non-linear diffusion problem. Here, we<br />
Fig. 2 Half length ellipsoidal joint<br />
investigate the coupled problem with a staggered solution<br />
scheme, in which the one-dimensional non-linear diffusion<br />
problem of the fluid in the joint is solved numerically by the Galerkin Finite Element Method<br />
(FEM). Based on the numerical results, we will discuss the time-dependent non-equilibrium<br />
configurations of the joint and the corresponding pressure profiles.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Murdoch L.C. and L.N. Germanovich, Analysis of a deformable fracture in permeable material, International<br />
Journal for numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 30, 529-561 (2006).<br />
[2] Murphy H., C. Huang, Z. Dash, G. Zyvoloski and A. White: Semianalytical solutions for fluid flow in rock<br />
joints with pressure-dependent openings, Water Resources <strong>Research</strong> 40 (2004).
NSE_26<br />
LOW TEMPERATURE H2O-ASSISTED ALD OF<br />
CRYSTALLINE Gd2O3 THIN FILMS<br />
Ke Xu, Andrian P. Milanov, Harish Parala, Apurba Laha, Ranjith Ramadurai,<br />
Eberhard Bugiel, H. Jörg Osten, Roland A. Fischer and Anjana Devi<br />
Inorganic Materials Chemistry Group<br />
Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany<br />
email: cocoxuke@hotmail.de<br />
In this work, the water-assisted ALD growth of Gd2O3 thin films using the homoleptic<br />
gadolinium guanidinate precursor [Gd{( i PrN)2CNMe2}3] 1 , referred to as [Gd(DPDMG)3] is<br />
investigated. With this precursor, surface controlled, self-limiting ALD-type growth with a<br />
growth rate of ~ 1.1 Å/cycle was observed within a broad temperature window of 175 –<br />
275°C on Si(100) substrates (Fig.1a). The self-limiting character of the film growth was also<br />
verified (Figure 1b). The as-deposited Gd2O3 films were polycrystalline as revealed by<br />
HRTEM and XRD analysis.<br />
Figure 1. Gd2O3 growth rate as a function of (a) the deposition temperature and (b) the [Gd(DPDMG) 3] pulse<br />
time. Inset: dependence of the Gd2O3 film thickness on the number of deposition cycles at 225 °C for the<br />
[Gd(DPDMG)3]/H2O process. Right: HRTEM cross sectional images of Gd2O3/Si grown at 225°C.<br />
In summary, Gd2O3 thin films of superior structural quality with very low leakage current<br />
were deposited with growth rates of 1.1 Å/cycle in a surface controlled, self-limiting ALD<br />
process. The superior performance of [Gd(DPDMG)3] is attributed to the increased basicity of<br />
the guanidinato ligand relative to thd, which facilitates a fast and selective reaction with the<br />
OH surface functionalities and the adsorbed water. On the basis of the electrical<br />
characterization, it appears that the Gd2O3 films could be potential candidates for the<br />
replacement of SiO2-based gate dielectrics in future CMOS devices. The key to success was<br />
the use of a tailored all-nitrogen coordinated tris-guanidinato-Gd precursor that combines<br />
several advantageous properties, including high and selective reactivity towards water at low<br />
temperatures.
Life Sciences
LS_1<br />
Richness or reclusion, effect of environmental enrichment<br />
related to social state and stimulus frequency<br />
Buschler, A. 1,2,3 , Manahan-Vaughan, D. 1,2<br />
1 Department of Physiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany<br />
2 International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience<br />
3 Graduate College 736 “Plasticity and Development of the Nervous System”<br />
e-mail: arne.buschler@rub.de<br />
Environmental enrichment (EE) for long periods is known to induce structural and functional<br />
changes in the adult brain. Among those learning performance of hippocampus dependent<br />
tasks is enhanced and hippocampal synaptic plasticity is altered. In this study changes in<br />
hippocampal synaptic plasticity of freely behaving mice due to short-term EE were examined<br />
which might allow to conclude on functional improvements.<br />
Electrodes were implanted into the hippocampus of adult mice. After recovery basal synaptic<br />
plasticity was tested and compared to synaptic plasticity evoked after EE for a period of two<br />
weeks. During enrichment mice were reared either solitarily or in groups. After reintroduction<br />
into standard conditions for six weeks, group housed animals were re-exposed to EE.<br />
After two weeks of EE no alterations in a robust form of LTP could be detected. We assumed<br />
that the strength of LTP may underlie the lack of effect, and in fact, enhancing the stimulation<br />
did not strengthen LTP. Hence we elicited LTP of a weaker level. Re-assessment of weak<br />
LTP after two weeks of EE pointed out a significant enhancement. This benefit was persistent<br />
for one week after cessation of EE. Interestingly Re-enrichment had no effect on weak<br />
hippocampal LTP. Similary no changes could be denoted by solitary enrichment.<br />
Thus the effect of EE seems to relate to social interaction and novelty of the environment.
LS_2<br />
The effect of synthetic sandalwood odorants on human<br />
skin cells<br />
Daniela Busse, Anna Christina Sondersorg, Hanns Hatt & Heike Benecke<br />
Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: daniela.busse@rub.de<br />
Sandalwood oil is obtained from the East Asian sandalwood tree (Santalum album L.). The<br />
essential oil is a quite rare and therefore expensive substance which is extensively used in the<br />
fragrance industry. In the past, considerable effort was invested to synthesize a variety of<br />
cheaper substitutes with similar odor qualities. However, their effect on skin physiology is<br />
largely unknown. In the present study the effect of synthetic sandalwood odorants on human<br />
skin cells is analyzed.<br />
In calcium imaging experiments several synthetic sandalwood odorants (Sandalore,<br />
Sandranol, Javanol and Ebanol) have been identified that induce transient calcium signals<br />
when applied to human skin cells. Further pharmacological characterization of the Sandaloreinduced<br />
calcium elevation revealed an involvement of a cAMP-depended signaling pathway.<br />
Moreover, long term stimulation with Sandalore leads to an increase in keratinocyte<br />
proliferation. Finally, RNA analysis confirmed the expression of an olfactory receptor,<br />
OR2AT4, in human keratinocytes which is a potential target for Sandalore in the recombinant<br />
HEK293 system.<br />
Analysis of the chemoreceptive properties of human keratinocytes will help to enhance our<br />
understanding on physiological and pathophysiological processes of the skin.
LS_3<br />
TWO EXTRAORDINARY BACTERIAL<br />
RNA THERMOMETERS<br />
Annika M. Cimdins and Franz Narberhaus<br />
Institute of Microbial Biology, IGB; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: annika.cimdins@rub.de<br />
According to their preferred growth temperature, bacteria can be divided into groups. Those<br />
preferring moderate growth temperatures (optimum around 37°C) belong to the mesophiles,<br />
whereas bacteria living in warmer habitats (up to ~80°C) are called thermophiles. To avoid<br />
hazardous consequences, free-living bacteria have to constantly monitor and respond to<br />
temperature changes. RNA thermometers provide a direct way of sensing temperature shifts<br />
and immediately responding to them. RNA thermometers are cis-acting elements in the<br />
5´untranslated region (5´UTR) of the mRNA of genes involved in the heat shock response or<br />
in virulence. At low temperatures, the mRNA folds into a complex structure, thereby blocking<br />
the ribosome binding site (RBS) via base pairing. Thus, translation is inhibited. Due to an<br />
upshift in temperature, the structure melts, liberating the RBS and enabling formation of the<br />
translation initiation complex [1]. Here, we present two extraordinary RNA thermometers,<br />
both being involved in regulation of the heat shock response. The first one, located in the<br />
5´UTR of the htrA-mRNA in Salmonella, represents an exceptionally short RNA<br />
thermometer. The second one originates from the thermophilic cyanobacterium<br />
Thermosynechococcus elongatus and regulates translation of the hspA-mRNA, thereby being<br />
the first known thermophilic RNA thermometer.<br />
References<br />
[1] Klinkert, B. and Narberhaus, F., Cell Mol Life Sci, 2009, 66, 2661-2676.
LS_4<br />
Evaluation of differences in dentate gyrus synaptic<br />
plasticity along the dorsoventral axis<br />
Jana Kenney , 1,2 , Denise Manahan-Vaughan 1,2<br />
1 International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum; 2 Department<br />
of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-<br />
44780 Bochum, Germany;<br />
e-mail: jana.kenney@rub.de<br />
The hippocampus mediates the acquisition of different memory types, presumably through<br />
expression of different forms of synaptic plasticity.Over the last decade evidence has<br />
accumulated to corroborate the hypothesis that the hippocampus is functionally differentiated<br />
along its dorsoventral axis. In contrast to the wealth of data available on synaptic plasticity<br />
mechanisms in the dorsal hippocampus, little is known about synaptic plasticity processes in<br />
the intermediate and ventral hippocampus. This was the subject of the present study.<br />
Rats underwent implantation of a stimulation electrode into the perforant path, and either coimplantation<br />
of recording electrodes in the dorsal and ventral dentate gyrus (DG) or separate<br />
implantations. In the first stage of the project, evoked potentials, long-term depression and<br />
short- and long-term potentiation was examined and compared. In the second stage, the effect<br />
of combining a weak potentiation protocol with a behavioral paradigm (exposition to a novel<br />
environment) was studied.<br />
Our result suggest that afferent input from the entorhinal cortex generates a different profile<br />
of responses in the dorsal vs the ventral DG, which may in turn relate to their possibly distinct<br />
roles in synaptic information processing and memory formation. As the ventral DG has been<br />
recently implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders, information contributing to<br />
clarification of its physiological function could be of potential clinical interest.
LS_5<br />
ATTENUATED FEEDBACK-RELATED NEGATIVITY<br />
IN HEALTHY AGING<br />
Stefan Kobza, Christian Bellebaum, Stefan Thiele, Irene Daum<br />
Fakultät für Psychologie, Institut für Kognitive Neurowissenschaft, Abteilung<br />
Neuropsychologie, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: stefan.kobza@rub.de<br />
Introduction: In feedback-based learning tasks, the feedback-related negativity (FRN), an<br />
event-related potentials component reflecting activity of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC),<br />
has been shown to be more pronounced in young subjects if reward was highly expected but<br />
not delivered. This study aimed to elucidate whether the FRN shows age-related changes with<br />
respect to the coding of expected and unexpected performance outcomes.<br />
Methods: 18 younger and 20 older subjects completed a feedback learning task in which a 5<br />
cent coin was hidden in one of 6 boxes (2 rows of 3 boxes) on each of 660 trials. After<br />
choosing among two displays of preselected boxes, subjects could learn the hiding-rule<br />
(hiding-place always in the lower row) via feedback (reward vs. non-reward). Throughout the<br />
task, 30 scalp sites were used for electroencephalograpy recording.<br />
Results: Older subjects learned more slowly than younger subjects. FRN amplitude was<br />
generally reduced in older subjects and higher for unexpected compared to expected negative<br />
feedback in both groups.<br />
Conclusion: FRN amplitude was reduced in older subjects despite comparable performance<br />
accuracy. The general FRN amplitude attenuation in older subjects is in line with reports of<br />
age-related striatal and midbrain changes and suggests a reduced sensitivity to reward<br />
magnitude.
LS_6<br />
RNA-BASED TEMPERATURE SENSING IN<br />
PSEUDOMONAS PUTIDA<br />
Stefanie S. Krajewski, Miriam Nagel and Franz Narberhaus<br />
Institute of Microbial Biology, IGB, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: stefanie.krajewski@rub.de<br />
To avoid hazardous consequences, bacteria express a multitude of genes in response to a heat<br />
shock. In most gram-negative bacteria, transcription of heat shock genes is controlled by the<br />
alternative sigma factor σ 32 (RpoH) [1]. Additionally, heat shock gene expression can be<br />
regulated at the posttranscriptional level by an RNA thermometer. These RNA thermometers<br />
are cis-acting elements forming a secondary structure in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of<br />
an mRNA. At low temperatures, the Shine-Dalgarno region is blocked by imperfect base<br />
pairing and translation is inhibited. The secondary structure melts with increasing temperature<br />
and allows ribosome binding in order to initiate translation [2]. A moderately conserved class<br />
of RNA thermometers are the ROSE-like elements (Repression Of heat Shock gene<br />
Expression), found upstream of the coding region of many bacterial small heat shock genes<br />
by an bioinformatic approach [3]. The ibpA gene of Pseudomonas putida is preceded by an<br />
exceptionally short ROSE-like element comprised of only two hairpin structures. Structural<br />
and functional analyses of the 5’ UTR indicate a thermometer-like behaviour.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Yura T. et al., Annu Rev Microbiol, 1993, 47, 321-350.<br />
[2] Narberhaus F. et al., FEMS Microbiol Rev, 2006, 30, 3-16.<br />
[3] Waldminghaus T et al., Biol Chem, 2005, 386, 1279-1286.
LS_7<br />
Modulation of transient receptor potential V1 by different<br />
odorants<br />
Matthias Luebbert 1,2 , Klaus Peter Hoffmann 3 , Hanns Hatt 1<br />
1 Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, 22780 Bochum, Germany,<br />
2 Ruhr University <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong>, 3 Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology,<br />
Ruhr University Bochum, 22780 Bochum, Germany<br />
Email: Matthias.luebbert@rub.de<br />
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a member of the transient receptor<br />
potential superfamily of cation channels. TRPV1 proteins are unselective cation channels<br />
which can be activated by various noxious stimuli (e.g. vanilloids, heat, protons). High levels<br />
of TRPV1 can be found in sensory neurons of the trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia and also<br />
e.g. in merkel cells within the skin.<br />
Here we show that several odorous substances (vanillin, helional, heliotropylacetone, and<br />
geraniol) elicit currents during voltage-clamp recordings using dissociated trigeminal neurons<br />
and CHO cells heterologously expressing rTRPV1. Interestingly, prolonged application of<br />
helional (>1 min) reduced the response to a successive capsaicin application. When applied<br />
simultaneously with low concentrations of capsaicin, activation caused by helional and<br />
capsaicin behaved in an additive way. In contrast, we observed a slight inhibition of currents<br />
induced by higher capsaicin concentrations in the presence of helional. Elevating the<br />
temperature of the bath solution from room temperature to 37°C significantly increased the<br />
amplitude of helional-induced currents.<br />
In the past, it has been shown that TRPV1 has great impact on the development and the<br />
perception of itch. Therefore, a better understanding of a TRPV1-modulation by different<br />
odorants might provide new ideas for its treatment.
LS_8<br />
Functional role of Vav3 for the regulation and<br />
differentiation of neural stem/ progenitor cells in the<br />
developing visual system<br />
Veronika Luft 1,2 , Klaus-Dieter Fischer 4 , Ulf Eysel 2,3 , Andreas Faissner 1,2<br />
1<br />
Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr University Bochum,<br />
Germany<br />
2<br />
International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany<br />
3<br />
Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany<br />
4<br />
Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg,<br />
Germany<br />
e-mail: Veronika.Luft@rub.de<br />
Chondroitinsulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are highly enriched extracellular matrix (ECM)<br />
components in the developing ventricular zone. The degradation of their covalently attached<br />
gylcosaminoglycan chains induces a switch from neurogenic to gliogenic differentiation,<br />
diminishing neuronal progenitors and their progeny while simultaneously promoting<br />
astrocytic development. But the mechanisms, by which CSPGs regulate the proliferation and<br />
differentiation of neural stem cells, are still unknown. Previous experiments showed that<br />
digestion of glycosaminoglycans with the enzyme chondroitinase ABC leads to the upregulation<br />
of Vav3, an activator of RhoGTPases. In order to investigate the potential role of<br />
Vav3 for mediation of CSPG-dependent signalling in neural stem cells, we focused on the<br />
visual system of Vav3 -/- mice. Here, we analysed the expression pattern of Vav3 during<br />
embryonic and postnatal development. The cellular composition of the embryonic retina and<br />
cortex in Vav3 deficient mice was investigated in vitro and in vivo. And finally, our analysis<br />
revealed differences in the differentiation capacity of Vav3 deficient neurospheres.<br />
Together, we conclude that Vav3 potentially interferes with the proliferation and<br />
differentiation of neural stem cells and that its loss leads to an immature phenotype. This<br />
study will probably lead to a better understanding of the role of CSPGs on stem cell<br />
behaviour.
LS_9<br />
ROLE OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM IN<br />
AUTOIMMUNE INFLAMMATION OF THE CENTRAL<br />
NERVOUS SYSTEM<br />
A.Manzel 1,2 , D. Lee 2 , J. Stegbauer 3 , S. Seubert 2 , G. Ellrichmann 2 , S. Gaupp 2 , L. C.<br />
Rump 3 , R. Gold 1,2 , R. A. Linker 2<br />
1 International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr.<br />
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany; 2 Department of Neurology St.-Josef Hospital, Ruhr<br />
University Bochum, 3 Department of Nephrology, Heinrich-Heine-University Dusseldorf,<br />
Germany<br />
e-mail: arndt.manzel@t-online.de<br />
Angiotensin II (AngII), the principal messenger molecule of the renin-angiotensin system<br />
(RAS) regulates blood pressure and fluid balance mainly by acting on AT1 receptors. The<br />
RAS may play a role in the development of hypertension and atherosclerosis, where T-cell<br />
and macrophage mediated inflammation are important disease mechanisms [1,2]. Here our<br />
group investigated the role of the RAS in murine experimental autoimmune<br />
encephalomyelitis (EAE) [3], a model mimicking many aspects of human multiple sclerosis.<br />
We found that blockade of AT1 receptors ameliorates EAE and impairs macrophage motility.<br />
References<br />
[1] Guzik TJ, et al. (2007) J Exp Med 204:2449–2460<br />
[2]Combadiere C, et al. (2008) Circulation 117:1649–1657<br />
[3] Stegbauer J, et al. (2009) PNAS 106(35):14942-7
LS_10<br />
Investigations on the role of selected ionotropic glutamate<br />
receptors during neural development in vitro<br />
Svenja Pachernegg, Sebastian Eilebrecht, Elke Muth-Köhne, Gloria Fuhrmann,<br />
Michael Hollmann<br />
Department of Biochemistry I; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: Svenja.Pachernegg@rub.de<br />
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate the majority of excitatory neurotransmission<br />
in the vertebrate CNS. To examine the involvement of iGluRs during both embryonic and<br />
neonatal/adult neurogenesis two major approaches were followed: First, the function of the<br />
NMDAR subunit NR3A in neural stem cells (NSCs) was investigated via the use of RNA<br />
interference. After the downregulation of NR3A, DNA microarray analysis revealed that the<br />
expression of more than 500 genes is significantly affected. The protein products of two of the<br />
genes affected have been previously shown to interact with NMDARs.<br />
In a second approach, the editing state of the AMPAR subunit GluR2 in neural cell types was<br />
investigated. GluR2 can undergo RNA editing at the Q/R site which renders AMPARs<br />
calcium-impermeable. We have examined the expression of GluR2 and of its editing enzyme<br />
ADAR2. Possibly, a pool of ADAR2 is established in ESCs before the expression of GluR2<br />
commences, so that all GluR2 subunits can be edited as soon as they are expressed.<br />
Unexpectedly, 100% of GluR2 in NEPs and 97% of GluR2 in NSCs were found to be edited,<br />
contradicting literature data and pointing to the crucial role of Q/R editing, as all GluR2<br />
subunits in NEPs appear to be edited as soon as they are expressed.
LS_11<br />
Expression of accessory proteins of glutamate receptors<br />
during neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells<br />
Steffen Pahl, Elke Muth-Köhne, Svenja Pachernegg, Michael Hollmann<br />
Department of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University<br />
Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44780 Bochum,<br />
Germany<br />
e-mail: Steffen.Pahl@rub.de<br />
Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate excitatory neurotransmission in the adult vertebrate<br />
CNS. Recent studies gave reason to expect iGluRs to be involved in the process of neural<br />
differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Since there is evidence that a group of proteins,<br />
namely TARPs, alter electrophysiological properties and trafficking of AMPARs, interaction<br />
of accessory proteins with iGluRs could also influence neural differentiation. Following the<br />
neuronal differentiation of ESCs an increase in mRNA expression levels of accessory proteins<br />
correlating to an increase in expression of iGluRs was observed. Furthermore, protein<br />
expression, except for PSD-95, was first detectable after differentiation of the cells into early<br />
neurons. PSD-95 protein expression instead was already detected in the stage of NEPs.<br />
A second part of the work focused on the electrophysiological characterization of an NMDAR<br />
composed of the subunits NR1-1a and NR2A coexpressed with the putative NMDAR<br />
accessory protein NETO1. The results showed that coexpression of NETO1 alone had no<br />
effect on the agonist-induced currents of the analyzed NMDAR. However a combined<br />
coexpression of NETO1 and total RNA isolated from adult mouse whole brain resulted in<br />
increased agonist-induced currents, a lowered ion conductance at negative membrane<br />
potentials and an inhibition of the block by MK801 on the analyzed NMDAR. These results<br />
lead to the assumption that an additional protein is needed for modulation of NMDARs by<br />
NETO1.
LS_12<br />
Neuroprotective autoimmunity: Efficacy of glatiramer<br />
acetate in neurodegeneration<br />
Christiane Reick ,1,2 , Gisa Ellrichmann 1 , Carsten Saft 1 , Ralf Gold 1 , Ralf Linker 1<br />
1 Department of Neurology, St. Josefs Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany<br />
2 International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: Reick.Christiane@rub.de<br />
Background: Glatiramer acetate (GA) is an immunmodulator licensed for the treatment of<br />
relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis and possibly exerts neuroprotective actions via the<br />
induction of neurotrophins like brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). As a model disease<br />
for primary neurodegeneration, R6/2 mice mimick many aspects of Huntington´s disease<br />
(HD) where the formation of huntingtin aggregates may lead to subsequent neuronal loss.<br />
Methods: 3-4 week old female R6/2 mice were immunized subcutaneously GA in complete<br />
Freud´s adjuvant (CFA), or as controls with ovalbumin or with myelin oligodendrocyte<br />
glycoprotein peptide 35-55 (MOG) in CFA. Mice were weighed daily and clinically<br />
monitored to obtain survival curves. Motor impairment was evaluated by accelerating rotarod<br />
and by assessing the clasping score. Histological analyses as well as quantitative RT-PCR<br />
were performed.<br />
Results: In the R6/2 mouse model GA prevents weight loss over the clinical course.<br />
Moreover, both regimens led to a prolonged survival. At the same time, immunization with<br />
GA and MOG led to an attenuated motor impairment as measured by the clasping score and<br />
also in a rotarod analysis. Blinded quantification of neuronal densities in the motor cortex and<br />
the basal ganglia will elucidate underlying mechanisms of protection.<br />
Conclusion: Treatment with GA and immunization with MOG ameliorate the disease course<br />
in a model of HD. Our data speak for the functional relevance of the concept of<br />
neuroprotective autoimmunity and underline the neuroprotective capacity of GA therapy.
LS_13<br />
REPAIR OF VISUAL SYSTEM LESIONS BY NEURAL<br />
STEM CELL POPULATIONS<br />
Lars Roll 1,2 , Ulf Eysel 2,3 , Andreas Faissner 1,2<br />
1<br />
Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology and<br />
Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
2<br />
International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
3<br />
Department of Neurophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: lars.roll@rub.de<br />
Regeneration of the central nervous system (CNS) after lesion is severely limited in<br />
mammals. One strategy pursued to improve function in the diseased CNS is the implantation<br />
of neural stem or progenitor cells. The visual cortex represents an appropriate model system<br />
for regeneration and plasticity studies due to its convenient accessibility and the extensive<br />
knowledge about synaptic plasticity and reorganisation in this region.<br />
In a first step, laser lesions of a defined size will be inflicted to the mouse visual cortex. Mice<br />
offer the advantage of manifold available knock-out strains. This will allow to compare the<br />
behaviours of different cell populations on the one hand and to detect possible differences in<br />
knock-out situations on the other hand. A particular emphasis will be given to extracellular<br />
matrix (ECM) molecules.<br />
Implanted cells can be identified in the host tissue by green fluorescent protein (GFP)<br />
expression. Cell division, migration, differentiation and integration of the implanted cells will<br />
be analysed in vivo and in vitro in organotypic slice cultures of the visual cortex. This<br />
combined approach will yield useful information about the repair potential of neural stem<br />
cells in cortical lesions.
LS_14<br />
Investigation on the mechanisms of chemoperception in<br />
human skin<br />
Anna Christina Sondersorg 1 ; Daniela Busse 1 ; Markus Rothermel 2 ; Hanns Hatt 1 &<br />
Heike Benecke 1<br />
1 Department of Cellphysiology; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
2 Department of Physiology; University of Utah, <strong>School</strong> of medicine, Salt Lake City, USA<br />
e-mail: Anna-Christina.Sondersorg@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
The trigeminal nerve constitutes the fifth cranial nerve and provides tactile, proprioceptive<br />
and nociceptive afferences that innervate the facial skin, eyes, mouth and the nasal mucosa.<br />
Previous work including studies on anosmic patients indicates a functional contribution of the<br />
trigeminal nerve to odor detection in vivo. High concentrations of most odors typically<br />
provoke trigeminal sensations in vivo, but only certain odors elicit responses in mouse<br />
trigeminal monocultures. This leads to the suggestion that trigeminal perception may require a<br />
transfer of sensory information via crosstalk with additional cell types of the peripheral<br />
innervation area. The expression of several chemoreceptors such as olfactory receptor<br />
proteins and TRP channels as well as their ability to respond to various odors favors the idea<br />
that keratinocytes may participate in odor detection and subsequently transmit signals to<br />
neighboring trigeminal fibers in the epidermis.<br />
This study is designed to a) identify odorants and other chemical substances that activate<br />
keratinocytes but fail to stimulate trigeminal neurons alone, b) to detect potential<br />
communications between skin keratinocytes and trigeminal neurons induced by these<br />
substances and c) to identify possible transmitter molecules.<br />
Using the calcium imaging technique we screened substances with focus on odorants that<br />
reproducibly elicit calcium responses in keratinocytes, but not in trigeminal neurons.<br />
Sandalore and Sandranol, two derivates of sandalwood oil, as well as Histamine turned out to<br />
be good candidates. In contrast to monocultures we could detect increased numbers of<br />
calcium signals in trigeminal neurons in a co-culture approach induced by Sandalore and<br />
Histamine. These results support our hypothesis of an information transfer from keratinocytes<br />
to trigeminal neurons.
LS_15<br />
Modulation of hERG by CASQ2 may impact Etiology of<br />
Catecholamine-induced Polymorphic Ventricular<br />
Tachycardia (CPVT)<br />
Katja Steinke 1,3 , Karina Eckey 1 , Ulrike Henrion 1,2 , Gloria Fuhrmann 1 , Nathalie Strutz-<br />
Seebohm 1 , Florian Lang 2 and Guiscard Seebohm 1<br />
1<br />
Biochemistry I, Cation Channel Group, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum,<br />
Germany.<br />
2<br />
Department of Physiology I, University of Tuebingen, 72074 Tuebingen, Germany.<br />
3<br />
Ruhr-University <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong> and Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Chemistry and Biochemistry,<br />
Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.<br />
e-mail: Katja.Steinke@rub.de<br />
The plateau phase of the ventricular action potential is the result of balanced Ca 2+ influx and<br />
K + efflux in cardiac myocytes. The action potential is finally terminated by repolarising K +<br />
currents. Under β-adrenergic stimulation both, the Ca 2+ influx and delayed rectifier K +<br />
currents IK are stimulated to maintain cardiac action potential length in a certain range to<br />
allow a tightly controlled increase in net Ca 2+ influx. The intracellular Ca 2+ level is controlled<br />
by a Calsequestrin2 (CASQ2)-ryanodine receptor complex, which serves as the most effective<br />
Ca 2+ store and is located in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Here, we study the effects of CASQ2<br />
mutations R33Q, F189L and D307H located in highly conserved regions on the functions of<br />
cardiac potassium channels in Xenopus oocytes using two electrode voltage clamp. As a<br />
result, CASQ2 wild type and CASQ2-mutants modulate the IKr current, based on the hERG<br />
channel. Further, molecular dynamics simulations suggest alterations in the dynamic behavior<br />
of the CASQ2 mutants compared to CASQ2 wild type. These in vitro data suggest a<br />
regulatory role of CASQ2 for hERG channels which in turn may impact etiology of<br />
Catecholamine-induced Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia (CPVT).
LS_16<br />
AUXILIARY SUBUNITS OF CALCIUM CHANNELS<br />
MODULATE AMPA RECEPTOR EXPRESSION<br />
Jan Terhag 1,2,3 , Peer-Henning Höcker 1 , Daniel Niedieker, Michael Hollmann 1<br />
1<br />
Department of Biochemistry I – Receptor Biochemistry;<br />
2<br />
<strong>RUB</strong> <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong>;<br />
3<br />
DFG Graduate <strong>School</strong> 736 – Development and Plasticity of the Nervous System;<br />
Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: jan.terhag@rub.de<br />
Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) are modulated by several families of auxiliary<br />
subunits, namely α 2δ, β, and γ subunits. Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) of the AMPA<br />
family are known to interact with transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins<br />
(TARPs), which are homologues to the VGCC γ subunits. There is evidence in the literature<br />
that AMPA receptors form complexes with postsynaptically localized VGCCs and there<br />
accessory subunits [1].<br />
The aim of this work is to elucidate putative interactions of VGCC auxiliary subunits with<br />
AMPA receptors. Here we show that the α 2δ subunit of VGCCs down-regulates the<br />
expression of AMPA receptors in a heterologous expression system.<br />
References (if you want to include them):<br />
[1] ] Kang M.-G., Chen C.-C., Wakamori M., Hara Y., Mori Y., Campbell K.P.: A functional AMPA receptorcalcium<br />
channel complex in the postsynaptic membrane; PNAS 103 (14): 5561 – 5566 (2006).
LS_17<br />
HYDROACOUSTIC SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION<br />
USING KERNEL FUNCTIONS FOR VARIABLE<br />
FEATURE SETS<br />
Matthias Tuma, Christian Igel<br />
Institut für Neuroinformatik, Ruhr-Universität-Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
<strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong>, Life Sciences <strong>Section</strong><br />
e-mail: matthias.tuma@rub.de<br />
Large-scale geophysical monitoring systems raise the need for real-time feature extraction<br />
and signal classification. We study support vector machine (SVM) classification of<br />
hydroacoustic signals recorded by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty's verification<br />
network. Due to constraints in the early signal processing most samples have different feature<br />
sets with values missing not at random. We propose kernel functions explicitly incorporating<br />
Boolean representations of the missingness patterns through dedicated sub-kernels. Model<br />
selection using gradient ascent on the kernel-target alignment and different extensions of<br />
SVMs for multiple classes were employed. While too complex kernel functions led to<br />
overfitting, SVMs with less flexible kernels outperformed baseline methods.
LS_18<br />
LASTING EFFECTS OF A SINGLE MK801-INDUCED<br />
PSYCHOTIC EVENT ON HIPPOCAMPAL SYNAPTIC<br />
PLASTICITY IN VIVO<br />
1,2,3 Valentina Wiescholleck, 1,2 Denise Manahan-Vaughan<br />
1 Learning and Memory <strong>Research</strong>, Department of Neurophysiology; 2 International<br />
graduate school of Neuroscience; 3 <strong>Research</strong> <strong>School</strong>; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: valentina.kopp@rub.de<br />
|The acute application of NMDA receptor antagonists, such as MK801 (dizolcilpine), have<br />
been shown to induce psychotic symptoms in humans and to give rise to an acute and shortlasting<br />
behavioral state in rats, which mirrors many symptoms of schizophrenia. It has<br />
therefore been adopted as an animal model of psychosis. In the present study we examined<br />
changes in LTP after a single MK801 injection over a prolonged period. In control animals,<br />
high frequency stimulation (HFS) elicited robust LTP that persisted for over 24h and was not<br />
different from pretreatment LTP at any investigated point of time. One week after MK801<br />
treatment, LTP was severely impaired, exhibiting a smaller induction magnitude and enduring<br />
for ca. 2h. In the second and third weeks after MK801, application of HFS resulted in LTP<br />
that was not significantly different compared to pretreatment LTP. Interestingly, by 4.5 weeks<br />
after MK801-treatment, HFS elicited LTP that was again significantly impaired compared to<br />
pretreatment LTP. These data suggest that a single MK801 injection elicits functional changes<br />
that result in an initial LTP impairment, followed by transient recovery and subsequently by a<br />
new reduction in the ability to express synaptic plasticity. These changes may reflect<br />
cognitive disturbances that occur in episodes of psychosis.
LS_19<br />
Inhibition of IKs channels by JNJ-303<br />
Eva Wrobel 1,2 , Rob Towart 3 , Joannes TM Linders 3 and Guiscard Seebohm 1<br />
1<br />
Department of Biochemistry I, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
2<br />
Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>School</strong><br />
3<br />
Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular Safety <strong>Research</strong> & Mechanistic Pharmacology,<br />
Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical <strong>Research</strong> and Development, Division of Janssen<br />
Pharmaceutica N.V., B-2340, Beerse, Belgium<br />
e-mail: Eva.Wrobel@rub.de<br />
Cardiac potassium channels are membrane proteins that enable controlled ion passage through<br />
cellular membranes to allow electrical control of the cardiac cell. In a variety of acquired as<br />
well as inherited channelopathies, the function of these channels is altered. Thus, channel<br />
modulators that restore normal channel function are promising candidates for the treatment of<br />
these potentially fatal diseases. However, to date only a limited set of channel inhibitors and<br />
few channel activators are known. In cardiac myocytes the repolarizing potassium current<br />
results from the two currents IKr (Kv11.1) and IKs (Kv7.1+KCNE1). The concerted activity of<br />
these currents is crucial for the precise timing and efficiency of cardiac repolarization,<br />
indicating a functional interaction of these two channels. Furthermore, recent studies<br />
suggested that there might be a more direct modulation of IKr and IKs. A novel compound<br />
reported to inhibit cardiac IKs channels is JNJ-303. Consistently, binding of 3 H-JNJ-303 could<br />
be detected in a binding assay. Here, we report that JNJ-303 modulates IKs channel gating.<br />
Further, we want to clarify if co-expression of Kv11.1 α-subunits alters the effective<br />
inhibiting concentration of JNJ-303 on IKs channels. Finally, we have started to gain insights<br />
into the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects by 3D-homology modeling, drug<br />
docking and all-atoms-mobile molecular dynamic calculations.<br />
.
LS_20<br />
Effects of acute amyloid-beta treatment on hippocampal<br />
synaptic plasticity in vivo<br />
H. Yang 1,2. , J.Klausnitzer 1 , B.Penke 3 , L. Fülöp 3 , D. Manahan-Vaughan 1,2.<br />
1 Medical Faculty, Department of Neurophysiology, 2 International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of<br />
Neuroscience; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany; 3 University of<br />
Szeged, Dept. of Medical Chemistry, Dóm tér 8. H-6720 Szeged Hungary.<br />
e-mail: Honghong.Yang@rub.de<br />
According to the Amyloid cascade hypothesis, accumulation of amyloid-beta maybe the<br />
initiate cause of Alzheimer’s disease. We investigated whether acute treatment of healthy<br />
animals with oligomeric Abeta is sufficient to cause alterations in synaptic plasticity. As the<br />
symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease typically emerge with advancing age, we also investigated<br />
whether aged rats are more sensitive to Abeta treatment. Male Wistar rats of two separate age<br />
groups were assessed: those that were treated with oligomeric Abeta at 8-9 weeks (young<br />
adults) or at 6 months of age (aged adults).<br />
Adult male rats were implanted with a stimulating electrode in the medial perforant path and a<br />
recording electrode in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Abeta (1-42) or vehicle was applied via<br />
the ipsilateral cerebral ventricle. High frequency stimulation (HFS, 200 Hz), applied 30min<br />
after vehicle injection elicited LTP that lasted for at least 24h. In young adults, Abeta<br />
injection resulted in LTP that lasted for
Humanities and Social Sciences
HSS_01<br />
WATER PRICING AND EXTERNALITIES<br />
Farah Asna Ashari<br />
IDS (International Development Studies), Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong> and<br />
Development Policy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: farahesnaashari@yahoo.com<br />
In a sustainable value in use, the full cost of goods and services should be taken into account.<br />
The full cost of water is composed of 5 items<br />
Operational and management cost, and capital charges which are covered by private cost.<br />
Opportunity cost, economic and environmental externalities which are some parts of social cost<br />
of water.<br />
The main idea of my research is to study the distance between private and social cost of water<br />
supply in agriculture, emphasizing on the economic and environmental externalities. The main<br />
feature of external effects, and the main difficulty for evaluating them, is that there is no market.<br />
To reach to this goal,<br />
• The externalities of agriculture water consumption should be defined.<br />
• The best technique for estimating the externalities among different available techniques is<br />
chosen. The choice depends on the time, financial resources, social and cultural setting<br />
within the area etc.<br />
• Then the cost of externalities is estimated.
HSS_02<br />
CINDERELLA’S BIRTH<br />
THE FOUNDING OF COLLECTIONS OF MEDICAL<br />
HISTORICAL DEPARTMENTS AND INSTITUTES OF<br />
GERMAN UNIVERITIES IN THE 20TH AND 21TH<br />
CENTURY<br />
Karin Bastian<br />
Institute for Medical Ethics and History of Medicine; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: karin.bastian@rub.de<br />
In scholarship, collections of universities have been summarized under the term “Cinderella<br />
Collections”. This linguistic analogy is supposed to illustrate the negligence of many valuable<br />
collections in the daily routine of university.<br />
My dissertation aims to depict an earlier picture of these collections. I will not examine the<br />
current cinderellean status of the university collections but rather focus on the act of founding<br />
and formation or, to stay within the linguistic analogy, their birth, using the example of the<br />
discipline of History of Medicine.<br />
To date, no comprehensive study of the formation of medical historical collections exists.<br />
Individual studies, limited to only a few institutes, are available but scattered. A large number<br />
of histories of origin have not been academically treated at all, yet.<br />
The treatise will examine medical historical object collections at medical historical chairs of<br />
German universities. The focus will be laid on the analysis and interpretation of files as well<br />
as on Oral History as means of source creation. A comparison of the different histories of<br />
origin should demonstrate whether mutual catalysts of formation exist or whether every<br />
collection is unique in its history of origin.
THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE PRESS AT<br />
GERMANY AND ITALY IN 1968<br />
Florian Bock<br />
Catholic Theology, Chair of Medieval and Modern Church History; Ruhr-Universität<br />
Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: florian.bock@rub.de<br />
Abstract: This PhD project analyzes the relationship between the Catholic Church and the<br />
mass media in Germany and Italy during the time after the Second Vatican Council: The<br />
dissertation project points out the history of the Catholic weekly “Publik“, which was<br />
published in Germany for only three years – from 1968 to 1971. Financed by the German<br />
bishops, “Publik“ positioned itself between the church and the (secular) world to realize the<br />
“Aggiornamento“ of the Second Vatican Council. This idea, however, was not very<br />
successful: “Publik“ died young, officially because the costs were too expensive. But what<br />
were the exact reasons for this ending? A completely different picture of the relationship of<br />
the Catholic Church and the press one can observe in Italy: The Catholic daily “Avvenire“,<br />
also founded in 1968 and financed by the Italian bishops, is even today one of the most<br />
popular newspapers there. So a comparison makes sense. In this part of the dissertation<br />
working methods of “oral history“ (interviews with contemporary witnesses) should be used.<br />
Herausgegeben wurde die Wochenzeitung „Publik“, die im Mittelpunkt dieses<br />
Dissertationsprojekts steht, erstmals im Jahr 1968, um dem deutschsprachigen KatholikInnen<br />
im nachkonziliaren Klima der BRD zu einem größeren Selbstbewusstsein nach innen und<br />
außen zu verhelfen und eine Art katholisches Gegenstück zur evangelischen „Christ und<br />
Welt“ und der liberalen „Die Zeit“ zu schaffen. Katholizismus und Niveau sollten nun nicht<br />
mehr als Widersprüche gelten. Auf Grundlage des Zweiten Vatikanischen Konzils (1962-<br />
1965), hier ist vor allem die Pastoralkonstitution „Gaudium et Spes“ zu nennen, wollte man<br />
vielmehr ein unbefangenes Verhältnis zwischen Kirche und Massenmedien durch das lang<br />
diskutierte Projekt einer katholischen Wochenzeitung konkretisieren.<br />
Doch bereits mit der Herausgabe der ersten Nummer nach dem Essener Katholikentag am 27.<br />
September 1968 und einer Auflage von 150.000 Exemplaren stand die Wochenzeitung im<br />
Zenit ihres Erfolges. Eine selbstständige, von den Bischöfen finanziell unabhängige Existenz<br />
schien niemals möglich. Neben Bischöfen und Politikern übten auch bereits bestehende<br />
katholische Blätter wie das „Echo der Zeit“ (das ab 1968 in „Publik“ aufgehen sollte) oder der<br />
in diesen Tagen eingestellte „Rheinischer Merkur“ Kritik an „Publik“. Der Bischofskonferenz<br />
wurden vielsagend weniger finanzielle, denn vor allem „meta-ökonomische Gründe“ für ihren<br />
Einstellungsbeschluss attestiert. Damit dürfte ein ganzes Konglomerat von internen sowie<br />
externen Gründen, die für das Ende von „Publik“ ausschlaggebend gewesen sind,<br />
angesprochen sein. Sie sollen im Rahmen des Dissertationsprojektes mittels<br />
Archivunterlagen, aber auch durch Gespräche mit Zeitzeugen erstmals systematisch<br />
aufgearbeitet werden.
Sicher ist: In Deutschland ist das Scheitern von „Publik“ für viele gewissermaßen zum<br />
Symbol des Scheiterns der konziliaren Visionen von einem veränderten Verhältnis von<br />
Kirche und Welt geworden. Umso wichtiger ist in diesem Zusammenhang, den deutschen<br />
Blick auf die Rezeption des Konzils durch die internationale Perspektive zu weiten.<br />
Tatsächlich zeigt das Beispiel der Begründung der italienischen Tageszeitung „Avennire“ in<br />
seinen Anfängen eine erstaunliche Parallele auf – der sich jedoch bis heute im Vergleich eine<br />
Erfolgsgeschichte anschloss. Der „Avvenire“ wurde im Jahr 1968, ungefähr zum selben<br />
Zeitpunkt wie „Publik“, auf besonderen Wunsch Papst Pauls VI. gegründet und ebenfalls<br />
finanziert von der zuständigen Bischofskonferenz – der „Conferenza Episcopale Italiana“.<br />
Dabei handelt es sich zwar nicht um eine komplette Neugründung wie im Fall „Publik“,<br />
dennoch dürfte es sich historisch als überaus bedeutungsvoll erweisen, nach den kulturellen,<br />
mentalen, sozialen etc. Unterschieden zwischen dem deutschen und italienischen<br />
Katholizismus zu fragen, so dass sich in einem Fall ein doch ähnliches Medium noch nicht<br />
einmal drei Jahre halten kann, während es sich im anderen Fall des täglichen (!) Verkaufs von<br />
über 100.000 Exemplaren sicher sein darf.<br />
Offenkundig gilt es auch im Blick auf die Mediengeschichte und die Rezeption des Zweiten<br />
Vatikanums, die Möglichkeit unterschiedlicher Pfade der Modernisierung von Religion im<br />
öffentlichen Raum zu berücksichtigen. In diesem Zusammenhang versteht sich die<br />
Dissertation als ein Plädoyer, die multiplen Modernisierungspfade der konziliaren Rezeption<br />
in ihrer Offenheit zu erforschen.
HSS_03<br />
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN FUNCTIONAL TEST<br />
RESULTS AND OBJECTIVELY MEASURED<br />
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN ELDERLY PRIMARY CARE<br />
PATIENTS<br />
Claudio Bucchi, Timo Hinrichs, Anna Moschny, Juliane Volke, Petra Platen<br />
Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: claudio.bucchi@rub.de<br />
Purpose<br />
Physical activity is essential in maintaining general health of elderly people. Lower body<br />
strength and coordination are meant to be predictors of mobility and general physical activity.<br />
The aim of this study was to assess the association between results of different functional tests<br />
and objectively measured physical activity in elderly primary care patients.<br />
Methods<br />
Forty-eight community-dwelling persons (n=27 females, n=21 males) aged between<br />
70 and 86 (mean 76.3) years were recruited through the surgeries of 6 different general<br />
practitioners. All subjects were able to walk with (n=3) or without a walking aid (n=45). As a<br />
measure of general physical activity subjects were instructed to wear a pedometer (with an<br />
internal memory chip storing 7 days of data in 1-day epochs) close to the hip for the following<br />
7 days (morning till evening). Mean number of steps per day (Steps/d) was calculated. If<br />
possible, the following lower body functional tests were performed as measures of lower body<br />
strength and coordination: Timed Up-and-Go (TUG: time to rise from a chair, walk 3 meters,<br />
turn, walk back, sit down again), Chair Rising (CR: time to complete five repetitions of rising<br />
from a chair, arms folded across the chest, and sitting down), Tandem Stand (TS: timed<br />
attempt (maximum 10 sec) to maintain feet in the tandem position, heel of one foot directly in<br />
front of the other foot), Tandem Walk (TW: step count of the attempt (maximum 8 steps) to<br />
walk heel of one foot directly in front of the other foot). Spearman’s correlation was used to<br />
assess the association between Steps/d and functional test results.<br />
Results<br />
All subjects (n=48) wore the pedometer for a minimum of 4 days (mean 6.6 days). Mean<br />
Steps/d were 5492±3281 (409-14819) steps. The functional test results were (mean±SD):<br />
TUG (n=48): 13.2±4.9 sec; CR (n=46): 16.6±6.5 sec; TS (n=48): 9.2±2.1 sec; TW (n=44)<br />
5.3±2.9 steps. The following correlation coefficients were found between Steps/d and: TUG:<br />
r=-0.55 (p
References:<br />
[1] Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C.,<br />
Macera, C. A. & Castaneda-Sceppa, C. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older<br />
adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American<br />
Heart Association. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 39(8), 1435-1445.<br />
[2] Guralnik, J. M., Ferrucci, L., Pieper, C. F., Leveille, S. G., Markides, K. S., Ostir, G. V.,<br />
Studenski, S., Berkman, L. F. & Wallace, R. B. (2000). Lower extremity function and<br />
subsequent disability: consistency across studies, predictive models, and value of gait speed<br />
alone compared with the short physical performance battery. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci,<br />
55(4), 221-231.
HSS_04<br />
DAS 'AUDIOVIDUUM'<br />
EINE DISKURSGESCHICHTE DES<br />
ANTHROPOMORPHEN IN AUDIOVISUELLEN<br />
MEDIEN<br />
Julia Eckel<br />
Fakultät für Philologie, Institut für Medienwissenschaft; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: julia.eckel@rub.de<br />
Abstract: Stars on screens, men on monitors, persons in pixels – nearly all audiovisual media<br />
present graphically and acoustically perceptible forms, which are identified as (human)<br />
individuals. In the discourse of media theory, however, it is a widely and diversely discussed<br />
topic how these “creatures” could or should be described and theoretically comprehended.<br />
Therefore, my dissertation project wants to trace the historic discourse of anthropomorphic<br />
figures in audiovisual media and theory, hereby dealing with the question of how far the<br />
actually spreading digitalization implies a new impulse to the theoretical constitution and<br />
reflection of this 'audiovisual individuals' (in short: 'audioviduals').<br />
Menschen auf Monitoren, Figuren in Filmen, Personen aus Pixeln – fast alle audiovisuellen<br />
Medien präsentieren grafisch-akustische Wahrnehmungs-Konfigurationen, die als<br />
(menschliche) Individuen identifiziert werden. Die Frage allerdings, wie sich diese „Wesen“<br />
beschreiben und theoretisch fassen lassen, ist innerhalb medientheoretischer Diskurse vielfach<br />
und mit unterschiedlicher Schwerpunktsetzung verhandelt worden. So wird von Filmfiguren<br />
und -stars gesprochen, von parasozial interaktionsfähigen TV-Personae, von Amateuren im<br />
Kontext von Super-8- und Videotechnik und von Synthespians, Avataren und Vloggern im<br />
Zeitalter des Digitalen. Gerade letztere Konzepte sind dabei als Bemühung zu Lesen<br />
„neuartige Spezies“ innerhalb der audiovisuellen Medien in Worte zu kleiden. Sie sind ein<br />
aktuelles Beispiel für den diskursiven Begriffsfindungsprozess, der sich seit dem Aufkommen<br />
analoger Aufzeichnungsverfahren um die anthropomorphisierten Inhalte audiovisueller<br />
Medien entfaltet. So erscheint die Geburt neuer Bild-und-Ton-Geschöpfe stets einherzugehen<br />
mit der Geburt neuer Begrifflichkeiten und neuer Namen. Mein Dissertationsprojekt will<br />
diese Diskursgeschichte des Anthropomorphen in den Medien nachzeichnen und überprüfen,<br />
inwieweit die aktuell fortschreitende Digitalisierung einen neuen Impuls für die theoretische<br />
Konstitution und Reflektion audiovisueller Kreaturen bedeutet.<br />
Um den damit sehr breit gefassten Gegenstand der Betrachtungen begrifflich auf einen<br />
Nenner zu bringen und dabei die Abgrenzung der medial vermittelten „Individuen“ von nichtmedialen<br />
Individuen zu ermöglichen, wird der Begriff des „Audioviduums“ vorgeschlagen. Er<br />
soll als ein Begriffsinstrument, als eine Metapher dienen, um die „Audio-Video-Individuen“<br />
terminologisch als das zu fassen, was sie in erster Linie sind: eine sichtbare Oberfläche<br />
und/oder hörbare Laute. Ein „Audioviduum“ wäre demnach ein medien-vermittelt akustischvisuelles<br />
Phänomen, das als Individuum mit menschlichen oder wesenhaften Zügen<br />
interpretiert wird.
BORDER CONFLICTS, TERRORISM AND TRAUMA<br />
IN SCREEN NARRATIVES OF VIOLENCE<br />
Sophie Einwächter<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: sophie.einwaechter@rub.de<br />
I am a film scholar with a particular interest in psychological readings. Therefore, when I<br />
analyse screen narratives about political conflicts, I look at them as mechanisms of coping<br />
with issues of national history and cultural trauma. In this context the very act of storytelling<br />
can be considered therapeutic: A strategy to comprehend, and to conquer – at least on a<br />
formal level – what may remain upsetting and elusive in real life. (While political conflicts<br />
linger on for decades with no end in sight, the conventional length of a feature film sets a<br />
formal limit to all representations.)<br />
In a 2001 essay, E. Ann Kaplan has shown how ‘personal and social traumas […] could be<br />
more safely approached or remembered’ in Hollywood melodramas from the 1920s to the<br />
1960s (2001; 202). Kaplan’s label of ‘trauma films’ can also be applied to recent narratives on<br />
terrorism as Ritu Saksena has shown in 2006 referring to examples from Bollywood cinema.<br />
Drawing on both approaches I will address popular films set in the Kashmir region and<br />
Northern Ireland and take a closer look at their representations of the troubled border region.<br />
Here, the borderline is not only the location of opposing claims of power, but also a<br />
demarcation of otherness, where ethno-religious groups and their respective needs of<br />
belonging clash. A place of political struggle and erupting violence, the border region is also a<br />
location of trauma. Its inhabitants become witnesses, victims and some even perpetrators of<br />
terrorist activities. Making films in such regions is a dangerous undertaking and the<br />
production teams shooting on location face a risk no insurance company is willing to back. (In<br />
a recent interview with the journal ISHQ 1 , the Bollywood star Bipasha Basu stated that there<br />
was no insurance for her latest film, LAMHAA, as it was shot in Kashmir during election<br />
time.)<br />
Examples from the films show how the border manifests itself in cinematic portrayals of these<br />
areas of crises: Walls and fences become obvious hindrances as well as metaphors of the<br />
danger of trespassing. The portrayed characters show signs of traumatic stress, while<br />
frequently crossing borders: Former criminals become victims. Fathers, friends and lovers<br />
turn terrorists. A loving wife shoots her own husband...<br />
These motifs further a hybrid quality of the stories’ generic identity: Both Northern Ireland<br />
and Kashmir films possess melodramatic elements as well as typical action genre<br />
characteristics.<br />
There is an overall allegoric dimension to these stories: The trauma of the protagonist can be<br />
regarded a pars-pro-toto testimony of the suffering society. Where territorial claims persist<br />
unsolved, genre and characters remain ambivalent.<br />
[ 1 ] Issue 36, August 2010.
References:<br />
Kaplan, E. Ann (2001): Melodrama, Cinema and Trauma. In: Screen 42,2 (2001), pp. 201-<br />
205.<br />
McIlroy, Brian (1998): Shooting to Kill. Filmmaking and the 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland.<br />
Trowbridge, Wiltshire: Flicks Books 1998; rev. ed. 2001.<br />
Saksena, Ritu (2006): Mapping Terrorism: Amorphous Nations, Transient Loyalties. Ph.D.-<br />
Thesis, College Park, MD: University of Maryland 2006.<br />
Sharma, Alpana (2008): Paradise Lost in Mission Kashmir: Global Terrorism, Local<br />
Insurgencies, and the Question of Kashmir in Indian Cinema. In: Quarterly Review of Film<br />
and Video 25,2 (2008), pp. 124-131.
RESSOURCEN UND RESTRIKTIONEN – DIE<br />
BEDEUTUNG RELIGIÖSER<br />
VERGEMEINSCHAFTUNG FÜR DIE INTEGRATION<br />
RUSSLANDDEUTSCHER AUSSIEDLER<br />
Frederik Elwert<br />
Chair for Religious Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: frederik.elwert@rub.de<br />
Abstract: The integration of ethnic German migrants differs from the integration of other<br />
migrant groups in some crucial aspects. After World War II, the official integration policy<br />
was oriented towards a permanent stay and the integration into welfare state institutions.<br />
With the rise of ethnic German immigration around 1990, the reduction of welfare state<br />
benefits and a growing hostility of the host society lead to the formation of a selfconsciousness<br />
of ethnic Germans as a distinct group. The dissertation project deals with the<br />
role religious communities play for the integration of ethnic Germans, both on a structural<br />
and socio-cultural level. Applying approaches from resource theory, the benefits, but also the<br />
restrictions arising from religious community formation are studied.<br />
Die Integration russlanddeutscher Aussiedler in die deutsche Gesellschaft hat bereits eine<br />
höchst wechselvolle Geschichte. Anders als bei den Arbeitsmigranten der 60er und 70er Jahre<br />
wurde die Bleibeabsicht dieser Migrantengruppe von Anfang an vorausgesetzt.<br />
Dementsprechend war auch die Integrationspolitik der Bundesregierung von Anfang an auf<br />
die möglichst vollständige Inklusion der Aussiedler ausgerichtet (vgl. Bommes 2000). Mit<br />
dem Anstieg des Aussiedlerzuzugs aus dem Gebiet der ehemaligen UdSSR um das Jahr 1990<br />
werden die staatlichen Leistungen jedoch reduziert und die Ablehnung innerhalb der<br />
Mehrheitsbevölkerung nimmt zu. Gleichzeitig wird die Kriminalität jugendlicher<br />
Spätaussiedler zu einem Thema in der öffentlichen Debatte und der kriminologischen<br />
Literatur. Die (Spät-)Aussiedler werden zunehmend als Gruppe wahrgenommen und<br />
identifizieren sich selbst zunehmend in Abgrenzung zur deutschen Mehrheitsgesellschaft. Es<br />
kommt zu einer Prozessen, die man nach Esser mit den Begriffen Schließung und<br />
Ethnisierung bezeichnen kann (vgl. Esser 2008). 1<br />
Im Dissertationsprojekt wird der Einfluss religiöser Vergemeinschaftung auf den Prozess der<br />
Integration russlanddeutscher Aussiedler untersucht. Dabei werden analytisch strukturelle<br />
Integration (Platzierung, Zugang zu gesellschaftlichen Funktionssystemen) und soziokulturelle<br />
Integration (kulturelle, interaktive und identifikative Faktoren) unterschieden,<br />
jedoch auch ihre wechselseitigen Abhängigkeiten in den Blick genommen.<br />
1 Der Begriff der Ethnisierung ist natürlich in diesem Kontext nicht unproblematisch, sind die Aussiedler doch<br />
»ethnisch Deutsche«. Dennoch lässt sich die Konstruktion einer eigenen kulturellen Identität beobachten, die<br />
unabhängig von der »Volkszugehörigkeit« ist. Die Frage, ob Religion hier eine bedeutende Rolle spielt, ist<br />
Gegenstand der Untersuchung.
Vor dem Hintergrund eines ressourcentheoretischen Ansatzes werden Leistungen religiöser<br />
Gemeinschaften für die Integration von Aussiedlern in den Blick genommen. Religion scheint<br />
insbesondere auf drei Ebenen potenziell Ressourcen zur Verfügung zu stellen. Über a)<br />
normative Vorgaben werden Richtlinien erwünschten Verhaltens vermittelt. Diese können die<br />
Wahrscheinlichkeit devianten Verhaltens reduzieren und somit Konflikte vermeiden. Daneben<br />
können b) kulturelle Kompetenzen und Fähigkeiten vermittelt werden. Diese »soft skills« sind<br />
über den religiösen Kontext hinaus generalisierbar und erhöhen die Chancen für eine<br />
erfolgreiche Platzierung in den Institutionen der Aufnahmegesellschaft. Die c) sozialen<br />
Beziehungsgeflechte innerhalb der religiösen Gemeinschaft selbst bieten dagegen konkrete<br />
Unterstützungsnetzwerke, die ihren Mitgliedern spezifische Ressourcen zur Verfügung stellen<br />
(vgl. Warner 2007).<br />
Das Potenzial religiöser Gemeinschaften, starke Bindungen ihrer Mitglieder untereinander zu<br />
stiften und als Identitätsmarker zu fungieren, kann jedoch die Abgrenzung von anderen<br />
sozialen Zusammenhängen befördern und somit die sozio-kulturelle Integration behindern.<br />
Dies schließt jedoch die Integration auf der strukturellen Ebene nicht aus. Daher bleibt offen,<br />
ob eine solche Situation negativ bewertet werden muss, ohne Konsequenzen bleibt sie jedoch<br />
in der Regel nicht.<br />
Dabei verläuft religiöse Vergemeinschaftung nicht immer gleich, pauschale Aussagen über<br />
die Leistungen religiöser Gemeinschaften und die von ihnen verursachten Restriktionen<br />
verbieten sich daher. Viel eher müssen die spezifischen Bedingungen in den Blick genommen<br />
werden:<br />
• Neben der Gründung eigener (Migranten-)Gemeinden bietet sich für die Aussiedler<br />
auch die prinzipielle Möglichkeit, sich bestehenden freikirchlichen oder<br />
landeskirchlichen Gemeinden anzuschließen. Die Rolle dieser Gemeinden ist dabei<br />
nicht rein passiv, sie bilden zum Teil eine eigene Politik im Umgang mit den<br />
Aussiedlern aus.<br />
• Die Bedingungen ändern sich, wie eingangs angesprochen, im zeitlichen Verlauf. Es<br />
sind daher die spezifischen Bedingungen zu verschiedenen Migrationszeitpunkten in<br />
den Blick zu nehmen: In welcher Zeit finden die Gemeindegründungen statt? Welche<br />
Rolle spielen Kettenwanderungen? Wie gehen die Gemeinden selbst mit dem<br />
Spätaussiedlerzuzug um?<br />
• Um Aussagen über die Wirkung religiöser Vergemeinschaftung treffen zu können, ist<br />
der Vergleich mit nichtreligiösen Gemeinschaften und nicht gemeinschaftlich<br />
eingebundenen Individuen notwendig. So ist beispielsweise zu klären, ob tatsächlich<br />
religiös begründete Normen deviantes Verhalten verhindern.<br />
References:<br />
Bommes, Michael (2000): “Migration und Lebenslauf. Aussiedler im nationalen<br />
Wohlfahrtsstaat,” Sozialwissenschaften und Berufspraxis 1/23, S. 9–28.<br />
Esser, Hartmut (2008): “Assimilation, ethnische Schichtung oder selektive Akkulturation?<br />
Neue Theorien der Eingliederung von Migranten und das Modell der intergenerationalen<br />
Integration,” in: Kalter, Frank (Hrsg.): Migration und Integration, KZfSS-Sonderheft, 48,<br />
Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, S. 81-107.<br />
Warner, R Stephen (2007): “The Role of Religion in the Process of Segmented Assimilation,”<br />
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 1/612, S. 100-115.
INSTITUTIONAL QUALITY, EXPORT PERFORMANCE<br />
AND ECONOMIC GROWTH<br />
Elias Fanta<br />
International Development Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: elias.fanta@rub.de<br />
There is consensus among scholars that openness and integration into the world economy is<br />
essential to realize the potential gain from trade. International trade brings a substantial positive<br />
change in the income growth of a trading country. There is extensive theoretical and empirical<br />
literature supporting this argument. Given constant returns to scale, perfect competition and the<br />
absence of distortions, traditional trade theory suggests that there are considerable welfare gains<br />
from market integration through trade. Though the majority of empirical studies confirm the<br />
notion that international trade brings about a substantial welfare gain, the findings are not always<br />
robust. For the same degree of openness some countries are more likely to benefit from trade than<br />
others. Redding and Venables (2002) indicate that during the last quarter century there have been<br />
wide variations in countries’ export performance. As a case in point, East Asian countries real<br />
export increased by more than 800% since the early 1970s, while the share of those of sub-<br />
Saharan Africa increased just by 70%.<br />
The dramatic increase in export of East Asian countries brings a spectacular economic<br />
growth for the respective countries, while most of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin American have<br />
been less able to harness the benefits of the openness of their countries (Borrmann et al, 2006).<br />
The main question evolving around this welfare discrepancies would be what are the<br />
prerequisites for a positive linkage between trade and growth and thus a successful trade<br />
liberalization strategy? A number of policy prerequisites would help to harness the benefits of<br />
trade. Countries that have better macroeconomic stability, well-functioning infrastructure and<br />
competitive markets may trade more than countries where these conditions are not met.<br />
In addition, to the above prerequisites, there are other important factors for a successful<br />
dismantling of trade barriers. One of the requirements is having institutions of high quality. As,<br />
Levchenko (2007) reveals an important feature of North-South trade is that it occurs between<br />
strikingly dissimilar countries and one of an important source of dissimilarity is institutional<br />
quality. The discrepancy in the quality of institutions might be one of the reasons for unequal<br />
distribution of the benefits of trade between North and South.<br />
The term institution is highly associated to the work of Douglass North. Institutions can<br />
be defined as humanly devised constraints that shape human interactions (North, 1990 p. 3). It is<br />
the rules of the game and enforcement mechanism in a society as defined by the prevailing<br />
explicit and implicit behavioral norms and their ability to create appropriate incentive<br />
mechanisms for desirable economic behavior.
<strong>Research</strong>es aimed at studying the impact of institution on export performance are very<br />
limited. When they are available, the manner in which institutional quality is analyzed does not<br />
capture any of the formal aspect of the institutional setting and most of these researches are<br />
limited to cross country analysis relating institutional quality and growth. Therefore, this research<br />
is aimed at investigating how the degree of institutional quality affects the performance of the<br />
export sector based on selected econometric identification techniques. In addition, the research<br />
tries to investigate if institutional quality helps to translate good export performance into tangible<br />
economic success.<br />
The research has the following specific objectives:<br />
- Develop measurement techniques to test the impact of institutions on trade and<br />
economic growth,<br />
- Provide empirically supported hypothesis about the impact of institutional quality on<br />
export performance,<br />
- Contributes to the policy debate on: ‘do institutions matter and how?’
ASPECTS OF BOUNDARY CROSSING IN THE EARLY<br />
WORK OF ITALO CALVINO<br />
Julia Fisahn<br />
Fakultät für Philologie, Romanisches Seminar; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum,<br />
Germany<br />
e-mail: julia.fisahn@rub.de<br />
The topic of boundary crossing within narratological texts has always been of interest and yet<br />
represents one of the prevailing issues in the field of Narrative Studies. In particular, the<br />
Postmodern Italian Literature attaches much importance to cross-border arguments as<br />
intermedial contact between literature on the one hand and photography, film and music on<br />
the other hand. While most of the recent studies concentrating on Contemporary Italian<br />
Literature focus on intermedial references in the literature of the so called giovani scrittori<br />
generation, this paper seeks to outline boundary crossing in the early work of Italo Calvino.<br />
The early work of Calvino – normally seen in strong correlation to his political involvement<br />
in Italy's anti-war resistence movement – can be categorized at a first glance as undoubtfully<br />
neorealistic. Aside from typical neorealistic topoi, e.g. the poetics of immediacy, another<br />
characteristic of Calvinos debut novel Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (1947) consists in the<br />
application of various narrative techniques in order to reflect the transposition of reality into<br />
text: By doing so, Calvino's debut novel can be described as unmistakably neorealistic (if we<br />
outline roughly the meaning of 'neorealism'), at the same time we are faced with stylistic and<br />
narrative experiments which open the text to further questions as the immediate reference of Il<br />
sentiero dei nidi di ragno to anti-fascistic reality.<br />
To verify this thesis it is challenging to have a closer look at boundary crossing phenomena in<br />
Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno (1947), e.g. at the scene when one of the protagonists rushes up<br />
the stairs (chapter 11). At this point it is useful to resort to concepts and approaches from the<br />
field of Intermedial Studies:<br />
What approaches to research can be useful for the analysis of intermedial references in the<br />
field of Italian Literature Studies? Could it be helpful to implement methods and concepts<br />
from other disciplines, e.g. Film and Cultural Studies? What gains and difficulties will we<br />
come up against by trying to broaden the perspective of Literary Studies?<br />
References:<br />
Calvino, Italo (1993a): Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno. Milan: Mondadori. [1947]<br />
Calvino, Italo (1993b): „Presentazione“, in: id.: Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno. Milan:<br />
Mondadori, 5–25. [1964]<br />
Corti, Maria (1978): „Neorealismo“, in: ead.: Il viaggio testuale. Le ideologie e strutture<br />
semiotiche. Turin: Einaudi, 25–110.
Nelting, David (2010): „‚Un gioco di specchi‘ – Unmittelbarkeit und Medialisierung in der<br />
Erzählpoetik des frühen Italo Calvino (‚Il sentiero dei nidi di ragno‘)“, erscheint in:<br />
Germanisch-Romanische Monatszeitschrift.<br />
Rajewsky, Irina O. (2003): Intermediales Erzählen in der italienischen Literatur der<br />
Postmoderne. Von den ‚giovani scrittori’ der 80er zum ‚pulp’ der 90er Jahre. Tübingen:<br />
Narr.<br />
Werner, Paul (2000): Film noir und neo-noir. Munich: Vertigo.
THE INTERNAL GERMAN BORDER<br />
- A LITERARY CATEGORY?<br />
Johanna M. Gelberg<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: johanna.gelberg@rub.de<br />
The division of Germany into two countries between 1949 and 1990 has had an enormous<br />
influence on society. People were separated from each other and a feeling of estrangement<br />
seems to have dominated the German-German relationship. This becomes obvious in the high<br />
amount of prejudices and stereotypes about the respective ‘other Germans’ in society and<br />
media, which partly seem to exist until today. The separation of the countries tended to<br />
separate the people; this went so far, that people in East and West Germany turned their backs<br />
on each other.<br />
The division of Germany, symptom of which was the internal German border - and from 1961<br />
on especially the Berlin Wall -, coined Germany in the second half of the 20 th century.<br />
In 1961, just before the building of the Berlin Wall, the German author Uwe Johnson called<br />
the border a “literary category”. 1 He supposed the border to influence not only society, but<br />
also art, which should actually be regarded as essential part of society.<br />
A glance at the works of this specific author proves his thesis to be true: almost any text ever<br />
written by Johnson includes the division of Germany to certain extend. Already the first novel<br />
Ingrid Babendererde. Reifeprüfung 1953, which was written in the 1950s but only published<br />
after Johnson’s death in 1984, tells the story of a young couple that escapes the ideological<br />
pressure in the German Democratic Republic. The political suppression in school draws<br />
Ingrid to a public act of resistance; her flight from the GDR is a logical consequence. Still, the<br />
arrival in West Berlin does not appear as the arrival in a blessed country. Johnson succeeds<br />
already at this early stage of work in drawing a complex picture of the German situation of<br />
division, which shows more than just black and white portraits. The following novels<br />
Mutmassungen über Jakob, Das dritte Buch über Achim and the tetralogy Jahrestage take up<br />
the topic of the German division as well.<br />
What is more important than including the boundary as a topic in literature, is its potential as<br />
literary category influencing the poetics of the work. The best example of Johnsons work<br />
seems to be Das dritte Buch über Achim. The novel has the structure of a dialogue. The<br />
journalist Karsch reports about his experiences during a stay in East Berlin and his attempt to<br />
write a biography about a cyclist from the GDR. The dialogical structure gives the<br />
opportunity to question and criticize whatever is told by Karsch. This structure is one of<br />
connection rather than division. The dialogic structure is important for the report of Karschs<br />
experiences. The dialogue partner mirrors the expectations Karsch had, when he first arrived<br />
[1] Johnson, Uwe. „Berliner Stadtbahn (veraltet)“ In: (ders.) Berliner Sachen. Frankfurt a.M.: Suhrkamp. 1975.<br />
S. 10: „Eine Grenze an dieser Stelle wirkt wie eine literarische Kategorie. Sie verlangt die epische Technik und<br />
die Sprache zu verändern, bis sie der unerhörten Situation gerecht werden.“
in East Berlin. In the retrospective, Karsch is able to prove those expectations – like the<br />
supposed observation by the intelligence service SSD of the GDR – to be wrong. Instead of<br />
the stabilization of common West-German stereotypes, Karsch succeeds in taking over an<br />
almost objective point of view. He experiences the GDR in an almost naïve way and can thus<br />
report about authentic experiences of difference and even attempts of influence on his<br />
journalistic work. The novel draws a complex picture of Karsch’s visit of the GDR and<br />
impressively shows the experience of estrangement. 2 The structure of the dialogue than takes<br />
into account, that only one point of view is not sufficient for the depiction of a divided reality.<br />
To prove Johnson’s thesis of the internal boundary to be a literary category, the analysis of<br />
the works of other German authors of the period of division and after is unavoidable. One<br />
example is Arno Schmidt, an author who – like Johnson - is supposed to be solitary in literary<br />
history. In Schmidt’s early work, he is very much concerned with reality. In several novels,<br />
Schmidt picks up the topic of the ideological division of the world. In Das steinerne Herz, Die<br />
Gelehrtenrepublik and Kaff auch Mare Crisium the structure of division - of Germany, of the<br />
world on an island and even of the moon - is taken up.<br />
In the 1950s there are several authors, apparently only from West Germany, who deal with<br />
the German division. Besides Schmidt and Johnson, Erich Nossack and others take up the<br />
topic in some novels. Nossack integrates even mystic elements; by taking up the structure of a<br />
“Doppelgänger”, the duplication of the protagonist and biography corresponds to the<br />
duplication of states and ideologies and offers the possibility to show a more complex<br />
perspective.<br />
The influence of the internal border, of the division, of the concurrence of two ideological<br />
systems is obviously an important topic in literature. The thesis of the border as literary<br />
category is to be proven, also with regard to authors from East Germany and literature beyond<br />
the period of division. Nevertheless, there is an impact of the historical fact on literature; it<br />
seems to influence content, structures and poetics of several authors besides Johnson.<br />
[2] Ebd., S 18: „Echtes Ausland ist selten so fremd.“
HSS_05<br />
DIE EUROPÄISCHE WIGALOIS-TRADITION<br />
TOPOGRAPHIEN VON HIMMEL, HÖLLE UND<br />
FEGEFEUER VOM MITTELALTER BIS ZUR<br />
FRÜHEN NEUZEIT<br />
Bianca Häberlein<br />
Fakultät für Philologie, Germanistisches Institut; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: bianca.haeberlein@rub.de<br />
In Deutschland ist der durch religiöse Aufladung – nicht nur im Mittelalter, sondern noch<br />
heute – an Popularität gewinnende Wigalois Wirnts von Grafenberg bis in die frühe Neuzeit<br />
rezipiert und bearbeitet worden. So existieren mehrere Drucke der Prosabearbeitung Wigoleis<br />
vom Rade (15./16. Jh.). Eine weitere Bearbeitung findet sich im Buch der Abenteuer des<br />
Ulrich Füetrer (15. Jh.). Im Januar 2006 entdeckte Christoph Fasbender das auf 1455 datierte<br />
Erfurter Fragment Wigelis, das von den Abenteuern des Wigalois erzählt. Zudem existiert ein<br />
jiddischer Versroman Widuwilt (16. Jh.), der wiederum in einem frühneuzeitlichen<br />
Prosaroman von Johann Ferdinand Roth eine Bearbeitung gefunden hat: Vom Koenige Artus<br />
und vom bildschoenen Ritter Wieduwilt. Ein Ammenmaehrchen. Noch um 1910 erschien ein<br />
Jugendbuch Die Abenteuer des Ritters mit dem Rade Guy von Waleis, 1994 zudem eine<br />
moderne Nacherzählung von Gernot Wildt: Wigalois, der Ritter mit dem Rade. Auch geht der<br />
deutschen Tradition eine französische Fassung des Erzählstoffes, der Bel Inconnu des Renaut<br />
de Beaujeu, voraus, der wiederum in einer späten englischen Fassung bearbeitet wird, im<br />
Libeaus Desconus. Für mein Dissertationsprojekt wird die gesamte Tradition des<br />
Erzählstoffes thematisch mit Blick auf Topographien des Himmels, der Hölle und des<br />
Fegefeuers untersucht. Dabei werden räumliche Darstellungen vor dem Hintergrund des<br />
„spatial turn“ aus kulturwissenschaftlicher und literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive als<br />
Bedeutungsträger verstanden, die sich diachron vom europäischen Mittelalter bis zur Frühen<br />
Neuzeit durch den jeweils unterschiedlichen kulturellen Kontext transformieren. Die<br />
räumlichen Imaginationen von Himmel, Hölle und Fegefeuer in den einzelnen Texten zeigen,<br />
dass sich diese im Laufe der Zeit durch kulturelle, literarische und nicht zuletzt religiöse<br />
Implikationen verändern.
FINANCIAL RISK AND RESPONSIBILITY<br />
Simone Heinemann<br />
Institute of Philosophy, Chair of Applied Ethics; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: simone.heinemann@rub.de<br />
Previous philosophical studies on risk have focused primarily on technical, ecological and<br />
medical risks. Very little attention has been given to the question of how to deal with financial<br />
risk from an ethical perspective. Who is responsible for the risks generated on financial<br />
markets? Which aggregate level of financial risk does the community or society have to bear?<br />
These questions have particular ethical relevance – especially in times of the current financial<br />
crisis: Recent months have seen a flood of losses reported by banks, corporations, state and<br />
local governments that took a chance on risk. Such cases symbolize the hazards financial<br />
instruments – especially derivatives – can pose to the financial health of those who trade in<br />
them. If that prospect were not cause enough for concern, derivatives speculation poses an<br />
ethical problem by increasing the level of risk in the portfolios of those to which (mostly risk<br />
aversive) depositors, investors, and pensioners entrust their savings. As empirical evidence<br />
implies, increasing risk rather than reducing it may have a destabilizing impact by spreading<br />
to the real economy, negatively affecting economic activity (employment, income level, etc.).<br />
Consequently, the ones speculating in financial markets aren´t necessarily the ones bearing<br />
the costs incurred.<br />
The dissertation deals with an important policy issue concerning financial derivatives, which<br />
have been involved in most of the recent financial debacles. 1 Derivatives are a particular kind<br />
of tradable contract. Their trade value is tied to the value of other assets, historically<br />
commodities but also corporate shares, currencies, interest rates, etc. Most importantly<br />
derivatives can be used in two different ways against the unpredictable elements of chance<br />
that affect these forms of fluctuating financial risk: They can either be employed to minimize<br />
losses from fluctuations in the underlying asset by hedging or they can be used to speculate on<br />
fluctuations hoping for considerable gains, but thereby maximizing the potential loss. 2 The<br />
derivatives market’s notional value today is estimated at over $614 trillion (compared to $220<br />
trillion in 2004) 3 – amounting to about $100,000 in derivatives contracts for every person on<br />
the planet. Such developments highlight the importance of understanding the risks inherent in<br />
derivatives as well as their effects on society.<br />
1<br />
Cp. Stout, Lynn A.: How Deregulating Derivatives Led to Disaster, and Why Re-Regulating Them Can Prevent<br />
Another. In: Lombard Street 1, 7 (06.07.2009), pp. 4-9.<br />
2<br />
Cp. Dubina, Daniel E. / Unger, David L.: Derivatives: How To Monitor the Risk. In: Outlook 63, 1 (1995), pp.<br />
24-28, p. 2.<br />
3<br />
Cp. Bank for International Settlements: Semiannual OTC Derivatives Statistics in December 2009, Amounts<br />
Outstanding of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Derivatives. In: BIS Quaterly Review (Dec. 2009),<br />
http://www.bis.org/statistics/otcder/dt1920a.pdf (21.10.10).
Economists in recent years have devoted an extraordinary amount of time and attention to the<br />
study of financial derivatives. Still, the symptomatology of derivatives trading reveals them to<br />
be rather an ethical, not just an economic or mathematical, problem. The dissertation aims at<br />
taking up the economic suppositions on derivatives in order to gather their normative<br />
assumptions, to reflect on them and, if necessary, to challenge their accuracy.<br />
The investigation is organized around two distinct themes. First, it argues that the peculiar<br />
nature of the dangers posed by derivatives still remain poorly understood. Whereas carefully<br />
chosen derivatives deals may reduce the risk inherent in doing business, e.g. by hedging, there<br />
are transactions which can provide powerful leveraged mechanisms for creating risk with a<br />
negative influence on economic stability. The dissertation assumes that speculative<br />
derivatives trading used for gambling purposes may increase the risk-bearing of both parties<br />
to the contract, just as gamblers increase their risk by betting. 4 There is empirical evidence<br />
that this is likely to result in increased market risk, reduced investor returns, price distortions<br />
and bubbles which diminish social welfare. 5 For further investigation it seems necessary to<br />
analyze the widespread (moral) resentments against derivatives gambling and speculation on<br />
financial markets as they might provide criteria for dealing responsibly und justly with<br />
financial risk.<br />
Second, the dissertation focuses on the normative dimensions of financial risk. The lack of a<br />
qualified ethical analysis is probably one of the major reasons why so many mistakes have<br />
been made in the management of financial risk. Unfortunately, neither deontological nor<br />
rights-based moral theories have the means to deal adequately with the moral problems of<br />
risk. 6 The dissertation argues that moral theories have to be extended so that they cover<br />
actions whose outcomes are not determinable beforehand. It suggests that decisions on<br />
investments and activities on financial markets can only be understood against the<br />
background of the risks involved and the people affected. As Hansson points out, several<br />
morally relevant aspects of situations of risk and uncertainty have to be taken into<br />
consideration: A moral analysis of risk should go beyond the information provided by<br />
probabilities and deterministic utilities and operate on person-related aspects such as agency,<br />
intentionality, consent, etc. 7 Therefore it proves necessary (a) to reveal the conditions under<br />
which the right not to be exposed to risk may be overridden and (b) to detect those conditions<br />
under which there are no sufficient reasons for accepting the risk as such. In this context it<br />
might be useful to understand derivatives trading as an exchange system embedded in the<br />
reciprocal orders of society. 8<br />
Theoretically and practically this approach provides us with new and important insights into<br />
areas as diverse as economic ethics, the philosophy of risk, and the structure of financial<br />
markets.<br />
4<br />
For example, if a person not presently owning the stock of a company sells it forward (goes short), then the<br />
risk-bearing of both parties to the contract is increased. A large number of the individuals and institutions that<br />
trade in derivatives do so in hope of earning quick profits by predicting price changes.<br />
5<br />
Cp. Stout, Lynn A.: Why The Law Hates Speculators: Regulation and Private Ordering In The Market For<br />
OTC Derivatives. In: Duke Law Journal 48 (1998/99), pp. 701-786.<br />
6<br />
Cp. Hansson, Sven Ove: Ethical Criteria of Risk Acceptance. In: Erkenntnis 59,V (2003), pp. 291-309, p. 293<br />
ff.<br />
7<br />
Hansson, Sven Ove: Philosophical Perspectives on Risk. In: Techné: <strong>Research</strong> in Philosophy and Technology<br />
8,1 (2004), pp. 10-35, p. 29f.<br />
8<br />
Cp. Hansson 2003 and 2004: Referring to Hansson, the exposure of a person to a risk can be regarded as<br />
acceptable if it is part of an equitable social system of risk-taking that works to her advantage.
THE IMPACT OF AID FOR TRADE FACILITATION<br />
ON THE COSTS OF TRADING<br />
Ruth Hoekstra, Matthias Busse and Jens Koeniger<br />
Chair of International Economics, Faculty of Economics and Management; Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: ruth.hoekstra@rub.de<br />
As tariffs and non-tariff trade barriers have fallen in recent decades, interest in other trade<br />
costs have been growing. These other trade costs, for example, those related to trade<br />
regulations, the trade infrastructure, distribution, or communications, can be much higher than<br />
traditional trade barriers and may impede many countries, in particular developing countries,<br />
to take advantage of international trade. 1<br />
Partly as a response to this problem, the Aid for Trade (AfT) initiative has been launched in<br />
December 2005 at the Ministerial Conference of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in<br />
Hong Kong. AfT is development assistance targeted at helping developing countries to better<br />
harness the benefits from international trade. It aims to harmonize and ameliorate existing<br />
structures of trade-related aid activities, taking into account both policy- and supply-related<br />
constraints that developing countries face. One major mechanism within the WTO’s AfT<br />
initiative is trade facilitation, which aims at reducing transaction costs in international trade.<br />
Aid directed towards trade facilitation measures (Aid for Trade Facilitation, AfTF) has<br />
become a key element of the broader AfT initiative. It not only defines new trading rules but<br />
also involves the provision of resources to assist developing countries to better integrate into<br />
the world trading system and in meeting the new obligations that are expected to arise from a<br />
WTO trade facilitation agreement.<br />
The amount of foreign aid involved is by no means small. Between 2002 and 2008, donors’<br />
total Aid for Trade disbursements amounted on average to 19.3 billion US$ (constant 2008<br />
prices), a share of around one third of sector allocable Official Development Assistance<br />
(ODA) (OECD 2010). Furthermore, it can be expected that the relative share of AfT in<br />
overall ODA is going to increase over the medium term.<br />
Given that trade costs matter and that considerable aid resources have been or will be<br />
provided in the years to come, it is not surprising that there is a growing interest in the<br />
effectiveness of the AfT initiative. Previous empirical studies on AfT and AfTF can be<br />
divided into two strands of literature. The first one consists of a number of studies that<br />
investigate the impact of either trade costs or trade facilitation on trade flows. Using various<br />
empirical techniques, such as cross-country econometric analysis, computable general<br />
equilibrium (CGE) models, and country case studies, most of these studies find that both trade<br />
1 See, for example, Anderson and Wincoop (2004).
costs and trade facilitation are important determinants of trade flows – with trade costs<br />
reducing them noticeably. 2 The second strand of literature focuses on the effects of AfT and<br />
AfTF on trade flows. Again, the studies usually find that resources spent on AfT and AfTF<br />
increase trade flows in recipient countries to a considerable degree. 3 Similar to the previous<br />
strand, the different papers use either case studies and/or econometric studies to assess the<br />
impact of AfT and AfTF on exports and imports.<br />
This paper combines the two strands by empirically examining the impact of AfT and AfTF<br />
on trade costs. We argue that Aid for Trade can be a powerful and effective tool to lower<br />
trade costs in developing countries and thus to increase trade flows. We also investigate the<br />
impact of Aid for Trade on the time of trading. 4 Apart from the impact of Aid for Trade on<br />
trade costs and the time of trading, our analysis also matters with respect to the aid<br />
effectiveness debate. Since donors try to increase the effectiveness of aid resources spent and<br />
the funds involved are relatively large, we address a highly relevant policy issue in our<br />
empirical investigation. We use a large panel dataset for almost 100 developing countries and<br />
up to six years of data (2004-2009). We find that aid for trade reduces trade costs and that the<br />
effect is of statistical and economic significance. However, the impact depends on the<br />
particular aid category. For the time of trading, the evidence is less robust, but still some<br />
evidence of a reduction in the time of trading due to our aid measures can be found.<br />
References:<br />
Anderson, James and Eric Wincoop (2004), Trade Costs, Journal of Economic Literature<br />
42(3), 691-751.<br />
Bloningen, Bruce and Wesley Wilson (2008), Port Efficiency and Trade Flows, Review of<br />
International Economics 16(1), 21-36.<br />
Brenton, Paul and Erik von Uexkull (2009), Product Specific Technical Assistance for<br />
Exports – Has it been Effective?, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development<br />
18(2), 235–254.<br />
Djankov, Simean, Caroline Freund, and Cong Pham (2010), Trading on Time, Review of<br />
Economics and Statistics 92(1), 166-173.<br />
Helble, Matthias, Catherine Mann, and John Wilson (2009), Aid for Trade Facilitation, World<br />
Bank Policy <strong>Research</strong> Paper 5064.<br />
Iwanow, Tomasz and Colin Kirkpatrick (2007), Trade Facilitation, Regulatory Quality and<br />
Export Performance, Journal of International Development 19(6), 735-753.<br />
Iwanow, Tomasz and Colin Kirkpatrick (2009), Trade Facilitation and Manufactured Exports:<br />
Is Africa Different?, World Development 37(6), 1039-1050.<br />
Limao, Nuno and Anthony Venables (2001), Infrastructure, Geographical Disadvantage and<br />
Transport Costs, World Bank Economic Review 15 (3), 451-479.<br />
Lederman, Daniel, Marcelo Olarreaga, and Lucy Payton (2010), Export Promotion Agencies:<br />
Do They Work?, Journal of Development Economics 91(2), 257-265.<br />
2 See, for example, Limão and Venables (2001), Wilson et al. (2003), Walkenhorst and Yasui (2005), Blonigen<br />
and Wilson (2008), Martinez-Zarzoso et al. (2008) and Iwanow and Kirkpatrick (2007, 2009).<br />
3 See Nelson and Silva (2008), Brenton and Uexkull (2009), Helble et al. (2009), and Lederman et al. (2010).<br />
4 Djankov et al. (2010) show that the time of trading has a significant impact on the trade volume.
Martinez-Zarzoso, Inmaculada, Eva Maria Perez-Garcia, and Celestino Suarez-Burguet<br />
(2008), Do Transport Costs Have a Different Effect on Trade at the Sectoral Level?, Applied<br />
Economics 40(24), 3145-3157.<br />
Nelson, Douglas and Simone Silva (2008), Does Aid Cause Trade? Evidence from an<br />
Asymmetric Gravity Model, Working Paper 21/2008, University of Nottingham.<br />
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2010), Creditor<br />
Reporting System Aid Activity Database.<br />
Walkenhorst, Peter and Tadashi Yasui (2005), Benefits of Trade Facilitation: A Quantitative<br />
Assessment, in Susan Dee and Michael Ferrantino (eds.), Quantitative Methods for Assessing<br />
the Effects of Non-tariff Measures and Trade Facilitation, Singapore: World Scientific<br />
Publication, 161-192.<br />
Wilson, John, Catherine Mann, and Tsunehiro Otsuki (2003), Trade Facilitation and<br />
Economic Development: A New Approach to Quantifying the Impact, World Bank Economic<br />
Review 17(3), 367-389.
HSS_06<br />
GROWTH EFFECTS AND THE DETERMINANTS OF<br />
FEMALE EMPLOYMENT IN PAKISTAN: A MACRO-<br />
AND MICROECONOMIC ANALYSES<br />
Shafaq Hussain<br />
International Development Studies, Institute for Development <strong>Research</strong> and Development<br />
Policy (IEE); Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: shafaq.hussain@rub.de<br />
It is thought that human capital is the most important factor of production in today’s<br />
economy. Improvement in human capital is crucial to achieving increases in GDP. Human<br />
capital includes both male and female. The contribution of both is needed to improve the<br />
economic condition of a country.<br />
As per the Labor Force Survey of Pakistan 2003-04, women represent almost 49 percent of<br />
the total population and working age group in Pakistan, but their participation in the economic<br />
activity is very low at 11.2 percent. It is in fact, the lowest in the South Asian region. As a<br />
result the gender gap in economic participation is highest in Pakistan amongst regional<br />
countries. According to the World Bank data of 2008, the percentage of females actively<br />
participating in the labor force in Pakistan was 21.2 percent in comparison to 31.2 percent in<br />
Iran, 33.1 percent in India, 58.3 percent in Bangladesh, 63.2 percent in Nepal, 51.2 percent in<br />
Bhutan and 67.5 percent in China. Even the most war trodden country Afghanistan, was<br />
ahead of Pakistan by having a female participation rate of 33 percent. World Development<br />
Indicators (2010)<br />
The role of female education and employment in the economy of Pakistan is analyzed in the<br />
light of the following research questions.<br />
1. What are the effects that a country has to face if she ignores half of its population i.e.<br />
females?<br />
2. Human capital involves both male & female parts of population. How the, roughly<br />
speaking, 50% of population i.e. females have contributed in the economic growth of a<br />
developing country e.g. Pakistan?<br />
3. What are the determinants of female labor supply in a developing economy?<br />
The macroeconomic analysis is based on the Solow model of economic growth. A cross<br />
section as well as panel estimations of the developing countries’ data is done, in order to find<br />
out the effects of participation of female labor force on the economic growth of countries.<br />
Whereas the microeconomic analysis is based on the field research data obtained from Dera<br />
Ismail Khan District of Pakistan. The females and their household heads were interviewed<br />
and the data was then analyzed through Logit regressions to find out the determinants of<br />
female labor supply in a developing region in Pakistan.
CROSSCUTTING RELIGION<br />
A SURVEY OF RELIGIOUS INTERGROUP RELATIONS<br />
IN DORTMUND<br />
Nelly C. Joppich<br />
Fakultät für Sozialwissenschaft, Nachwuchsforschergruppe Religion vernetzt; Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: nelly.joppich@rub.de<br />
Mainly due to massive immigration, The Ruhr region experiences vital religious pluralism<br />
nowadays. This pluralism has not yet been empirically accounted for in science. Rather, an<br />
exclusive focus on Islam and Christianity as culturally and normatively incompatible<br />
antidotes promotes the perception of a bright and in various aspects of society salient religious<br />
boundary which divides „us“ – the democratic German civil society – from „them“ – the<br />
immigrated strangers who threaten the socio-cultural cohesion of society, the political system<br />
and the established legal order. This does not only obscure the diversity of the religious field<br />
in Germany but also the difference between ascribed and actual social boundaries based on<br />
religion.<br />
Having become salient in the context of immigration, religious boundaries are always being<br />
discussed in combination with integration in Germany. The political awareness of the<br />
relevance of organizations for the integration of people with an immigrant background<br />
recently resulted in an expansion in the research on migrant organizations. 1 But this research<br />
is still rare and has been limited to the political sphere. It is composed of studies about the<br />
relations between migrant organizations and political or state institutions and on the role of<br />
migrant organizations in the general development of migrants’ political integration in<br />
Germany.<br />
Based on the assumption that in a religiously plural society, interreligious cooperation has to<br />
be understood as an expression of integration to the host society, my Ph.D. project tests for<br />
the following hypotheses: 1. The public focus on the conflict between Islam and Christianity<br />
leads to a high integration pressure on these two groups. 2. In order to meet these demands for<br />
integration, Muslim and Christian organizations increase cooperation with each other and<br />
consequently promote integration. 3. Not being addressed by the public and governmental<br />
pressure, other religious groups are excluded from these intensified integration efforts. 4.<br />
These other religious groups cooperate with each other in order to gain more societal<br />
influence. 5. Interreligious clusters of cooperation between the two quantitatively dominant<br />
religious groups on the one hand and smaller religious groups on the other occur.<br />
The theoretical framework for testing these hypotheses is a combination of core concepts<br />
from relational sociology and the study of social boundaries. More Explicitly, I study the<br />
1<br />
Pries, Ludger, und Zeynep Sezgin, hrsg. 2010. Jenseits von ‚Identität oder Integration'. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag<br />
für Sozialwissenschaften.
elation of cooperation relations and boundaries between cooperating actors to religious<br />
boundaries. By accounting for the embedding of actors and cultural influences on the<br />
probability of cooperation, I follow a pragmatically relational perspective. 2<br />
The empirical approach is a combination of ego-centered network analyses of distinctively<br />
religious affiliated (migrant) associations, based on data from qualitative face-to-face<br />
interviews, and cluster analyses of the whole network of the religious organizational field in<br />
Dortmund, North Rhine-Westfalia, based on data from a standardized questionnaire.<br />
2 Vgl. Fuhse, Jan, und Sophie Mützel. 2010. “Einleitung: Zur relationalen Soziologie. Grundgedanken,<br />
Entwicklungslinien und transatlantische Brückenschläge.” in Relationale Soziologie. Zur kulturellen Wende der<br />
Netzwerkforschung, herausgegeben von Jan Fuhse und Sophie Mützel. Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für<br />
Sozialwissenschaften. und Vásquez, Manuel A. 2008. “Studying Religion in Motion: A Networks Approach.”<br />
Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 20:151-184.
SPANISCHE UND DEUTSCHE CHATS IM VER-<br />
GLEICH – NEOGRAFIE ALS GRENZE, KONFLIKT<br />
UND INNOVATION<br />
Daniel Kallweit<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: daniel.kallweit@rub.de<br />
Dass sich im Internet und vor allem in der quasisynchronen computervermittelten Kommunikation,<br />
d.h. dem Chat, Schriftlichkeit und Mündlichkeit (Koch / Oesterreicher 1985) stark<br />
vermischen, ist in der Linguistik eine vielfach untersuchte Tatsache (vgl. beispielsweise<br />
Dürscheid 2003 oder Storrer 2001). Diese Vermischung hat in verschiedenen Sprachen zu<br />
unterschiedlichen Ergebnissen, d.h. unterschiedlichen Strategien der Chat-Nutzer geführt, um<br />
die Illusion einer Face-to-Face-Kommunikation (Cabedo Nebot 2009) – möglichst schnelle<br />
und ökonomische Antwort, um Diskurs „in Echtzeit“ beizubehalten – für sich selbst und das<br />
Gegenüber aufrechtzuerhalten. Während man in deutschsprachigen Chatkanälen vornehmlich<br />
verschriftete Umgangssprache bzw. verschrifteten Dialekt findet (Kilian 2002), lässt sich in<br />
spanischsprachigen Kanälen eine starke Veränderung der Schreibweisen erkennen, welche als<br />
Neografie bezeichnet werden soll (Anis 2003, 2007).<br />
Diese neuen Schreibungen lassen sich nun – in Anknüpfung an das Thema des diesjährigen<br />
<strong>Section</strong> Day – in dreierlei Hinsicht klassifizieren: Erstens stellen sie eine Grenze für viele<br />
Fremdsprachenlerner des Spanischen, aber auch für Teile der spanischsprachigen Bevölkerung<br />
selbst dar, die mit den teils kryptischen Abkürzungs- bzw. Schreibverfahren nur wenig<br />
oder gar nicht vertraut sind1. Auch wenn diese Grenze durch Erlernen der neuen Strategien<br />
(und Konventionen?) überwunden ist, steht die Neografie doch zweitens immer noch in Konflikt<br />
zur offiziellen Orthografie des Spanischen, was zu Interferenzen bei der Textproduktion<br />
außerhalb der computervermittelten Kommunikation (beispielsweise in der Schule oder Universität)<br />
führen kann. Drittens stellen alle neografischen Schreibungen schließlich in gewissem<br />
Maße eine Innovation dar, da sie – wie der Name schon sagt – neue Schreibweisen sind,<br />
die zwar teilweise aus älteren Traditionen schöpfen, aber dennoch stets innovatives Potenzial<br />
in sich tragen.<br />
1 So hatte sich 2006 – wohl nach französischem Vorbild – ein Comité Contra las Faltas de<br />
ortografía Voluntarias y el Lenguaje Sms (Komitee gegen willentliche Rechtschreibfehler und<br />
SMS-Sprache) gebildet, das sich gegen die Verwendung der neuen Schreibweisen in Internetforen<br />
einsetzte. Diese Aktivität wurde jedoch 2008 eingestellt; seitdem existiert lediglich ein<br />
Blog, der ähnliche Ambitionen verfolgt (vgl. http://ccfvls.wordpress.com/2008/07/24/ccfvls/<br />
[Stand 24.8.2010]).<br />
Im Rahmen des Vortrags möchte ich verschiedene Beispiele aus spanischen und deutschen<br />
Chats geben und zeigen, inwiefern die gefundenen Phänomene – wie eben beschrieben – als<br />
Grenze, als Konflikt oder als Innovation gedeutet werden können. Des Weiteren wird ein<br />
Vergleich der in beiden Sprachen genutzten Strategien angestrebt (wobei der Schwerpunkt auf<br />
dem Spanischen liegen wird), um so bestehende Unterschiede aufdecken und ggf. erste Erklä-
ungen für sie finden zu können. Übergeordnet ist dabei die Frage, ob so etwas wie eine<br />
„Neografie des Deutschen“ möglich wäre und – wenn dies der Fall ist – warum sich diese in<br />
der deutschsprachigen computervermittelten Kommunikation nicht finden lässt. Neuere Studien<br />
zu nicht romanischen Sprachen lassen vermuten, dass dies mit dem recht hohen Decodierungsaufwand<br />
(es dauert zwar deutlich kürzer, Nachrichten mithilfe der Neografie zu verfassen,<br />
jedoch ist der Leseprozess im Vergleich zu einer in Standardorthografie verfassten Nachricht<br />
um einiges<br />
zeitaufwändiger) und den daraus resultierenden häufigeren Lesefehlern zusammenhängen<br />
könnte (vgl. zum Englischen Kemp 2010). Abstract für den <strong>Section</strong> Day 2010der <strong>Research</strong><br />
<strong>School</strong>: Grenzen – Konflikte – Innovationen am 5.11.2010<br />
References:<br />
Anis, Jacques (2003): „Communication électronique scripturale et formes langagières: chats<br />
et SMS“, in: Actes des Quatrièmes Rencontres Réseaux Humains / Réseaux Technologiques.<br />
Poitiers, 31 mai et 1er juin 2002. „Documents, Actes et Rapports pour l'Education“, CNDP,<br />
57-70.<br />
Anis, Jacques (2007): „Neography. Unconventional Spelling in French SMS Text Messages“,<br />
in: Danet, Brenda / Herring, Susan C. (Hgg.): The multilingual internet. Language, culture,<br />
and communication online, New York: Oxford University Press, 87-116.<br />
Cabedo Nebot, Adrián (2009): „Consideraciones gráficas y lingüísticas del lenguaje cibernético.<br />
El chat y el messenger“, in: Tonos. Revista electrónica de estudios filológicos, 18,<br />
http://www.tonosdigital.com/ojs/index.php/tonos/article/viewFile/341/240 [Stand:<br />
01.08.2010].<br />
Dürscheid, Christa (2003): „Medienkommunikation im Kontinuum von Mündlichkeit und<br />
Schriftlichkeit. Theoretische und empirische Probleme“, in: Zeitschrift für angewandte Linguistik,<br />
38, 37-56.<br />
Kemp, Nenagh (2010): „Texting versus txtng: reading and writing text messages, and links<br />
with other linguistic skills“, in: Writing Systems <strong>Research</strong>, 2,1, 53-71.<br />
Kilian, Jörg (2002): „T@stentöne. Geschriebene Umgangssprache in computervermittelter<br />
Kommunikation. Historisch-kritische Ergänzungen zu einem neuen Feld der linguistischen<br />
Forschung“, in: Beißwenger, Michael (Hg.): Chat-Kommunikation. Sprache, Interaktion, Sozialität<br />
& Identität in synchroner computervermittelter Kommunikation ; Perspektiven auf ein<br />
interdisziplinäres Forschungsfeld, Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verl., 56-78.<br />
Koch, Peter / Oesterreicher, Wulf (1985): „Sprache der Nähe – Sprache der Distanz. Mündlichkeit<br />
und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte“, in:<br />
Romanistisches Jahrbuch 36, 15-43.<br />
Storrer, Angelika (2001): „Getippte Gespräche oder dialogische Texte? Zur kommunikationstheoretischen<br />
Einordnung der Chat-Kommunikation“, in: Lehr, Andrea / Kammerer, Matthias<br />
et al. (Hg.): Sprache im Alltag. Beiträge zu neuen Perspektiven in der Linguistik. Herbert<br />
Ernst Wiegand zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet, Berlin u.a.: de Gruyter, 439-465.
THE RELEVANCE OF METAPHOR TO EVERY FIELD<br />
OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH<br />
Corinna Koch<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: corinna.koch@rub.de<br />
No matter from what field one approaches metaphor, there is an inevitable connection to other<br />
disciplines such as linguistics, psychology, cognitive and social sciences. These connections<br />
are highly necessary in order to take all the different implications of metaphor into account.<br />
The contribution of a wide range of disciplines is therefore not only an optional consideration<br />
but a must for any scientific work on metaphor. Various tensions arise from this approach,<br />
however, as “[w]hat is metaphorical to the linguist threatens to be not metaphorical to the<br />
psycholinguist” 1 . These tensions need to be resolved within the respective projects but only<br />
by working on and with them can one gain full insight into the phenomenon of metaphoric<br />
transfer.<br />
To the same extent that interdisciplinary work is necessary for scientific research on<br />
metaphor, metaphor is relevant to every scientific discipline as it is omnipresent in human<br />
thinking (constructing analogies and making connections between ideas) and language (to<br />
explain and denote <strong>abstract</strong> ideas or to find indirect but powerful ways of conveying<br />
opinions). By investigating the use of metaphors, one can reveal how people conceptualize the<br />
world and thereby discover their perspective on a particular topic or object. Disciplines should<br />
therefore reflect upon and critically question the metaphors that occur regularly in their<br />
discourse, often without the user noticing their metaphoric origin. At this point<br />
interdisciplinary collaboration becomes important as an analysis from an external position can<br />
be revealing.<br />
In my PhD project I am working on a way to integrate the work on metaphor into foreign<br />
language classrooms. Metaphors play a particular role in this environment as, for example,<br />
most of the conventional metaphoric expressions of the target language start by being<br />
innovative again. The foreign language students do not only profit from their metaphoric<br />
competence in the context of language learning but take their language awareness into the<br />
discipline they choose for their professional career. Because of its relevance to all fields,<br />
metaphor is thereby a phenomenon that bridges the gap between religion, literature, art,<br />
media, politics, management, law, economics, health, education, and natural sciences.<br />
1 Steen, Gerard (2008): „The Paradox of Metaphor: Why We Need a Three-Dimensional Model of Metaphor”,<br />
in: Metaphor and Symbol 23.4: 220.
HSS_07<br />
METAPHORS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE<br />
CLASSROOMS (ENGLISH, FRENCH AND SPANISH)<br />
Corinna Koch<br />
Didaktik der romanischen Sprachen und Literaturen; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: corinna.koch-3@rub.de<br />
The central research question of this PhD project is: “What potential does the work with<br />
metaphors in foreign language classrooms hold for foreign language learners?” The work with<br />
metaphors is important because metaphors are omnipresent in literary and everyday language.<br />
Therefore foreign language learners constantly have to detect, interpret and produce<br />
metaphors. Moreover metaphorical competence is part of the intercultural competence that<br />
learners should acquire in foreign language classrooms because metaphors provide a<br />
productive starting point to reveal, discuss and question cultural conventions.<br />
In the PhD project a definition of the metaphor for the foreign language classroom will be<br />
generated in the first chapter using the strengths of existing definitions. In a second part, the<br />
didactic potential of metaphors for foreign language learning will be systematically worked<br />
out. Thirdly, the current status of metaphors in foreign language classrooms will be identified<br />
by means of an extensive analysis of text<strong>book</strong>s in use at German secondary school in North<br />
Rhine-Westphalia for the first four or five years. In the last part, based on the results of the<br />
text<strong>book</strong> analysis, a number of suggestions for a more extensive work with metaphors in<br />
foreign language classrooms will be developed and exemplified using the potential of<br />
metaphors to foster the learners’ language abilities in various domains.
PREMISES OF AID FOR TRADE<br />
Jens Königer, Matthias Busse and Georg Koopmann<br />
Lehrstuhl für Internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: jens.koeniger@rub.de<br />
The objective of the Aid for Trade Agenda is to enable developing countries to benefit from<br />
trade liberalization. Aid for Trade (AfT) seeks to build bridges between the development and<br />
trade communities as well as between the public and private sector. It involves external or<br />
foreign assistance to developing countries in the negotiation, design, implementation and<br />
assessment of policies aimed at<br />
• helping economic actors – firms and households – in developing countries to benefit<br />
from and cope with structural change in international trade; and at<br />
• “mainstreaming” international trade into domestic economic development.<br />
The underlying principle is that trade has the potential to substantially increase economic<br />
welfare. Exploring comparative advantages of particular goods, using economies of scale in<br />
production or taking advantage of technology spillovers, all these actions are likely to boost<br />
economic growth rates. Based on various theoretical models, abundant empirical literature has<br />
examined the welfare effects of trade (volumes) on income levels and growth rates. If<br />
anything, the majority of studies show that trade is positively associated with growth rates.<br />
This view of trade fostering economic development, however, is not undisputed. It has been<br />
shown that trade does not automatically lead to economic development, but rather only if<br />
certain preconditions are fulfilled, e.g., with respect to business regulations or institutional<br />
quality.<br />
Our analysis contributes to this debate by exploring the prerequisites for a positive tradegrowth<br />
nexus. More specifically, in an empirical analysis the relevant parts of the Aid for<br />
Trade agenda will be examined with respect to their potential to boost economic growth rates<br />
through trade. More specifically, we identify variables in three different areas that are crucial<br />
for the AfT agenda: institutions, infrastructure and human capital. As resources are not<br />
unlimited, it is especially important to find out which of the different areas reveal an empirical<br />
influence of trade on economic growth. Most, if not all, of these variables clearly have a direct<br />
effect on economic development. Better institutions, better infrastructure and more human<br />
capital lead to higher economic growth. But the objective of AfT is to improve conditions in<br />
those areas which, apart from these direct effects, lead indirectly to higher economic<br />
development through the channel of trade. For example, an improvement in physical<br />
infrastructure facilitates trade, and the resulting increase in trade leads in turn to higher<br />
economic development. The crucial question in the discussion on AfT is in which areas such<br />
indirect effects can be found. To answer this research question, we constructed a<br />
comprehensive econometric model designed to explain growth differentials between<br />
countries. The empirical analysis uses a large data set, covering about 100 countries from<br />
1971 to 2005.
It is intuitively obvious that a better educated population, a better infrastructure or higher<br />
quality institutions may result in higher GDP per capita growth. But one cannot rule out<br />
reverse causality, that is, that as countries get richer, e.g., as measured by GDP per capita<br />
growth, they invest more in education and infrastructure and experience an improvement in<br />
the quality of institutions. In econometric terms, such a situation is called an endogeneity<br />
problem, which is, to say the least, unfavourable for econometric analyses. Normally, in<br />
econometric modelling one would look for a situation with one variable of interest and then<br />
explain differences in that variable across countries and time using a set of explanatory<br />
variables that are independent of the variable of interest. But in our case, most of the control<br />
variables are very likely to be endogenous, including trade and unfortunately also the areas of<br />
top priority for the AfT Agenda, such as education, infrastructure, and institutions. Obviously,<br />
the indirect effects through trade of the AfT agenda are then also endogenous. The Aid for<br />
Trade variables, the trade variable as well as some of our control variables not only influence<br />
the dependent variable, but are also influenced by the development of per capita growth over<br />
time. As a result, it is difficult to disentangle cause and effect for these crucial variables.<br />
Because standard econometric techniques would lead to biased results and cast doubts on<br />
reliability, a more sophisticated estimation approach is called for.<br />
Consequently, we use a dynamic Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) panel estimator<br />
(system-GMM) that allows us to analyze changes across countries and over time (panel<br />
analysis). The estimator deals effectively with the endogeneity problem by using a set of<br />
instruments for the endogenous variables. In fact, it uses lagged levels and differences<br />
between two periods as instruments for current values of the endogenous variable. This<br />
approach ensures that all information will be used efficiently and that we can concentrate on<br />
the impact of the explanatory variables on GDP per capita growth and not vice versa.<br />
Overall, we find that education and institutions are the most important areas. More<br />
specifically, we find strong results for primary and secondary education (rather than tertiary<br />
education) and for political institutions, proxied by constraints on the political executive of a<br />
country. In fact, these results underline the fact that countries have to have a well educated<br />
workforce and high quality institutions if they are to maximise the benefits from trade. For the<br />
third area, the (physical) infrastructure, proxied by the number of telephone lines, the network<br />
of paved roads or railways, and the power generating capacity, we did not find any significant<br />
results. However these results should be treated with caution, as it is quite difficult to find an<br />
adequate measure of both the quality and quantity of infrastructure. The indicators we have<br />
used only record the existence of infrastructure, but not their quality or the extent of their<br />
usage.
INTERNATIONAL TRADE AND GLOBAL POWER<br />
SHIFT<br />
Jan-Frederik Kremer<br />
Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong> and Development Policy (IEE), PhD International<br />
Development Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
Center for Global Studies, University of Bonn, Head of <strong>Research</strong> Group Economy and<br />
Finance, Walter-Flex-St. 3, Bonn, Germany<br />
e-mail: jan-frederik.kremer@rub.de<br />
e-mail: kremer@cgs-bonn.de<br />
The study of ‘power’ is probably among the most arduous tasks in the realm of IR; defining<br />
power “remains a matter of controversy” (Waltz 1986: 333). Especially when it comes to<br />
explain power shift in contemporary world politics existing concepts of power in political<br />
science (hard and soft power) are shortcoming (Nye / Keohane: 2001, Keohane: 2003), either<br />
because of the fact that existing concepts are lacking at the level of operationalization (soft<br />
power), or because of the act that existing approaches (hard power) are no longer suitable to<br />
explain the whole range of empirical power phenomena in 21st century international relations,<br />
characterized by global interdependence and a setting of mutual integration of actors.<br />
International trade is maybe the most interdependent sector of international relations,<br />
characterized by mutual dependence of the states involved. By looking at hard or soft power<br />
capabilities, power shift in international trading system can only be explained in rudimentary<br />
ways. This project is going to address this problems, by focusing on the policy of three most<br />
important trading entities (the U.S., EU and China), in contemporary world politics<br />
accounting for approx. 33% of total global share in trade (WTO: Trade Statistics, Bonn Power<br />
Shift Monitor: 2010), and tries…<br />
1. …to investigate the ontological character of the structure of the international<br />
trading system in terms of the relationship between structure, units and political<br />
power.<br />
2. …to investigate the ontology of power within this relationship and to answer the<br />
question how does power works in the sector and through which transmissions<br />
channels it is exercised and to conceptualize sector relevant power capabilities for<br />
this sector and developing appropriate indicators.<br />
3. …to identify sector relevant power capabilities of the “big three” in international<br />
trade (EU, US, China).<br />
4. …to answer the question under which conditions these sector relevant power<br />
capabilities transmits successfully into the ability of one state to achieve its<br />
preferences and to shape the structure in the case of the “big three”.
5. …to answer the question if there has taken place a power shift between the “big<br />
three” in the international trading system by incorporating the results from 1-4 in<br />
synoptical comparative analysis.
RELATIONS BETWEEN BUDDHISM AND POLITICS<br />
IN THE CONTEMPORARY SRI LANKAN POLITICAL<br />
SPHERE.<br />
THE CASE OF THE NATIONAL HERITAGE PARTY<br />
(JHU)<br />
Madlen Krüger<br />
CERES, Centrum für religionswissenschaftliche Studien; Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: madlen.krueger@rub.de<br />
This paper presents one aspect of my research project about the Jathika Hela Urumayamovement<br />
in Sri Lanka. The JHU or “National Sinhala Heritage Party” is a new political<br />
party, which is led by Buddhist monks.<br />
The entry of Buddhist monks into national elections in April 2004 represented a “radical<br />
departure” from the practices of the so- called Theravāda-Buddhism.<br />
In no other Theravāda Buddhist society have monks enjoyed constituted political authority or<br />
ever organized themselves systematically to take control of the political realm.<br />
While it is generally held, by the majority of the Sinhalese, that in earlier times monks acted<br />
as advisors to political rulers and thereby wielded considerable influence, never before had<br />
monks sought to enter the political sphere competing with the laity in the struggle for power.<br />
According to the Sinhalese concept, a monk can take the role of a “worldly” leader or, from a<br />
common Sinhalese term, as “the guardian deity of the nation,” in case the Sinhalese people<br />
and their Buddhist culture is threatened. In this case, the Sri Lankan clergy have a<br />
responsibility to assume leadership, as „inscribed“ in the religio-historic chronicle of the<br />
Mahāvamsa.<br />
In March 2004, things changed. Monks of the “Jathika Hela Urumaya” (“National Sinhala<br />
Heritage Party”), an organisation which had been established rather hastily, appeared before<br />
the election authorities and handed in nomination papers to contest in the April 2004<br />
elections. As a result, they hold nine seats in the new parliament. The most remarkable<br />
feature of the JHU is their official denial of seeking power. Instead, they claim that they are<br />
making a sacrifice, and going on a journey, or rather a pilgrimage, to achieve a ”dharmarajya”<br />
– a righteous state-, and a ”bauddha rajyaya” – a buddhist state -, after which they will return<br />
to their natural vocation of ministry and personal spiritual development. In making this claim,<br />
they have skillfully used a cluster of symbols, metaphors and terms derived from the<br />
vocabulary of Buddhism. For example, they use an existing political party, the Sinhala<br />
Urumaya, as a „raft“ to lawfully enter the electoral competition, utilizing to the full the<br />
associations of that metaphor in Buddhist literature, which include commitment, and<br />
detachment. As their party symbol they have selected the conch, a symbol associated with<br />
victory and auspiciousness in Hindu-influenced Buddhist royal ritual. Their election<br />
campaign was not made of rallies like those of other political parties, but of „Buddhist<br />
seminars“. Their electoral campaign itself was termed a ”paramita”, appropriating the widely<br />
known Buddhist term that denotes the perfections achieved by the Buddha in his previous
irths as the Bodhisattva. They called their election campaign a ”paramita perahara” – a<br />
religious procession that progresses undistracted towards the achievement of a ”dharmarajya”.<br />
Their effort was termed an ”adhistana puja” – offering of determination.<br />
The JHU monks describe themselves as apolitical and it is obvious that they are using a<br />
religious terminology to demarcate themselves from a political sphere.<br />
It is widely accepted among the Sinhalese that they serve as the custodians for true Buddhism.<br />
The question of what constitutes authentic Buddhism has always been debated.<br />
Such public debates, in which an urban middle class regularly engaged, became the venues<br />
for defining and contesting the notion of true Buddhism. The JHU monks have become the<br />
centre for renewed debates over the proper roles and conduct for Buddhist monks. Within<br />
these debates the JHU-monks have to authorize political engagement by religious terms. They<br />
have to purify the parliament along moral Buddhist lines or to disrobe. This means either to<br />
become secular members of the parliament or to sacralize the political sphere.
GAZING UPON THE BORDER OF LIFE AND DEATH:<br />
PHOTOGRAPHY OF THE REAL AND ITS<br />
DIALECTICAL POTENTIAL FOR IDEOLOGICAL<br />
CHANGE IN SALLY MANN’S WHAT REMAINS<br />
Jacob Lange<br />
University of Ulster’s Centre for Media <strong>Research</strong>, Northern Ireland<br />
e-mail: Jakelange@hotmail.com<br />
This paper is focused on exploring the potential of art photography, and by extension general<br />
art practice, in disrupting modes of dominant ideology in order to bring about positive social<br />
and ideological change. It has involved a significant study of the theories of Slavoj Zizek and<br />
his unique Lacanian-Hegelian-Marxist approach to creating a meta-philosophy of the Real. As<br />
such, it is particularly focused on Zizek’s notion of ‘the act’, or of ‘subjective destitution’. He<br />
posits that such an ‘act’ is the only primary process by which revolutionary ideological<br />
change can forcibly occur, via active engagement by a subject (individual and collective) with<br />
the Lacanian order of Real, and involving a complete transgressive disengagement with the<br />
Symbolic order that constitutes ideology (Myers, 2003: 59-61; Porter, 2006: 70). This paper<br />
seeks to first outline Zizek’s theory of subjective destitution and then investigate its viability<br />
via a case study of the photographic work of artist Sally Mann, including critical responses to<br />
her work.<br />
Photography is one of the few areas of popular media culture that Zizek has not prolifically<br />
explored in his writings, and this paper seeks to find scope for new and original thought<br />
connecting Zizek’s theories with contemporary art photography culture and practice. More<br />
importantly, however, is that the photographs examined are from one of Mann’s recent<br />
collections of work, What Remains (2003), which engages as directly as possible with the<br />
subject matter of death. Death itself is can be described as the ‘ultimate limit’ of the Symbolic<br />
order, the “one last great taboo” (Critchley, 2010). As it can never be truly known it stands<br />
fully outside of the Symbolic order and thus continually disrupts and antagonizes ideology.<br />
As such, death is perhaps the most powerful manifestation of the Real, and the one most<br />
strongly rejected by the ideology it threatens to usurp. While Zizek argues that the Real, and<br />
by conjecture death, can never be fully articulated or expressed within the Symbolic, he<br />
emphatically argues that it can and should be approached as directly as possible as the first<br />
step in a process of engagement that can bring about individual and collective ideological<br />
disruption and change. (Zizek, 2000: 149-150) While an explicit engagement with the Real is<br />
at best difficult and at worst both absolutely terrifying and socially isolating, he argues that<br />
this is the cost to be paid to bring about such a change. This paper argues that Sally Mann’s<br />
beautiful and disturbing images of death can be seen as an example of such an effort, as they<br />
transgress our contemporary society’s attempt at repressing the Real of death and dying at<br />
almost every turn. More importantly, it argues that if Mann’s audience push themselves<br />
through the difficulty of confronting and rationally engaging with her terrible images, they
will have embarked on the first step of a dialectical process of ideological change, as their<br />
notions of the boundaries between the Symbolic and the Real regarding the subject of death<br />
will have shifted. This argument is supported by an analysis of a selection of critical<br />
responses to Mann’s work (Green, 2004; Wright, 2004). Finally, the paper argues, this<br />
difficult dialectical process of confrontation can then be similarly repeated across other areas<br />
of ideological change.
DIE INNOVATIVE FLASHBACKSTRUKTUR VON<br />
HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER<br />
Bernd Leiendecker<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: bernd.leiendecker@rub.de<br />
Ein normales filmisches Flashback kann als eine audiovisuelle Wiedergabe einer narrativen<br />
Vergangenheit definiert werden, also als die Wiedergabe einer Zeit, die derjenigen vorangeht,<br />
die als narrative Gegenwart etabliert wurde. Ein Flashback wird häufig durch einen Charakter<br />
ausgelöst, der sich an diese narrative Vergangenheit erinnert oder sie erzählt, so dass<br />
theoretisch eine subjektive Version des Geschehenen präsentiert wird. Allerdings ist das<br />
Standardflashback nur leicht subjektiviert. Die Ereignisse werden meistens aus einer<br />
objektiven Perspektive gezeigt, so dass sich die Frage nach einer Diskrepanz zwischen dem<br />
Gezeigten und dem Geschehenen normalerweise nicht stellt.<br />
Da in How I Met Your Mother ein fünfzigjähriger Mann seinen Kindern die Geschichte<br />
erzählt, wie er seine Frau kennenlernte, ist es keine Überraschung, dass ein Großteil der<br />
Handlung in Flashbacks erzählt wird. Während die meisten Flashbacks nicht von der Art von<br />
Flashbacks abweichen, die seit den Anfängen des klassischen Kinos genutzt werden,<br />
präsentieren einige narrative Innovationen, welche zu interessanten Fragen über die<br />
allgemeine Theorie des Flashbacks führen.<br />
Die erste Abweichung von der bereits gegebenen Definition liegt darin, dass manche<br />
Flashbacks in How I Met Your Mother nicht die diegetische Wahrheit, sondern Lügen<br />
darstellen. Auch wenn lügende Flashbacks vereinzelt in jedem Abschnitt der Filmgeschichte<br />
beobachtet werden können, sind sie doch meist den Falschaussagen von Kriminellen oder<br />
Wahnsinnigen vorbehalten. Die erste große Innovation von How I Met Your Mother ist, dass<br />
die Serie positiven Charakteren erlaubt, lügende Flashbacks zu generieren, ohne dass darunter<br />
die Beliebtheit der Charaktere leidet. Es soll gezeigt werden, dass dies durch die Konzepte der<br />
Charakterkonsistenz und der Attraktivität der resultierenden Handlungsentwicklung gelingt.<br />
Die zweite interessante Neuheit im Erzählen durch Flashbacks ist, dass How I Met Your<br />
Mother eine Variante des Flashbacks einführt, in der der Inhalt des Flashbacks nicht<br />
ausschließlich auf den erzählenden Charakter oder die zentrale narrative Instanz<br />
zurückgeführt werden kann. Stattdessen ist es das diegetische Publikum des Erzählten,<br />
welches die begleitenden Bilder generiert. Es ist noch zu klären, ob dies einen neuen Trend<br />
oder nur eine einzelne Anomalie darstellt. In Jedem Fall führt es zu interessanten Fragen, die<br />
einer Diskussion bedürfen.
HSS_08<br />
THE ROLE OF NGOS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC<br />
DEVELOPMENT:<br />
THE CASE OF THE HEALTH AND HIV/AIDS SECTOR<br />
IN MALAWI<br />
Martina Lembani<br />
Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong> and Development Policy; Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: martina_lembani@yahoo.co.uk<br />
The number of Non Governmental Organisations (NGOs) operating in various fields of<br />
development world wide has been increasing since the past three decades. However their role<br />
is still under debate. This research analyses the extent to which NGOs contribute to socio<br />
economic development through social service delivery, with a specific focus on the health and<br />
HIV/AIDS sector in Malawi. This is achieved by using a theoretical model that analyses the<br />
market structure, market behaviour and market results that are observed due to interaction<br />
between and among donors, NGOs, government and for-profits. This involves understanding<br />
the relationships that exist between and among donors as resource providers and NGOs,<br />
government and the for-profit sector as service providers. This helps to understand how<br />
NGO’s role can be affected by the type of market arrangement whether it is competitive,<br />
monopolistic or any other .It is hypothesised that in a competitive environment, NGOs would<br />
tend to be more effective to ensure continued funding from donors. Also the nature of<br />
relationship among donors would affect the way NGOs operate. If there is high cooperation<br />
and coordination misuse of funds by NGOs from donors would be minimised. In addition, a<br />
comparison of the cost-effectiveness of NGO’s work to that of the public and for-profit sector<br />
will be made. Finally the comparative advantages which NGOs are assumed to possess will be<br />
scrutinised.
DER ISLAM - EINE RELIGION AUS GRENZEN UND<br />
KONFLIKTEN?<br />
Katarzyna A. Meyer-Hubbert<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: katarzyna.meyer-hubbert@rub.de<br />
Jedes Überschreiten einer Grenze bringt das Risiko eines Konfliktes mit sich. Unabhängig<br />
vom Terrain, ob geo-politische, soziale oder religiöse Grenzen, Grenzen zwischen Weltanschauungen,<br />
zwischen Geschlechtern und zwischen historischen Vorgegebenheiten, oder gar<br />
die Grenze des guten Geschmacks – sie alle trennen mehr oder weniger unterschiedliche, unabhängige<br />
und häufig verfeindete Systeme und Größen von einander.<br />
Nach 9/11 ist der Islam zu einem Synonym einer solchen Grenzüberschreitung und allen damit<br />
verbundenen Konflikten geworden. Eine Religion, die als ein System und Werkzeug des<br />
internationalen Terrorismus dargestellt wird, steht am öffentlichen Pranger des Westens und<br />
wurde zum Sündenbock der westlichen Medien.<br />
Der Islam hatte es schon immer etwas schwieriger. Entstanden im 7. Jahrhundert in Arabien,<br />
fand er sich auf einer Religionskarte etablierter Glaubenssysteme des spätantiken Nahen Ostens<br />
und musste sich in diesem Milieu behaupten um zu überleben. Grenzen mussten überschritten,<br />
neue Wege gefunden werden, um die eigene Attraktivität ins Licht stellen zu können.<br />
Dabei waren die Idee des absoluten Monotheismus sowie die Formen der Glaubensausübung<br />
gar nicht revolutionär. Der Islam wurde nicht ernst genommen, nicht anerkannt und<br />
von vielen als eine jüdische oder christliche Sekte verspottet und später schlicht als Synkretismus<br />
abgestuft.<br />
Auch der muslimische Alltag ist von Grenzüberschreitungen geprägt. Fünfmal täglich wird<br />
zum Gebet gerufen und erwartet, dass der Zustand der rituellen Reinheit wieder hergestellt<br />
wird. Ein Betender passiert somit mehrere Grenzen, um schließlich ins Sacrum des Kontaktes<br />
mit Gott zu gelangen. Fünf Kreise der Reinheit – und somit fünf Grenzen – trennen einen<br />
meist rituell unreinen Alltag von dem Weihezustand eines Betenden und diese finden auch<br />
ihre Parallelen in dem konfliktreichen Überschreiten – und Bestimmen – der Grenzen zwischen<br />
der jungen Religion des Islam und seinen etablierten Herausforderern.<br />
Die rituell reinen Kreise – der Gebetsort, die Kleidung, der Körper des Betenden, die Speisen,<br />
die er zu sich nahm und schließlich die reine Absicht, ein Gebet zu sprechen – bilden eine<br />
mehrstufige und komplizierte Grenze zwischen dem Profanum des Alltags und dem Sacrum<br />
des Gebets.<br />
Vom Ort der Entstehung des Islam, dem spätantiken Hiğāz, über die Kleidung der Traditionen<br />
und Rituale, die den Islam eindeutig in den interreligiösen Kontext des spätantiken Nahen<br />
Ostens integrieren bis hin zum mehrmals täglich gewaschenen Unreinheiten auf dem Körper<br />
erstrecken sich die äußeren Grenzen zwischen dem Islam und seinem Umfeld. Die Speisen<br />
seiner Ideen, aber auch der Ideologien, die um diese Religion gewachsen sind und schließlich<br />
die Absicht, sich gegenseitig zu tolerieren und zu akzeptieren, bilden ein Äquivalent zu den<br />
inneren Reinheitskreisen.<br />
In der Mitte dieser Kreise steht ein Mensch, der vor Gott seinen Glauben leben und manifestieren<br />
will. Durch die vielen Grenzen getrennt zeigt sich der Islam der Welt, in der er Aner-
kennung sucht. Langsam versucht der Islam eine Öffnung der bewahrten Grenzen zu wagen<br />
und somit die Überwindung der angewachsenen und inzwischen schon etablierten Konflikte<br />
mit der Außenwelt anzustreben.
COSMOPOLITAN SPACES / SPATIAL<br />
COSMOPOLITANISMS IN TRANSATLANTIC<br />
AMERICAN CULTURES<br />
Dennis Mischke<br />
Philology / American Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: dennis.mischke@rub.de<br />
My dissertation project is part of a larger research plan that tries to historicize transnational<br />
North American Literature outside image-schematic dichotomies of center/periphery relations<br />
and strict national boundaries. In this context my project inquires how cosmopolitan forms of<br />
writing in American Literature can be seen as contributing to a transnational canon of<br />
American Literature. By way of analysis my research examines US American literary<br />
representations of transnational spaces and global processes in the 19 th century. The central<br />
concern of my thesis is the ancient question of whether one can legitimately assume a<br />
common, transnational and cosmopolitan identity beyond cultural differences. Recent critical<br />
work on cosmopolitanism in the light of postcolonial studies has coincided in the insight that<br />
many theories of cosmopolitanism are fraught with aporias and internal contradictions. These<br />
contradictions revolve around the problem of legitimacy, bias, cultural hegemony and<br />
geopolitical embeddedness. I want to approach and tackle this problem by studying literary<br />
cosmopolitanism from a spatial perspective, arguing that actually existing forms of<br />
cosmopolitanism have to be anchored in the complex specificity of particular geographical<br />
circumstances. As primary objects of my research I will study literature from the 19th century<br />
that deals with an explicitly cosmo-political and intercultural frame of reference: the ocean. In<br />
particular, my dissertation focuses on the transnational poetic imagination of Hermann<br />
Melville and his literary negotiation of intercultural encounters. I seek to establish parallels<br />
between Melville’s writing and Jean-Luc Nancy’s co-existential ontology, which both state<br />
that ‘existence’ has to be understood as ‘co-existence’ and that meaning is always a<br />
collaborative product and a collective imagination of the ‘in-between’.
GENERAL PRACTITIONER ADVICE ON PHYSICAL<br />
ACTIVITY: ANALYSES IN A COHORT OF ELDERLY<br />
PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS (GETABI)<br />
Anna Moschny, Timo Hinrichs, Ulrike Trampisch, Petra Platen<br />
Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: anna.moschny@rub.de<br />
The following work is part of the dissertation project: Physical activity in old age – analyses<br />
of a nationwide epidemiological study in elderly primary health care patients with regard to<br />
everyday physical activity (PA) patterns, correlates of PA and barriers to increase PA as well<br />
as general practitioner (GP) advice on PA.<br />
Background: Although the benefits of PA for health and functioning are recognized to<br />
extend throughout life, the PA level of most elderly people is insufficient compared to current<br />
guidelines [1]. The primary health care setting may offer a chance to influence older adults’<br />
PA behaviour. The GP is able to reach a large proportion of the elderly population as a high<br />
percentage of elderly people regularly consult a GP for health problems. Furthermore, studies<br />
reveal that the GP is the most trusted source of physical activity information especially among<br />
older adults and those with multiple chronic diseases. Finally, the GP knows the patient’s<br />
health status and is able to judge on the individual eligibility for physical activity [2].<br />
A number of PA counselling programmes administered through primary health care have<br />
been shown to be feasible and cost-effective strategies to promote PA [3]. However,<br />
systematic reviews concluded that there is conflicting evidence regarding the effectiveness of<br />
physician counselling on PA [4]. Nevertheless, the concept seems to be widely accepted and a<br />
number of professional organisations (including the American College of Preventive<br />
Medicine, the American Heart Association [AHA] and the American College of Sports<br />
Medicine [ACSM]) state that PA advice should be incorporated into routine patient visits in<br />
primary health care as a first step in raising the PA level of patients [1,5]. In 2007, ACSM and<br />
AHA even launched the global-wide initiative “Exercise is Medicine TM ” that calls on<br />
physicians to prescribe exercise to their patients (www.exerciseismedicine.org).<br />
Currently, data concerning general practitioner (GP) advice on PA in Germany is missing.<br />
Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the rate and characteristics of elderly patients<br />
receiving PA advice from their GP.<br />
Methods: In a prospective, cohort study in the primary care setting in Germany (German<br />
epidemiological trial on ankle brachial index, getABI), 6,880 randomly selected patients aged<br />
65 years and above are followed up since October 2001. Within the 7-year follow-up<br />
telephone interview, 1,937 patients were asked whether their GP had given them advice to be<br />
regularly physically active within the past twelve months. The interview also included sociodemographic<br />
and life style variables, medical conditions, and physical activity. Logistic<br />
regression analyses (unadjusted and adjusted for all covariables) were used to examine factors<br />
associated with receiving advice. Analyses comprised only complete cases with regard to the<br />
analysed variables. Results are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals<br />
(95% CI).
Results: Out of 1,627 analysed patients (median age 77; 72-93 years; 52.5% women), 534<br />
(32.8%) stated that they had received advice to be regularly physically active. In the adjusted<br />
model, those more likely to receive GP advice on PA were men (OR [95% CI] 1.34 [1.06-<br />
1.70]), those suffering from pain (1.43 [1.13-1.81]), coronary heart disease and/or myocardial<br />
infarction (1.56 [1.21-2.01]), diabetes mellitus (1.79 [1.39-2.30]) or arthritis (1.37 [1.08-<br />
1.73]), and those taking a high (>5) number of medications (1.41 [1.11-1.80]).<br />
Discussion: Only about one third of elderly primary care patients stated that their GP had<br />
given them advice to be regularly physically active within the past year. This rate is much<br />
lower than desirable but it is in line with findings of previous studies performed in the U.S.<br />
and in Australia that generally report counselling rates of lower than 40% [6]. A number of<br />
barriers to GP counselling about PA have been reported: competing demands of providing a<br />
broad range of preventive and non-preventive services, time constraints during consultations,<br />
lack of educational resources and of formal clinician training in PA counselling, preference of<br />
patients for drug treatment, and lack of reimbursement [6,7]. These findings suggest that<br />
future counselling programmes for the primary care setting will have to find ways to reduce<br />
the burden on GPs.<br />
The differences in advice rates in association to patient characteristics suggest that GP<br />
counselling behaviour is influenced by those characteristics. The present study revealed that<br />
the presence of diabetes mellitus, CHD and/or myocardial infarction, arthritis, a high (>5)<br />
number of medications, and pain were independently associated with receiving GP advice on<br />
PA. Summing up the evidence from literature, research suggests that GPs tend to counsel<br />
patients whose health is already compromised and who they judge as benefiting from PA<br />
[8,9]. Especially patients with heart disease, diabetes mellitus or overweight seem to profit<br />
from GPs’ counselling behaviour. Unfortunately, GPs seem to neglect the potential benefit of<br />
PA: 1. in the prevention of diseases, 2. as a therapeutic measure in other medical conditions.<br />
Conclusions: The study revealed a relatively low rate of elderly primary care patients<br />
receiving GP advice on physical activity. GPs seemed to focus their advice on patients<br />
suffering from chronic medical conditions. There are likely many more patients who would<br />
benefit from advice.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, Macera CA,<br />
Castaneda-Sceppa C: Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation<br />
from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association.<br />
Circulation 2007, 116:1094-1105.<br />
[2] Saß AC, Wurm S, Ziese T: Inanspruchnahmeverhalten. In Beiträge zur<br />
Gesundheitsberichterstattung des Bundes: Gesundheit und Krankheit im Alter. Edited by<br />
Böhm K, Tesch-Römer C, Ziese T. Berlin: Robert Koch-Institut; 2009:134-159.<br />
[3] Calfas KJ, Ling BJ, Sallis JF, Wooten WJ, Pratt M, Patrick K: A controlled trial of<br />
physician counseling to promote the adoption of physical activity. Prev Med 1996,<br />
25:225-233.<br />
[4] Hudon C, Fortin M, Soubhi H: Single risk factor interventions to promote physical<br />
activity among patients with chronic diseases - Systematic review. Can Fam Physician<br />
2008, 54:1130-1137.<br />
[5] Jacobson DM, Strohecker L, Compton MT, Katz DL: Physical activity counseling in the<br />
adult primary care setting - Position statement of the American College of Preventive<br />
Medicine. Am J Prev Med 2005, 29:158-162.<br />
[6] Eakin E, Brown W, Schofield G, Mummery K, Reeves M: General practitioner advice on<br />
physical activity - Who gets it? Am J Health Promot 2007, 21:225-228.
[7] Stange KC, Fedirko T, Zyzanski SJ, Jaen CR: How do family physicians prioritize<br />
delivery of multiple preventive services? J Fam Pract 1994, 38:231-237.<br />
[8] Bull FCL, Schipper ECC, Jamrozik K, Blanksby BA: Beliefs and behavior of general<br />
practitioners regarding promotion of physical activity. Aust J Public Health 1995, 19:300-<br />
304.<br />
[9] Kreuter MW, Scharff DP, Brennan LK, Lukwago SN: Physician recommendations for<br />
diet and physical activity: Which patients get advised to change? Prev Med 1997, 26:825-<br />
833.
EINE GEMEINDE VON ABWESENDEN?<br />
RELIGIÖSER AUSTAUSCH IM INTERNET<br />
Anna Neumaier<br />
Chair for Religious Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: anna.neumaier@rub.de<br />
Abstract: Internet is the new medium in our everyday life. But it is also interesting for<br />
scholars of religion as it offers a new space for religious needs beside institutionalised<br />
religious traditions. Special features like anonymity and a low-threshold access are<br />
additional arguments for a religious use of the internet. From a scientific point of view, the<br />
field is as unknown as it is exciting. The dissertation project therefore explores it under the<br />
focus of three central questions: a) Online participation – how does it work and what are the<br />
users’ motives? b) New “communities” – in which way do members socialise and how can we<br />
describe emerging social formations? c) Relevance and context – which importance has the<br />
online participation for the users’ “real life”, and how does it connect to religious activities<br />
offline, e.g. in local churches?<br />
The results of the qualitative study are expected to also give answers to larger questions of<br />
modern religiosity, religious communities and institutions as they emerge from debates about<br />
secularisation or the “return of religions”.<br />
Das Internet ist ein Medium, das uns allen bestens vertraut ist. Seit einigen Jahren hat es einen<br />
Siegeszug in unser Alltagsleben vorgenommen und sich inzwischen einen festen Platz in<br />
unserem täglichen Umgang mit der Welt erobert. Es bietet dabei auch Rahmenstrukturen für<br />
ganz spezifische Anliegen unterschiedlichster Nutzergruppen – darunter auch religiöse<br />
Bedürfnisse, die von Informationsangeboten der institutionalisierten Religionen über Online-<br />
Gottesdienste und die Vermittlung von Gebetsanliegen über das Internet bis hin zu online<br />
individuell durchführbaren Voodoo-Zaubern reichen.<br />
Aus religionswissenschaftlicher Sicht ist das „Feld Internet“ daher ein neues und wichtiges<br />
Forschungsgebiet, weil es neben den institutionalisierten Formen religiösen Austausches vor<br />
Ort auch einen Raum bereitstellt, der von (beinahe) jedem Individuum potentiell frei gestaltet<br />
werden kann, und dabei sowohl orts- und zeitunabhängig ist als auch die unterschiedlichsten<br />
Kommunikationsformen und damit Austauschmöglichkeiten bietet. Darüber hinaus<br />
ermöglicht es – so die Hypothese der vorliegenden Untersuchung – durch seine spezielle<br />
Beschaffenheit Umstände, die in der Gemeinde vor Ort kaum gegeben sind: Man kann<br />
anonym bleiben, weitgehend unsanktioniert übliche soziale Grenzen überschreiten, die<br />
Partizipation kann niedrigschwellig aufgenommen und ebenso einfach wieder beendet<br />
werden.<br />
Das vorliegende Dissertationsprojekt widmet sich diesem Gebiet mit besonderem Fokus auf<br />
den religiösen Austausch. Es gibt im Internet eine Vielzahl von Seiten, die dies ermöglichen,<br />
und allein die größte deutschsprachige Seite in diesem Bereich hat über 120.000 registrierte<br />
Nutzer und damit mehr als so manche kleinere Religionsgemeinschaft. Solche Seiten aber –
und ebenso das, was dort passiert – sind bisher weitgehend unerforscht. Die vorliegende<br />
explorative Untersuchung widmet sich ihnen also mit den folgenden forschungsleitenden<br />
Fragen:<br />
� Online-Partizipation: Mit welcher Motivation melden sich Nutzer an? Wie gestalten<br />
sie ihre Aktivität?<br />
� Sozialkontakte & religiöse Vergemeinschaftung: Knüpfen die Nutzer dort Kontakte zu<br />
anderen Nutzern? Wie lassen sich diese beschreiben?<br />
� Relevanz & Verhältnis zu Offline-Aktivitäten: Welchen Stellenwert hat die<br />
Partizipation am Online-Angebot für das „reale“ Leben der Nutzer? Wie verhält sich<br />
das Engagement dort zur Beteiligung an „klassischen“ religiösen Gemeinschaften vor<br />
Ort?<br />
Die qualitative Studie beinhaltet Interviews, die die Erzählungen der Nutzer erheben sollen<br />
ebenso wie die Analyse ausgewählter Online-Inhalte und die teilnehmende Beobachtung der<br />
Online-Kommunikation.<br />
Ergebnisse aus der ersten Interviewserie liegen bereits vor. Dabei traten nicht nur erwartete<br />
Ergebnisse zutage, im Gegenteil: Im Mittelpunkt der Forschung stand am Anfang vor allem<br />
die Frage nach dem Potenzial von Online-Angeboten für eine religiöse Gemeinschaft bzw. ein<br />
mögliches Äquivalent zu bestehenden Gemeinschaften. Als mindestens ebenso spannend hat<br />
sich zudem aber ein anderer Komplex erwiesen, nämlich die Erzählungen der Befragten vom<br />
Verhältnis ihrer Online-Partizipation zu einem religiösen Engagement offline, also in<br />
traditionellen Kirchengemeinden. Denn die meisten Internetnutzer haben ganz schlagende<br />
Gründe dafür, dass sie zusätzlich oder ausschließlich ihre Religiosität im Internet leben: Zum<br />
Teil sind dies ganz pragmatische Gründe, etwa wiederholte Ortswechsel und damit verbunden<br />
häufige Gemeindewechsel – bis irgendwann Zeit oder Lust fehlen, wieder eine enge Bindung<br />
zu einer Gemeinde vor Ort aufzubauen. Oft sind es aber auch einschneidende Erlebnisse, die<br />
zu einem Bruch mit der Gemeinde vor Ort führen; negative Erfahrungen, die dafür sorgen,<br />
dass man Abstand zu Pfarrer oder anderen Gemeindemitgliedern sucht, und die in ihrer<br />
Konsequenz die gesamte religiöse Verortung des Einzelnen in Frage stellen können. Und<br />
zuletzt ist es oftmals die zusätzliche Suche nach dem „Blick über den Tellerrand“ – das<br />
Interesse an anderen religiösen Traditionen oder Konfessionen oder weitergehend die Suche<br />
nach religiöser Heterogenität, die man in der eigenen Gemeinde vermisst. Diese<br />
Heterogenität, so zeigt sich in der Online-Kommunikation, kann gewinnbringend genutzt<br />
werden, um die eigene (religiöse) Identität zu schärfen – eine Gelegenheit, die von den<br />
Nutzern im Kontext homogenerer Gemeinden so nicht gesehen wird.<br />
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie sollen dabei auch für allgemeinere Theorien von Religion in der<br />
Gegenwart relevant werden. Sie lassen sich eingliedern in die umfassendere Debatte um<br />
Säkularisierung, um Sichtbarkeit oder Unsichtbarkeit von Religion in der Moderne. Diese<br />
wird in der Religionswissenschaft wie in der Öffentlichkeit gleichermaßen geführt: Wie<br />
verhält sich Religiosität zur Moderne? Nimmt Religiosität ab oder verschwindet sie im<br />
Bereich des Privaten? Oder transformiert sie sich und wird aber in anderen, neuen Bereichen<br />
der Öffentlichkeit wieder sichtbar? Religiosität, die im Internet ausgelebt wird, ist ein<br />
Beispiel, das zu diesen Themen Stellung nehmen kann – denn das Internet bietet hier ein<br />
neuartiges Angebot für Gläubige, oder solche, die auf der Suche nach Religion oder<br />
Austausch darüber sind. Dabei kann es spezifische Bedürfnisse befriedigen, wie sie in der<br />
Diskussion um Religiosität in der Moderne immer wieder aufgeworfen werden: Auf<br />
besonders ausgeprägte Weise kann sich der Nutzer im Internet vorrangig an seinen<br />
individuellen Bedürfnissen orientieren, dabei aber gleichzeitig in einer religiösen
Gemeinschaft verbleiben, auf die auf unvergleichlich zwanglose Weise immer<br />
zurückgegriffen werden kann, wenn es dem einzelnen Nutzer erforderlich scheint.
LOST IN HYPERTEXT?! CROSSING THE LINE WITH<br />
A NEW CONCEPT OF NARRATION?<br />
Daniela Olek/Christine Piepiorka<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: daniela.olek@rub.de; christine.piepiorka@rub.de<br />
Evoked by the emergence of new media like the internet and the convergence of established<br />
media, an aesthetic transformation has occured in the last decade and a new kind of<br />
audiovisual narration, emanating in particular from television and film and indicated by an<br />
increasing transgression of media borders, has been formed.<br />
Following the advances in technology and media, more and more narrations nowadays are<br />
conceived in the tradition of complex fictional worlds like the Star Wars universe, for<br />
example. This means that those narrations are not only limited to a single medium, but are<br />
distributed over several connected media like television, comics, video games etc. Henry<br />
Jenkins (2006, 95) called this transmedia storytelling.<br />
Such narrations are no longer linearly and causally arranged, but develop their story over<br />
these diverse media. With such a presentation the viewers do more than simply watch: instead<br />
they must actively seek out the fragments, crossing the borders of widely-varying media<br />
platforms, and construct them into a coherent story.<br />
Consulting Wulffs (2007, 42) premise, that the diegesis is the condition for a narration, we<br />
ask whether and how the narrative and structural divergence exceed the diegetic borders of<br />
the audiovisual text. Is Sourrieau’s term “diegesis”, hitherto used, sufficient to describe<br />
these specific phenomena, or are new concepts like Matt Hills’ (2002, 147) “hyperdiegesis”<br />
needed? In fact, we would like to discuss whether a transgression of the term diegesis itself<br />
can be seen, and if so, whether it has occured and how could it be understood.<br />
Furthermore we want to consider the implications for existing concepts of the ‘viewer’,<br />
because we argue that the innovations of narration are always accompanied by new cultural<br />
and social forms of media usage, which supersede existing forms. With the help of<br />
contemporary US television series, we want to analyse these issues, because such series lend<br />
themselves to a diversified spectrum of transmedial extensions.<br />
Furthermore this range of topics allows the borders of media studies to be crossed and an<br />
interdisciplinary perspective to be reached.<br />
References:<br />
Hills, Matt (2002): Fan Cultures. London: Routledge.<br />
Jenkins, Henry (2006): Convergence Culture. Where Old and New Media Collide. New York:<br />
New York Univ. Press.<br />
Wulff, Hans J. (2007): Schichtenbau und Prozesshaftigkeit des Diegetischen. Zwei<br />
Anmerkungen. In: Montage/AV 16,2, S. 39-51.
HSS_09<br />
AETHERMAGIC. THE BROADCAST WORK OF HANS<br />
FLESCH AND ERNST SCHOEN (1924-33).<br />
Solveig Ottmann<br />
Institute for Media Studies; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: solveig.ottmann@rub.de<br />
Based within the field of media studies this project concentrates on the broadcast work of<br />
Hans Flesch and Ernst Schoen. Both are important figures of the first ten years of German<br />
broadcasting and German radio history in general. The central aim of the thesis is to lay open<br />
their outstanding vanguard ideas, practices and achievements and thus to describe their media<br />
theory in detail, review their role in the intellectual history and work out the impulses they<br />
gave to German culture.<br />
Although both are understood as German broadcast pioneers they haven‘t yet received<br />
detailed scientific attention covering their whole work, showing their whole importance or<br />
using all preserved and provided material. Up to now historiography concentrated mainly on<br />
programme history and institutional history and was thereby neglecting their contribution to<br />
theory (e.g. of perception, of the medium) and how they influenced other important theorists<br />
(e.g. B. Brecht and W. Benjamin).<br />
Considering the radio as an ‘epistemic thing’ I try to approach Flesch and Schoen, their work<br />
and the medium itself from various angles: media studies, technology, zeitgeist, intellectual<br />
history, biography and positioning, art and literature, musicology etc. to enlighten the subject.<br />
Used sources are mainly scientific literature, contemporary broadcast magazine articles as<br />
well as unpublished archive material like personal estates or records of relevant broadcast<br />
stations.
WOMEN IN THE ARMED UKRAINIAN<br />
UNDERGROUND, 1942-1954<br />
Olena Petrenko<br />
Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft, Lehrstuhl für osteuropäische Geschichte; Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: olena.petrenko@rub.de<br />
This dissertation seeks to contribute to the discussion of a contested chapter of Soviet history,<br />
which has taken a central place in “the struggle for history” of post-socialist Ukraine. Since<br />
Ukraine’s emergence as a sovereign state in 1991, the story of the armed underground in<br />
West-Ukrainian territories between the 1930s and the 1950s has become a major political<br />
issue. The public debate around the place of the nationalist resistance movement in Ukrainian<br />
history is inseparable from Ukraine’s highly mythologized collective cultural memory, which<br />
is developing in divergent trajectories in the pro-Russian Ukrainian East and the pro-Western<br />
Ukrainian West. While the participants of the armed underground, and above all, the members<br />
of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) and the soldiers of the Ukrainian<br />
Insurgent Army (UPA) still fall under the category of Nazi-collaborators and “bandits” in the<br />
East, West Ukrainian population celebrates the resistance fighters as national heroes, which<br />
first fought against the German occupiers and then turned against the Red Army.<br />
Within this framework of ever-increasing volume of scholarship regarding the history of<br />
OUN-UPA, this study will seek to explore the hitherto ignored female presence in the armed<br />
underground of the 1940s and 50s. Memories of that role are still present in public culture,<br />
which, as a rule, highlights their peerless heroism as an extension of the Ukrainian people’s<br />
collective martyrdom. The representations of women’s lives are thus often frozen into<br />
predetermined patterns. In this context, women appear generally as icons and their lives as<br />
allegories of heroism rather than individual, multi-faceted experiences.<br />
Herein lies the intervention of this dissertation. Operating outside of the East-West<br />
ideological framework and without these and other conventional blinders, it will seek to<br />
reconstruct their contribution to the armed Ukrainian underground. What motivations and<br />
circumstances led them to join the armed resistance? Did patriotism really play a central role<br />
in their decisions? What kind of assignments were given to those women and were they<br />
subject to modification? To what extent were these women used by the Soviet security<br />
apparatus in the defeat of UPA? Finally, how do we explain the obvious contradiction<br />
between the selective and superficial celebration, on the one hand, and the silencing of<br />
women’s participation, on the other?
THE IMPACT OF NATURAL RESOURCE<br />
ABUNDANCE ON INSTITUTIONAL TRANSITION<br />
AND ECONOMIC GROWTH<br />
Elkhan Sadikhzadeh<br />
Institute of Development <strong>Research</strong> and Development Policy; Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
44801 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: sadikebd@rub.de<br />
There is a broad consensus that the resource curse does not lie in resource richness per se, but<br />
in the combination of inefficient institutions and resource abundance. But there is not enough<br />
empirical evidence which institutions are the primary transmission channels of resource curse<br />
and how they impact other institutions that strengthen or weaken the symptoms of resource<br />
curse.<br />
The theoretical analysis on the basis of a self-developed mathematical model of rent-seeking<br />
shows that an increase of the natural-resource revenues impacts negatively institutional<br />
quality. In the framework of theoretical analysis it has been prooven that a higher level of<br />
diversification of economy and especially a large manufacturing sector alleviates the level of<br />
rent-seeking of a resource abundant economy.<br />
The main finding of the dissertation project is that the structure of the economy before and<br />
during resource-boom and the planing horizon of the government are the pivotal factors in<br />
explaining why natural resource abundance sometimes causes higher long-run economic<br />
growth and sometimes deindustrialization accompanied by relatively low economic growth.<br />
In the next step the findings of the theoretical analysis should be tested empirically with<br />
special attention to the oil and gas-rich post-Soviet republics like Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan,<br />
Turkmenistan and Russia. The majority of the existing studies about the institutional<br />
transmission mechanisms of resource curse are dedicated to the experiences of resource‐rich<br />
African, Latin American and Middle Eastern countries, Norway, Australia and Canada. But<br />
there was no serious attempt to survey the quality and dynamics of institutional change in the<br />
resource abundant post‐Soviet republics. Because of their unique historical and<br />
socio‐economic features it is of a great theoretical interest to understand the impact of<br />
resource‐richness on the institutional transition processes of resource-based post-Soviet<br />
Republics.
DAS VERHÄLTNIS VON SPRACHE, KULTURELLER<br />
IDENTITÄT UND IHRER VERMITTLUNG IM 18.<br />
JAHRHUNDERT AM BEISPIEL JAKOB MICHAEL<br />
REINHOLD LENZ<br />
Judith Schäfer<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: judith.schaefer@rub.de<br />
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz (1751-92) beschäftigt sich in seinem literarischen Werk schon<br />
früh mit der Frage, wie individuelle und kollektive Identität über Sprache vermittelt und<br />
verfestigt (d.h. umgrenzt) werden. Der soziale Ort, der jedem Mitglied einer Gesellschaft<br />
durch seine Herkunft zugewiesen wird, enthält einen sprachlichen Code, den der Mensch sich<br />
aneignen muss. Doch nur die Beherrschung der kommunikativen wie der sozialen Codes<br />
insgesamt, d.h. grenzübergreifend aller Schichten ermöglicht es dem Einzelnen, mündiger<br />
Teil der Gesellschaft bzw. seiner Gesellschaftsschicht zu sein. Lenz interessiert, was<br />
geschieht, wenn diese Codes entweder nicht erkannt, nicht beherrscht oder aber bewusst<br />
unterwandert werden. Er findet in seinen Dramen dafür verschiedene Szenarien. Auf die<br />
jeweilige Schicht, in der sie sich abspielen, wirkt dies Unvermögen oder Fehlverhalten eines<br />
Einzelnen höchstens als eine milde Erschütterung. Vielleicht erleidet eine involvierte Familie<br />
dadurch die Unannehmlichkeit eines vorübergehenden schlechten Rufes; der unzulänglich<br />
oder missbräuchlich Sprechende aber verliert zumeist seinen Platz in der Gesellschaft –<br />
mitunter sogar sein Leben: So endet die Bürgerstochter Marie Wesener aus dem Drama Die<br />
Soldaten als Bettlerin, die von ihrem Vater auf der Straße aufgelesen wird. Ihre mangelnde<br />
Sprachkompetenz gegenüber einer vom Adel gesprochenen höfischen Verführungssprache hat<br />
ihren Blick auf ihre reale Situation verstellt und sie in den gesellschaftlichen Abstieg geführt.<br />
Die Fähigkeit zum reflektierten Sprachgebrauch ist Lenz Zeichen eines mündigen Charakters.<br />
Sprechen und Handeln sind eng miteinander verwoben: Nur wer das Sprechen reflektiert,<br />
wird auch angemessen handeln und die Begrenztheit der ihm zugewiesenen Rolle nutzen oder<br />
gar erweitern können. Bewusstsein und Selbstbewusstsein setzt der Autor so in ein komplexes<br />
Wechselverhältnis.<br />
Autonomie des Menschen ist für den Aufklärer Lenz auch in theoretischen<br />
Auseinandersetzungen und in seinen (sozialen) Reformprojekten ein großes Anliegen. Ein<br />
Weg dieser Auseinandersetzung führt über das Projekt einer Deutschen Sprachgesellschaft,<br />
die er 1775 in Straßburg gründet und die dabei helfen soll, den zersplitterten deutschen<br />
Sprachraum über ein gemeinsames Hochdeutsch zu vereinen. Dabei geht es Lenz nicht<br />
vorrangig um das Großprojekt einer ‚Deutschen Nation‘, sondern um die Abwendung einer<br />
latenten Gefahr: Fehlt den Menschen eine gemeinsame Sprache, wird es immer zu<br />
Missverständnissen, Vorurteilen und Feindseligkeiten kommen. Der Abbruch der<br />
Kommunikation, die für alle Beteiligten elementar ist, wäre die Folge. Solange diese<br />
Bedrohung schwelt, kann es keinen andauernden Frieden geben. In seinem Prosatext Ueber
Delikatesse der Empfindung setzt Lenz diesen Gedanken literarisch um und spielt anschaulich<br />
die Folgen misslingender Kommunikation durch. Sowohl das Individuum als auch die<br />
Gesellschaft, in der es sich bewegt, geraten durch den Abbruch der Kommunikation in eine<br />
prekäre Lage: Der Einzelne, der die kommunikativen Regeln nicht befolgt, wird isoliert und<br />
gilt als Fremder – als solcher ist er stigmatisiert und erfährt eine gewaltvolle Einschränkung<br />
seiner Autonomie und Handlungsmöglichkeiten. Die Gesellschaft aber, die dies mit<br />
verursacht hat, beschneidet sich über die Verweigerung des Austauschs mit dem ‚Fremden‘<br />
selbst. Sie verarmt und verhärtet sich, wo sie in Bewegung, d.h. lebendig bleiben sollte. Im<br />
Bestreben, ihre Identität vor unvorhersehbaren Einflüssen zu schützen, zementieren der<br />
Einzelne und die Gesellschaft soziale und kulturelle Grenzen und letztlich einen<br />
menschenunwürdigen Zustand. Der Angst vor dem ‚Anderen‘ und dem ‚anderen‘ Sprechen<br />
muss, so Lenz, offen und reflektiert begegnet werden, damit diese Grenzen eines Tages<br />
überwunden werden können.
HSS_10<br />
THURINGIAN STUDENTS ATTENDING GRADE<br />
ELEVEN AND THEIR THE GDR-REPRESANTATION<br />
- CONCEPTS, CAUSES UND CONSEQUENCES OF<br />
HISTORY TEACHING -<br />
Kathrin Schröter<br />
Fakultät für Geschichtswissenschaft/Didaktik der Geschichte; Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: kathrin.schroeter@rub.de<br />
This thesis project is a replication study to Monika Deutz-Schroeder’s and Klaus Schroeder’s<br />
investigation „Soziales Paradies oder Stasi-Staat? Das DDR-Bild von Schülern – ein Ost-<br />
West-Vergleich“ 1 . Schroeder et al. stated that East German pupils glorify the GDR and<br />
feature deficit knowledge with regard to the GDR. Although Schroeder's investigation was<br />
criticised by scientific side for methodical defects, it had crucial educational consequences.<br />
The aim of this project is to certify Schroeder’s study regionally on the basis of Thuringian<br />
pupils. By a quantitative survey, students’ concepts and attitudes about the GDR can be<br />
determined. Furthermore reasons for different representations of History should be<br />
ascertained. The focus will be placed on the teaching of history.<br />
In a comparative analysis it will be examined whether specific effects of intensity or form of<br />
curricular dealing with the GDR can be identified so that didactical consequences can be<br />
formulated.<br />
1 DEUTZ-SCHROEDER, MONIKA/ SCHROEDER, KLAUS: Soziales Paradies oder Stasi-Staat? Das DDR-Bild von<br />
Schülern - Ein Ost-West-Vergleich. Stamsried 2008.
PEDAGOGICAL INNOVATICS AS A NEW BRANCH<br />
OF EDUCATION SCIENCE<br />
Alena Schulz-Fiodarava<br />
Institute of Education; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: alena.fiodarava@rub.de<br />
Pedagogical Innovatics is a new advanced scientific trend in the Russian-speaking culture<br />
area, practically unknown beyond its bounds. One of the reasons for the rapid development of<br />
the innovation approach in Education Science is the world-spread education crisis in general.<br />
At that systematical innovation should help to find the most effective problem decisions.<br />
This phenomenon got especially crucial for the Russian-speaking world after the disruptive<br />
changes in education system during the Perestroika and the collapse of the USSR. As a result<br />
Pedagogical Innovatics was established.<br />
Pedagogical Innovatics is a meta-science. It possesses an own methodological apparatus and<br />
wide transfer properties. It presumes the realization of pedagogical innovations not by the<br />
trial-and-error method, but rational, resting upon knowledge and methodology.<br />
Pedagogical Innovatics leads the pedagogical work out of the state of ordinary functioning<br />
and transfers it into the state of sustainable developing. It makes possible to take under control<br />
the inevitable renewal and change processes, under the condition that teachers and educators<br />
possess the necessary knowledge, skills and experience.<br />
That’s why one of the most significant focuses of this approach underlies the importance of<br />
introduction of some special innovation theoretical and practical training during the teacher<br />
education in order to build up respective innovation competencies.<br />
Selected References:<br />
[1] Jusufbeckova, N.R. (1991): Obschije osnovy pedagogicheskoj innovatiki. [General Basics<br />
of Pedagogical Innovatics], Moscow: Academy of pedagogical sciences of the USSR.<br />
[2] Karpovich, E.I.; Tsyrkun, I.I. (2006): Pedagogicheskaja Innovatka [Pedagogical<br />
Innovatics], Minsk: M.Tank-BSPU.<br />
[3] Kchutorskoy, A.V. (2008): Pedagogicheskaja Innovatka [Pedagogical Innovatics],<br />
Moscow: publishing centure “Academia”.<br />
[4] Tsyrkun, I.I. (2000): Sistema innovationnoi podgotovki specialistov gumanitarnoi sfery.<br />
[The System of innovation training for the specialists of the humanities], Minsk: Technologia.
TOWARDS A NEW UNDERSTANDING OF BORDERS:<br />
BEYOND TERRITORIAL BORDERS, FROM<br />
BORDERS TO BORDERING<br />
Universität der Bundeswehr München<br />
e-mail: bastian.sendhardt@gmx.de<br />
Bastian Sendhardt<br />
This paper aims to contribute to the discussion on borders by addressing rather theoretical<br />
aspects concerning the ‘nature’ or the ‘character’ of borders. More precisely, this paper<br />
departs from the almost banally sounding question “What is a border”?<br />
Intuitively, when thinking of borders, one would probably think of state borders or<br />
boundaries as political geographers call them, meaning “the lines that enclose state<br />
territories” (Newman 2003: 123). Following this understanding, borders have a rather closed<br />
character and their main function is to separate different entities, e.g. states. More precisely, in<br />
this case, one should speak of territorial borders. However, territorial borders (such as state<br />
borders) are but one type of border. Other types include, for example, functional or symbolic<br />
borders (Stetter 2005b; Ferrer-Gallardo 2008). “Functional borders separate different<br />
functional systems, such as politics, law, science, economy, sports, love or the health system”<br />
(Stetter 2005b: 5), whereas symbolic borders “constitute collective identities and allow to<br />
differentiate between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’. Through the marking of symbolic borders[,]<br />
forms of political, ethnic or religious identity emerge” (Bonacker as cited in Stetter 2005b: 5;<br />
see also Stetter 2005a: 335; Paasi 1996: 12–5). These three types of borders, however, do not<br />
necessarily coincide. Therefore, territorial borders are in a “complex relationship with crosscutting<br />
functional (and, at times symbolic) borders” (Stetter 2005b: 5). In a nutshell, instead<br />
of clear-cut lines separating different (state) territories, borders have a rather ‘fuzzy’ character<br />
which is a consequence of the interplay of the three aforementioned border types (see<br />
Christiansen et al. 2000).<br />
From this perspective, it seems more promising to shift the focus from an understanding of<br />
borders as fixed and static entities to an analytical concept that emphasizes the ‘process-like’<br />
and socially constructed character of borders, as for instance, the concept of debordering and<br />
rebordering. Within this concept, debordering “is understood as an increasing permeability of<br />
[territorial] borders together with a decreasing ability of states to shut themselves off” from all<br />
kinds of cross-border activities (Albert and Brock 2000: 20). In other words, debordering<br />
refers to the transgression of territorial borders, for example by functional systems (e.g.<br />
economy) or symbolic systems (e.g. cross-border identities) and can be described as “the<br />
dissolution of the territorial congruence of state, economy and society” (Brock 2004: 89). The<br />
affected political entities – mostly states but also other political entities such as the European<br />
Union – have to react to these challenges posed by debordering processes. One state<br />
“response to this increasing permeability of borders” is the “adaptation of statehood” and the<br />
adjustment of policies to debordering processes. Adaptation can result “in the emergence of<br />
new political spaces that transcend territorially defined spaces [i.e. state borders] […], e.g. in
the ―emergence of multilevel systems of governance in transstate contexts” such as the<br />
European Union (Albert and Brock 2000: 20).<br />
At the same time, processes of debordering are accompanied (and seemingly contradicted) by<br />
rebordering processes, such as a tightening of (new) borders, an increase in border controls<br />
and the re-territorialization of space (Albert and Brock 2000: 39-40). But the simultaneity of<br />
debordering and rebordering processes does not necessarily have to be considered a<br />
contradiction. Instead, processes of rebordering can be described “as social phenomena within<br />
the framework of an overall debordering of the world of states[,] […] as a specific reaction to<br />
the debordering processes that are actually taking their course within the framework of<br />
globalization. Viewed in this light, demarcation (rebordering) would be, first and foremost, a<br />
way of regulating the process of transformation, not of arresting it” (Albert and Brock 2000:<br />
42–3).<br />
References:<br />
Albert, Mathias and Lothar Brock (2000), ‘De-bordering the world of states. New spaces in<br />
international relations’, pp. 19–43 in Mathias Albert (ed), Civilizing world politics. Society<br />
and community beyond the state. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publ.<br />
Brock, Lothar (2004), ‘World society from the bottom up’, pp. 86–102 in Mathias Albert and<br />
Lena Hilkermeier (eds), Observing international relations.<br />
Niklas Luhmann and world politics. London: Routledge.<br />
Christiansen, Thomas, Fabio Petito and B. E.N. Tonra (2000), ‘Fuzzy Politics Around Fuzzy<br />
Borders: The European Union's 'Near Abroad’, Cooperation and Conflict 35(4): 389–415.<br />
Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier (2008), ‘The Spanish-Moroccan border complex: Processes of<br />
geopolitical, functional and symbolic rebordering’, Political Geography 27(3): 301–21.<br />
Newman, David (2003), ‘Boundaries’, pp. 123–37 in John A. Agnew, Katheryne Mitchell and<br />
Gearóid Ó Tuathail (eds) A companion to political geography. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell<br />
Publ.<br />
Paasi, Anssi (1996), Territories, boundaries, and consciousness. The changing geographies of<br />
the Finnish-Russian border. Chichester: Wiley.<br />
Stetter, Stephan (2005b), Theorising the European Neighbourhood Policy: Debordering and<br />
Rebordering in the Mediterranean. San Domenico di Fiesole: EUI Working Papers RSCAS<br />
(34).<br />
Stetter, Stephan (2005a), ‘The Politics of De-Paradoxification in Euro-Mediterranean<br />
Relations: Se-mantics and Structures of 'Cultural Dialogue'’, Mediterranean Politics 10(3):<br />
331–48.
HSS_11<br />
HARRY POTTER AND TWILIGHT AS<br />
TRANSGRESSIVE PHENOMENA<br />
Maria Verena Siebert<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: maria.siebert@rub.de<br />
What Harry Potter and Twilight most obviously have in common is their commercial success<br />
as mass entertainment. This is, in large part, due to the conservative nature of these texts.<br />
Why then, should they be labelled “transgressive”?<br />
These works of fiction transgress boundaries in three ways: Harry Potter and Twilight both<br />
have transgressed the border of the medium, multiplying the literary text into a multitude of<br />
texts dispersed across different media and thus building a franchise. They have also<br />
transgressed the borders of nations with their international success stories. Last but not least,<br />
they have transgressed the border between children’s and adult’s literature. This last<br />
transgression is the one that has received most critical attention and has helped the<br />
proliferation of the term “kidult”. Though children’s literature had always addressed both<br />
children and their parents, the adult consumption of children’s literature in the cases of Harry<br />
Potter and Twilight has added fuel to the flames of the discussion about the infantilization of<br />
adults through consumer capitalism.<br />
The dissertation project will focus on the adult/child distinction in these works of fiction and<br />
in the meta-discourse about them. The startling paradox between the clear-cut distinction of<br />
children and adults in these fictions and the fears about the blurring of this distinction voiced<br />
in real life will be the subject of analysis.
HSS_12<br />
VOM COMIC ZUM FILM –<br />
(RE)MEDIALISIERUNGSSTRATEGIEN UND DIE<br />
KONSTRUKTION VON GENDER IM PHÄNOMEN<br />
COMICVERFILMUNG<br />
Véronique Sina<br />
Institut für Medienwissenschaft; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44870 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: veronique.sina@rub.de<br />
Das hier vorgestellte Dissertationsprojekt beschäftigt sich mit der Frage nach der medialen<br />
Inszenierung bzw. Konstruktion von Geschlecht in Comicverfilmungen. Dabei soll vor allem<br />
der intermedialen Beziehung von Comic und Film besondere Beachtung geschenkt werden.<br />
Unter Berücksichtigung der wechselseitigen Beziehung der Performativität von Gender und<br />
der Medialität des Performativen sowie dem Rückgriff auf aktuelle Theorien der Gender- und<br />
Queer Studies wird der übergeordneten Fragestellung nachgegangen, wie die mediale<br />
Präsentationsform die Repräsentation von Gender in Comicverfilmungen verändert bzw.<br />
beeinflusst.<br />
Während die Comicforschung in den letzten Jahren sowohl im deutschen als auch im<br />
internationalen medienwissenschaftlichen Diskurs zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen hat,<br />
haben sich nur wenige wissenschaftliche Werke mit der intermedialen Beziehung der beiden<br />
Medien Comic und Film auseinander gesetzt. Betrachtet man den aktuellen Stand der<br />
Forschungsliteratur, wird deutlich, dass sich die wenigen Werke, die sich (ausschließlich) mit<br />
dem Phänomen Comicverfilmung beschäftigen, in der Regel damit begnügen, ihren Lesern<br />
einen historischen Überblick über die Entwicklung von Comicverfilmungen zu liefern bzw.<br />
die Wechselbeziehung der beiden Medien Comic und Film zu untersuchen, ohne eine<br />
treffende Antwort auf die Frage zu geben, was eine Comicverfilmung überhaupt erst zu einer<br />
Comicverfilmung macht. Neben mangelnder Definitionsversuche wird in der vorhandenen<br />
Forschungsliteratur auch die Frage nach der Repräsentation von Gender in<br />
Comicverfilmungen meist nur beiläufig oder überhaupt nicht behandelt. In den seltenen<br />
Fällen, in denen der Gender-Frage Beachtung geschenkt wird, wird in der Regel davon<br />
ausgegangen, dass die Repräsentation von Gender im Comic bzw. in Comicverfilmungen von<br />
Gender-Stereotypen geprägt ist, die sich vor allem im Superhelden-Genre vorfinden lassen.<br />
Infolgedessen haben Comicverfilmungen, genau wie z.B. der Horrorfilm, mit dem Vorwurf<br />
zu kämpfen, dass sie ihren Zuschauern ein ganz bestimmtes stereotypes Männlichkeits- bzw.<br />
Weiblichkeitsbild präsentieren. Bereits dieser kurze Überblick verdeutlicht, dass innerhalb<br />
des wissenschaftlichen Diskurses nicht nur in Bezug auf das Medium Comicverfilmung,<br />
sondern insbesondere im Hinblick auf die mediale Konstruktion von Geschlecht in<br />
Comicverfilmungen erheblicher Forschungsbedarf besteht.
Ziel der Arbeit ist es, die durch den Prozess der Remedialisierung beschriebene<br />
Performativität der Medien in einen direkten Zusammenhang mit der Repräsentation von<br />
Gender in Comicverfilmungen zu bringen. Innerhalb der Gender- und Queer Studies wird der<br />
Begriff der Performativität als gesellschaftlich sanktionierte Aufführung bzw. Wiederholung<br />
geschlechtlicher Identitäten verstanden 1 . Geht man nun – dem aktuellen Forschungsstand<br />
folgend – von der wechselseitigen, diskursiven Hervorbringung von Gender und Medien aus 2<br />
so stellt sich die Frage, wie die beiden Medien Comic und Film sich im Falle einer<br />
Comicverfilmung generieren und was dies für Auswirkungen auf die mediale Inszenierung<br />
von Gender hat. Lässt sich überhaupt eine allgemein gültige Aussage über die Repräsentation<br />
von Gender im Medium Comic bzw. in Comicverfilmungen formulieren? Wenn ja, wodurch<br />
zeichnet sich diese aus? Ist diese Repräsentation in erster Linie von Gender-Stereotypen<br />
durchzogen oder ist hier subversives Potential vorzufinden? Und welche Rolle übernimmt<br />
hierbei die Technik? Anders formuliert: Wie verändert bzw. beeinflusst die mediale<br />
Präsentationsform die Repräsentation von Gender?<br />
Bibliografie<br />
Bolter, David/Grusin, Richard (2000): Remediation. Understanding New Media. London:<br />
MIT.<br />
Rajewsky, Irina O. (2002): Intermedialität. Tübingen: A. Francke.<br />
Seier, Andrea (2005): Remedialisierungen. Zur Performativität von Gender und Medien.<br />
Dissertation.Ruhr-Universität Bochum.<br />
Seier, Andrea (2006): Von „Frauen und Film“ zu „Gender und Medium“? – Überlegungen zu<br />
Judith Butlers Filmanalyse von Paris is Burning. In: Wie der Film den Körper schuf. Ein<br />
Reader zu Gender und Medien. Hg. v Annette Geiger (u.a.). Weimar: VDG, S. 81-95.<br />
1 Vgl. Seier, Andrea (2005)<br />
2 Vgl. Seier, Andrea (2006)
A LATE MEDIEVAL PERSIAN FROM AN ANGLE:<br />
DISCOVERING PERSPECTIVES ON MAÉD AL-DÏN<br />
AL-FÏRØZÀBÀDÏ<br />
Vivian Strotmann<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: Vivian.Strotmann@rub.de<br />
My subject of enquiry is a Persian scholar on the threshold to Early Modernity. MaÊd al-DÐn<br />
al-FÐrÙzÁbÁdÐ (1329-1415) - protected traveller, revered religious authority, powerful<br />
politician, celebrated scholar and controversial lexicographer – has now lain buried in the<br />
sands of the Yemeni desert for over half a millennium. At first sight, we are therefore faced<br />
with a man long dead, whose scholarly endeavours seem of interest and relevance merely for<br />
those involved in this field of enquiry. The fact most striking about this scholar seems the<br />
almost complete lack of established facts. His great lexicon, the QÁmÙs al-muÎÐÔ, brought<br />
him fame beyond death, but detailed information is largely wanting and – when extant –<br />
contradictory. Besides collation of what little we know, what can be expected from<br />
examinations of this man?<br />
It is at this point that my thesis makes its departure. For the field of Oriental and Middle<br />
Eastern Studies, clarification of his vita and establishment of his oeuvre presents a gain in<br />
itself. They are, however, not goals in themselves. More important still than the erudition of<br />
biographical and scholarly fact about the ÑÁÎib al-QÁmÙs are the issues which surface in the<br />
process. Above all else, al-FÐrÙzÁbÁdÐ is remembered as a luÈawÐ and what examinations<br />
we have of him are predominantly centred on this facet of his scholarly profile. As indicated<br />
above, however, there is much more to this scholar than initially meets the eye. These aspects<br />
of the famous scholarly personality are imbedded in – and therefore have to be studied against<br />
– a variety of backgrounds both within and beyond Oriental sciences.<br />
Ultimately, there emerges the mosaic of a Late Medieval Persian scholar whose life had<br />
repercussions beyond the borders of his time and the reaches of his travels, whose scholarship<br />
gained influence even unto the emancipation of a philological discipline. Sketching these<br />
interconnections of backgrounds is the incentive of my proposed presentation.
ENTWICKLUNG UND EVALUATION DES<br />
FRAGEBOGENS PRISCUS-PAQ ZUR ERFASSUNG<br />
DER KÖRPERLICHEN AKTIVITÄT VON PERSONEN<br />
IM ALTER VON 70 JAHREN UND ÄLTER<br />
Ulrike S. Trampisch<br />
Faculty of Sport Science; Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition; Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: ulrike.trampisch@rub.de<br />
In der Bundesrepublik Deutschland leben ca. 16 Millionen Menschen im Alter von 65 Jahren<br />
und älter (19% der Gesamtbevölkerung). Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels ist davon<br />
auszugehen, dass die Anzahl der Älteren bis zum Jahr 2050 auf ca. 23 Millionen (33%)<br />
ansteigen wird [1]. Der körperlichen Aktivität im Alter sind nach einhelliger Meinung der<br />
Wissenschaft vielfältige positive Wirkungen im Sinne einer gesund erhaltenden Lebensweise<br />
zuzuschreiben [z.B. 2,3-5]. Obwohl diese positiven Effekte körperlicher Aktivität bekannt<br />
sind, existieren bisher weltweit erstaunlich wenige Daten über das Aktivitätsverhalten von<br />
Personen im Alter von 65 Jahren und älter. In Deutschland fördert das Bundesministerium für<br />
Bildung und Forschung seit 2008 Forschungsvorhaben zum Thema „Gesundheit im Alter“.<br />
Unterstützt wird auch das Projekt PRISCUS („Prerequisites for a new health care model for<br />
elderly people with multimorbidity“, http://www.priscus.net), bei dem der Lehrstuhl für<br />
Sportmedizin und Sporternährung der Ruhr-Universität Bochum ein Teilprojekt betreut.<br />
Dieses ermöglichte bereits die Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität älterer Personen in einer<br />
großen epidemiologischen Studie: der seit dem Jahr 2000 laufenden Studie „German<br />
epidemiological trial on ankle brachial index“ (getABI) [6]. In der Verlaufsuntersuchung nach<br />
etwa sieben Jahren sollte die Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität von ca. 1.800 Personen im<br />
Alter von 70 Jahren und älter im Telefoninterview ermöglicht werden. Hierfür wurde ein<br />
valides Erfassungsinstrument gesucht.<br />
Daher wurde in der hier vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst eine systematische Literaturrecherche<br />
für einen geeigneten Fragebogen zur Erfassung der körperlichen Aktivität von älteren<br />
Personen zum Einsatz in einer epidemiologischen Studie im Telefoninterview durchgeführt.<br />
Insgesamt wurden fünf Fragebögen für Personen im Alter von 70 Jahren und älter gefunden:<br />
Modified Baecke Questionnaire for Older Adults [7], Zutphen Physical Activity<br />
Questionnaire [8-9], Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly [10], Yale Physical Activity<br />
Survey [11] und CHAMPS Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Adults [12]. Diese<br />
wurden vergleichend dargestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Eignung für den Einsatz in<br />
epidemiologischen Studien begutachtet. Keiner der beschriebenen Fragebögen erschien<br />
jedoch hinreichend geeignet, um die körperliche Aktivität älterer Personen zu erfassen. Somit<br />
stellte sich heraus, dass es zum Zeitpunkt der Analyse keinen Fragebogen gab, der sich zur<br />
Erfassung des Aktivitätsverhaltens von älteren Personen eignete. Daher wurde ein neuer<br />
Fragebogen speziell für diese Altersklasse entwickelt und seine Testgüte bestimmt. Eine sehr
umfangreiche Vorversion des Fragebogens wurde zunächst in einer Voruntersuchung an<br />
Teilnehmern der Studie getABI eingesetzt. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse dieser Voruntersuchung<br />
wurde der finale, deutlich gekürzte Fragebogen PRISCUS-PAQ entwickelt. Die Güte des<br />
neuen Fragebogens hinsichtlich Retest-Reliabilität und kriterienbezogener Validität wurde<br />
abschließend in der Hauptstudie der vorliegenden Arbeit ermittelt und bewertet.<br />
Die Voruntersuchung wurde an 136 Teilnehmern der Studie getABI durchgeführt. Die<br />
Auswertung der deskriptiven Statistik und einer Hauptkomponentenanalyse sowie qualitative<br />
Aspekte der langen Fragebogen-Vorversion führten zu der Auswahl von zehn Hauptfragen zu<br />
sitzenden Tätigkeiten, zum Tagschlaf, zum Putzen, zur Hausarbeit, zum Fahrrad fahren, zur<br />
Gymnastik, zu Sport in Gruppen, zu sonstigem Sport, zu Wegen zu Fuß und zur Gartenarbeit<br />
für den finalen Aktivitäts-Fragebogen PRISCUS-PAQ. Dieser sollte eine valide Darstellung<br />
des Aktivitätsverhaltens und die Ermittlung des wöchentlichen Energieverbrauchs<br />
ermöglichen. Die Testgütekriterien des PRISCUS-PAQ wurden an 137 Teilnehmern ermittelt.<br />
Die Retest-Reliabilität lag für den PRISCUS-PAQ-Gesamtscore bei ICC = 0,59 (95% KI:<br />
0,43-0,71) und die kriterienbezogene Validität, ermittelt durch Akzelerometrie, bei r = 0,28<br />
(95% KI: 0,10-0,44). Aufgrund allgemein bestehender Schwierigkeiten bei der Erfassung der<br />
körperlichen Aktivität sowohl mittels Fragebögen als auch mittels Akzelerometrie können<br />
diese Ergebnisse als insgesamt akzeptabel bezeichnet werden. Dies gilt insbesondere im<br />
Vergleich zu internationalen Fragebögen für diese Altersgruppe.<br />
Zusammenfassend wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit mit dem PRISCUS-PAQ ein ausreichend<br />
valider Fragebogen zum Einsatz im Telefoninterview für große epidemiologische Studien, der<br />
die Häufigkeit und Dauer der körperlichen Aktivitäten der vergangenen Woche von Personen<br />
im Alter von 70 Jahren und älter erfasst und die Darstellung des wöchentlichen<br />
Energieverbrauchs ermöglicht, entwickelt und evaluiert.<br />
References<br />
[1] Statistische Ämter des Bundes und der Länder. Demografischer Wandel in Deutschland,<br />
Heft 1: Bevölkerungs- und Haushaltsentwicklung im Bund und in den Ländern. Wiesbaden:<br />
Statistisches Bundesamt; 2007<br />
[2] Fries JF. Physical activity, the compression of morbidity, and the health of the elderly. J R<br />
Soc Med 1996; 89: 64-68<br />
[3] Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Singh MAF, et al. Exercise and Physical Activity for<br />
Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 1510-1530<br />
[4] Manini TM, Everhart JE, Patel KV, et al. Daily activity energy expenditure and mortality<br />
among older adults. JAMA 2006; 296: 171-179<br />
[5] Taylor AH, Cable NT, Faulkner G, et al. Physical activity and older adults: a review of<br />
health benefits and the effectiveness of interventions. J Sports Sci 2004; 22: 703-725<br />
[6] Diehm C, Schuster A, Spengel FA, et al. Get ABI: German epidemiological trial on ankle<br />
brachial index for elderly patients in family practice to dedect peripheral arterial disease,<br />
significant marker for high mortality. Journal of Vascular Diseases 2002; 31: 241-248<br />
[7] Voorrips LE, Ravelli ACJ, Dongelmans PCA, Deurenberg P, Vanstaveren WA. A<br />
Physical-Activity Questionnaire for the Elderly. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1991; 23: 974-979<br />
[8] Westerterp KR, Saris WHM, Bloemberg BPM, et al. Validation of the Zutphen Physical<br />
Activity Questionaire for the elderly with doubly labeled water. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1992;<br />
24: 68
[9] Caspersen CJ, Bloemberg BPM, Saris WHM, Merritt RK, Kromhout D. The Prevalence of<br />
Selected Physical Activities and their Relation with Coronary Heart-Disease Risk-Factors in<br />
Elderly Men - the Zutphen Study, 1985. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 1078-1092<br />
[10] Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The Physical-Activity Scale for the<br />
Elderly (PASE) - Development and Evaluation. J Clin Epidemiol 1993; 46: 153-162<br />
[11] DiPietro L, Caspersen CJ, Ostfeld AM, Nadel ER. A survey for assessing physical<br />
activity among older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993; 25: 628-642<br />
[12] Stewart AL, Mills KM, King AC, et al. CHAMPS physical activity questionnaire for<br />
older adults: outcomes for interventions. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 1126-1141
DIE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT DEM<br />
APARTHEIDREGIME IM WESTDEUTSCHEN<br />
PROTESTANTISMUS, 1959-1994<br />
Sebastian Tripp<br />
DFG-Forschergruppe 621:Transformation der Religion in der Moderne; Ruhr-Universität<br />
Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: sebastian.tripp@rub.de@rub.de<br />
As early as in the 1950s the moral challenge of apartheid led to the formation of antiapartheid<br />
movements in the Western world. From the very beginning, Christian groups and<br />
initiatives played an important role in this transnational movement. Although the antiapartheid<br />
movement included many non-religious groups most of the leading members were<br />
church people.<br />
In Germany, however, anti-apartheid activism started only in the 1970s in the wake of<br />
students’ protests and the continuous discourse on ‘Vergangenheitsbewältigung’. Although<br />
Christian, and especially Protestant, groups played a leading role in the anti-apartheid<br />
movement in Germany, too, this participation was highly contested. Despite an almost<br />
unanimous agreement on the moral flaws of the apartheid regime, the question in how far<br />
Christian groups and the churches themselves should take part in public protest against<br />
apartheid was one of the major issues discussed in West German Protestantism.<br />
In my thesis I analyse these debates consulting various published and unpublished sources. In<br />
order to reconstruct the fullest possible picture I will look at protestant newspapers (e.g.<br />
Deutsches Allgemeines Sonntagsblatt, Lutherische Monatshefte, Evangelische Kommentare,<br />
Junge Kirche) as well as at records and minutes of Church Boards of several regional<br />
Churches (‘Landeskirchen’). Furthermore, documents of associations arguing either for (e.g.<br />
Evangelische Frauenarbeit in Deutschland) or against (e.g. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Christen für<br />
Partnerschaft statt Gewalt) direct political action of Church organisations, such as call for<br />
boycotts.<br />
I argue that the significance of this discourse arises from the fact that most of the current<br />
theological, political and societal debates, e.g., gender roles, post-colonial responsibilities,<br />
anti-communism vs. critique of capitalism, intermingled and were discussed using the subject<br />
of ‘apartheid’ as a foil. In times when Christianity underwent a “marking rupture as profound<br />
as the Reformation” (Hugh McLeod), the discourse on ‘apartheid’ was used to dispute the<br />
future role of the churches and religion in a transforming society.<br />
One of the major questions discussed was that of political responsibility of the churches. How<br />
must the relation between churches and political authorities be shaped? Should or even must<br />
churches interfere in political questions? Under which circumstances should this be the case?<br />
Where should the line be drawn between politics and religion? In these debates not only<br />
present and future developments of the Protestant Churches in Germany were disputed. They<br />
also represented an act of ‘Vergangenheitsbewältigung’ for the churches as the responsibility<br />
of the Protestant Church in the Third Reich and the heritage of the ‘Kirchenkampf’ and the<br />
‘Bekennende Kirche’ were constantly referred to in this discourse.
DIFFERENZERFAHRUNGEN UND<br />
UMGANGSSTRATEGIEN BEI DEUTSCHEN<br />
JUGENDLICHEN UND JUGENDLICHEN MIT<br />
MIGRATIONSHINTERGRUND<br />
Astrid Utler<br />
Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, Sektion Sozialtheorie und Sozialanthropologie, Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Deutschland<br />
e-mail: astrid.utler@rub.de<br />
Die aktuelle Debatte um die Integration von Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund in<br />
Deutschland fokussiert fast ausschließlich auf gescheiterte Integrationsverläufe und postuliert<br />
zudem eine generelle und fast unüberwindbare kulturelle Distanz. Die Thesen stützen sich auf<br />
Extrembeispiele misslungener Integration und vernachlässigen dabei nicht zuletzt die<br />
Wechselseitigkeit des Integrationsprozesses. In meiner Dissertation setze ich an der häufig<br />
unbeachteten Mikroebene an: Ich untersuche das Zusammenleben von deutschen<br />
Jugendlichen und Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund und versuche herauszufinden, ob<br />
kulturelle Differenzen eine Rolle in den täglichen Interaktionen spielen und wenn ja, wie<br />
Jugendliche mit derartigen Erfahrungen umgehen.<br />
Als theoretische Grundlage dient das Konzept der Differenzerfahrungen [1 u. 2]; diese bilden<br />
ein nicht untypisches Phänomen milieuüberschreitender Interaktionen, d.h.<br />
Differenzerfahrungen können sich zwischen den Angehörigen von Generationen,<br />
Geschlechtern oder Kulturen, usw. ereignen. Differenzerlebnisse stellen für alle Beteiligten<br />
eine Herausforderung dar, in ihrer erfolgreichen Bewältigung liegt jedoch eine Chance für die<br />
Überwindung eben dieser Differenzen – daher kommt den Differenzerfahrungen auch im<br />
Migrationskontext eine wichtige Bedeutung zu. Bohnsack [1] und Nohl [2] unterscheiden<br />
zwei Arten der Fremdheits- bzw. Differenzerfahrung: die erste bildet die (Fremd-)<br />
Konstruktion sozialer Identität, bei der es sich insbesondere um Erlebnisse der Ethnisierung<br />
durch Dritte handelt. Die zweite bezieht sich auf eine habitualisierte Alltagspraxis, also auf<br />
Erfahrungen, die implizit im Rahmen alltagspraktischen Handelns gesammelt werden. Neben<br />
den explizit geäußerten Differenzen sind für mich v.a. auch diese impliziten Erfahrungen<br />
kultureller Differenz von Interesse, welche die Jugendlichen möglicherweise zwar erleben,<br />
aber unter Umständen gar nicht als solche deuten. Um der Wechselseitigkeit des<br />
Integrationsprozesses Rechnung zu tragen, gehe ich zudem nicht ausschließlich auf die<br />
Perspektive der Jugendlichen mit Migrationshintergrund ein, sondern beziehe auch die<br />
deutsche Seite mit ein.<br />
Folgende Forschungsfragen leiten dabei mein Vorgehen: Wie konstituiert sich die Beziehung<br />
in Milieus, an denen Jugendliche mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund teilhaben? Welche<br />
Differenzerfahrungen machen Jugendliche mit Migrationshintergrund und deutsche<br />
Jugendliche in der Interaktion miteinander? Wie werden diese Erfahrungen attribiuert und wie<br />
wird damit kollektiv und individuell umgegangen?<br />
Als methodologischen Ansatz wähle ich eine rekonstruktive Herangehensweise, da diese mir<br />
gewährleistet, Antworten über das wie des Zusammenlebens zu erhalten. Methodisch basiert
mein Herangehensweise auf einer Triangulation aus Gruppendiskussionen und narrativen<br />
Einzelinterviews. Gruppendiskussionen haben angesichts meiner Fragestellung folgenden<br />
Vorteil: Die Jugendlichen haben die Möglichkeit aufeinander Bezug zu nehmen, sie steigern<br />
sich gegenseitig in der Bearbeitung des Themas, so dass die Jugendlichen in der Interaktion<br />
auch ihren sozialen Kontext herstellen [3], der für meine Arbeit von besonderem Interesse ist.<br />
Im Fokus meiner Untersuchung stehen dabei Gruppen Jugendlicher im Alter von 13-15<br />
Jahren und 16-18 Jahren und zwar sowohl aus dem schulischen, als auch aus dem<br />
Freizeitbereich.<br />
Meine Arbeit soll Aufschlüsse über kollektive und individuelle Umgangsstrategien mit<br />
Differenzerfahrungen in Familie und Peer-Gruppen leisten und damit einen wichtigen Beitrag<br />
zur Verbesserung der Beziehungen zwischen Mehrheitsgesellschaft und Migranten leisten.<br />
Darüber hinaus soll meine Dissertation wichtige Impulse für die psychologische<br />
Theorienbildung in diesem Forschungsfeld liefern, das bislang vor allem auf quantitativer<br />
Forschung basiert.<br />
Bibliografie:<br />
[1] Bohnsack, Ralf (2003). Differenzerfahrungen der Identität und des Habitus. Eine<br />
empirische Untersuchung auf der Basis der dokumentarischen Methode. In Burkhard, Liebsch<br />
& Jürgen, Straub (Hrsg.). Lebensformen im Widerstreit. Integrations- und Identitätskonflikte<br />
in pluralen Gesellschaften (S.136-160). Frankfurt: Campus<br />
[2] Nohl, Arnd-Michael (2001). Migration und Differenzerfahrung. Junge Einheimische und<br />
Migranten im rekonstruktiven Milieuvergleich. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.<br />
[3] Bohnsack, Ralf (2008). Rekonstruktive Sozialforschung. Einführung in qualitative<br />
Methoden. (7.Auflage). Opladen: Barbara Budrich.
HSS_13<br />
VISUAL POETRY: HYBRID LITERARY FORMS FOR<br />
THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM<br />
Victoria del Valle Luque<br />
Romanisches Seminar, Didaktik der romanischen Sprachen und Literaturen; Ruhr-<br />
Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: victoria.delvalle@rub.de<br />
Poesía Visual is a contemporary form of experimental poetry throughout the Spanishspeaking<br />
world. Its position remains somewhere between fine art and literature, or according<br />
to Bohn: ‘‘We can define visual poetry as poetry meant to be seen. Combining painting and<br />
poetry, it is neither a compromise nor an evasion but a synthesis of the principles underlying<br />
each medium.” 1 The intermediality and hybridity characteristics of this genre are based on the<br />
relation between text and image. Nonetheless, the concept ‘visual poetry’ originated within<br />
the theory of literature – developed by the Concrete Poetry literary movement of the 1950s<br />
and 1960s. The term was coined and systematized by scientific discourse in the 1970s and is<br />
the starting point of this research which strives to analyze contemporary Spanish visual poetry<br />
– a vivid and culturally exciting phenomenon in Spain. This technical analysis will generate<br />
discussion about the didactic potential of visual poetry in the foreign language classroom. It is<br />
obvious that a maximum reduction of language material – a very typical attribute of visual<br />
poetry, implies a reduction of the reception process thus allowing more time for language<br />
production, which is of the utmost importance in the foreign language classroom.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Adler, Jeremy; Ernst, Ulrich: Text als Figur. Visuelle Poesie von der Antike bis zur<br />
Moderne, 3. Aufl. Aufl., Weinheim 1990.<br />
[2] Bohn, Willard: “Theory and Practice of Visual Poetry.” Neohelicon, 17/2 (1990), S. 229-<br />
237.<br />
[3] Cózar, Rafael de: Poesía e imagen. Formas difíciles de ingenio literario. Univ., Diss.--<br />
Sevilla, 1984., Sevilla 1991.<br />
[4] Fernández Serrato, Juan Carlos: ¿Cómo se lee un poema visual? Retórica y poética del<br />
experimentalismo español (1975 - 1980), Sevilla 2003.<br />
[5] Higgins, Dick: Pattern Poetry, New York 1987.<br />
[6] Lanza Rivera, Juan José: “La poesía experimental en España: historia y reflexión teórica.“<br />
Iberoamericana, Vol. 16 (1992), S. 52–70.<br />
1 Bohn, Willard: “Theory and Practice of Visual Poetry.” Neohelicon, 17/2 (1990), S. 229-237.
TWO PHILOSOPHICAL THEORIES OF THE MORAL<br />
SIGNIFICANCE OF STATE BORDERS<br />
Thomas Weitner<br />
Fakultät für Philologie; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: thomas.weitner@rub.de<br />
Most people, especially politicians, attach great moral weight to state boundaries. Concerning<br />
issues of economic, foreign or immigration policy, it is taken for granted that the interests of<br />
our compatriots take priority in comparison to the interests of foreigners. Following this<br />
maxim, foreigners are excluded from the territory of a state, the scope of social security<br />
systems like health care and unemployment insurance is limited to fellow countrymen and the<br />
right to vote is denied to non-citizens, to name only a few examples.<br />
Philosophers usually invoke two conflicting theories in order to justify the moral significance<br />
of state borders and the priority for compatriots, respectively. The theory of instrumental<br />
value says, that state borders carry moral weight only in a derivative sense. According to this<br />
approach, the state-system, ideally conceived, is a better means to protect the basic human<br />
rights of every person globally than any other political system (e.g. a world state). All special<br />
duties to compatriots can therefore be reduced to general moral duties, which we owe in<br />
principle to anyone in the world. On the other hand the theory of intrinsic value argues, that<br />
the relationship between the members of a state is of moral importance. Since we do not share<br />
this relationship with foreigners, there are special duties to fellow citizens, which are not<br />
reducible to general duties.<br />
I try to resolve the dispute between the two views by demonstrating, that neither of them is<br />
sufficient to give us a plausible justification of the moral significance of state borders by<br />
itself. While the theory of instrumental value is well-suited in the field of human rights, the<br />
theory of intrinsic value is more useful when it comes to the field of justice. Therefore, both<br />
of them have to be combined, in order to yield a robust philosophical theory, which can<br />
justify at least some degree of national partiality.
TEMPORALLY GRADED MEMORY<br />
RECONSOLIDATION IN HUMANS<br />
Sonja Wichert 1,2 , Oliver T. Wolf 1,2 , Lars Schwabe 1<br />
1<br />
Department of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,<br />
44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
2<br />
International Graduate <strong>School</strong> of Neuroscience, Ruhr-Universität Bochum,44780<br />
Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: sonja.wichert@rub.de<br />
Background:<br />
The phenomenon of memory reconsolidation has made researchers question the traditional<br />
view that consolidated memories are safely stored in the brain, being resistant to disruptions.<br />
According to the concept of memory reconsolidation, the retrieval of a consolidated,<br />
apparently stable memory can return it to a labile state, necessitating another period of<br />
stabilization, named reconsolidation [1-3]. Memory reconsolidation suggests that<br />
modifications during or shortly after retrieval may provide a means of changing unwanted<br />
emotional or traumatic memories.<br />
Indeed, recent studies indicate that psychological and pharmacological manipulations<br />
shortly after the reactivation of a conditioned fear memory reduce the fear significantly and<br />
lastingly in healthy participants [4, 5]. These promising findings raise the question whether<br />
there is a critical time window for such manipulations: Are younger and older memories<br />
likewise sensitive to modifications during reconsolidation?<br />
Evidence from rodent studies shows that older memories are less susceptible to postreactivation<br />
manipulations than younger ones and that the vulnerability of memories<br />
decreases as the time interval between initial learning and memory retrieval increases [6, 7].<br />
However, these findings remain controversial, as other animal studies did not find an effect of<br />
memory age [8, 9]. Evidence for a temporal gradient in human memory reconsolidation is<br />
missing.<br />
Methods:<br />
To assess whether recent and older memories are likewise susceptible to alterations after<br />
reactivation, healthy participants learned a set of pictures and reactivated it 1, 7, or 28 days<br />
later. Immediately after retrieval of the previously learned pictures, participants learned a<br />
second set of pictures, a manipulation that altered memory performance in earlier studies [10,<br />
11]. Twenty-four hours later, participants completed a free recall test for the pictures they had<br />
initially learned. Memory performance was expressed as (i) the number of remembered<br />
pictures and (ii) the number of remembered details.<br />
Results:<br />
New learning after memory reactivation reduced memory performance when there was a 1day-interval<br />
between initial learning and reactivation. After an interval of 7 days, the effect of
new learning after reactivation was less pronounced than after a 1-day-interval but still<br />
present for the number of pictures that were recalled. The impairing effect of new learning<br />
after memory reactivation disappeared when the interval between initial learning and<br />
reactivation was 28 days.<br />
Conclusion:<br />
Our findings indicate that older memories are less susceptible to reconsolidation effects than<br />
recent memories. The present pattern of results is consistent with findings from animal studies<br />
showing that as the time interval after initial learning increases, memories become<br />
increasingly resistant to post-reactivation interfering disruptions [6, 7, 12]. These findings<br />
represent the first evidence of a temporal gradient in memory reconsolidation of humans.<br />
Why are older memories less susceptible to the disruptive effects of new learning after<br />
their reactivation than younger memories? Initial information encoding and storage depends<br />
on the hippocampus. With the passage of time, these memories become consolidated in<br />
neocortical structures and completely [3, 13] or partially [14] independent of the<br />
hippocampus. Reactivation of recent, not completely consolidated memories may result in<br />
reengagement of those neural circuits that are involved in encoding and short-term storage,<br />
with the effect that “the initial memory is partially overwritten in the interest of storing more<br />
recently acquired information” [15]. Older memories, however, are stored in neocortical brain<br />
areas that are different from the encoding circuits and are therefore less readily modifiable.<br />
In this study we showed that the temporal dynamics of memory reconsolidation in<br />
humans are dependent on the age of the memories, such that older memories are less sensitive<br />
to modifications after their retrieval (i.e. during reconsolidation) than recent memories. These<br />
findings may have important implications for the potential use of reconsolidation<br />
manipulations as a treatment for anxiety disorders, such as PTSD [5, 16]. They suggest that<br />
the possibility for therapeutic interventions after the reactivation of a memory of a traumatic<br />
event may be most promising within a short time window after this event has happened.<br />
References:<br />
[1] Sara, S.J., Retrieval and reconsolidation: Toward a neurobiology of remembering.<br />
Learning & Memory, 2000. 7: p. 73-84.<br />
[2] Nader, K., Memory traces unbound. Trends in Neuroscience, 2003. 26(2): p. 65-72.<br />
[3] Dudai, Y., The neurobiology of consolidation, or, how stable is the engram? Annual<br />
Review of Psychology, 2004. 55: p. 51-86.<br />
[4] Kindt, M., M. Soeter, and B. Vervliet, Beyond extinction: Erasing human fear responses<br />
and preventing the return of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 2009. 12(3): p. 256-258.<br />
[5] Schiller, D., et al., Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update<br />
mechanisms. Nature, 2009. 463: p. 49-53.<br />
[6] Milekic, M.H. and C.M. Alberini, Temporally graded requirement for protein synthesis<br />
following memory reactivation. Neuron, 2002. 36: p. 521-525.<br />
[7] Suzuki, A., et al., Memory reconsolidation and extinction have distinct temporal and<br />
biochemical signatures. The Journal of Neuroscience, 2004. 24: p. 4787-4795.<br />
[8] Debiec, J., J.E. LeDoux, and K. Nader, Cellular and systems reconsolidation in the<br />
hippocampus. Neuron, 2002. 36: p. 527-538.<br />
[9] Lee, J.L.C., et al., Disrupting reconsolidation of drug memories reduces cocaine-seeking<br />
behavior. Neuron, 2005. 47: p. 795-801.
[10] Hupbach, A., et al., Reconsolidation of episodic memories: A subtle reminder triggers<br />
integration of new information. Learning & Memory, 2007. 14: p. 47-53.<br />
[11] Schwabe, L. and O.T. Wolf, New episodic learning interferes with the reconsolidation of<br />
autobiographical memories. PLoS ONE, 2009. 4(10): p. e7519.<br />
[12] Eisenberg, M. and Y. Dudai, Reconsolidation of fresh, remote, and extinguished fear<br />
memory in madeka: old fears don't die. European Journal of Neuroscience, 2004. 20: p.<br />
3397-3403.<br />
[13] Squire, L.R., Memory and the hippocampus: A synthesis from findings with rats,<br />
monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 1992. 99(2): p. 195-231.<br />
[14] Nadel, L. and M. Moscovitch, Memory consolidation, retrograde amnesia and the<br />
hippocampal complex. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 1997. 7: p. 217-227.<br />
[15] Myers, K.M. and M. Davis, Systems-level reconsolidation: Reengagement of the<br />
hippocampus with memory reactivation. Neuron, 2002. 36(3): p. 340-343.<br />
[16] Brunet, A., et al., Effect of post-retrieval propranolol on psychophysiologic responding<br />
during subsequent script-driven traumatic imagery in post-traumatic stress disorder.<br />
Journal of Psychiatric <strong>Research</strong>, 2008. 42: p. 503-506.
HSS_14<br />
THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF HIV/AIDS ON<br />
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOME IN<br />
ETHIOPIA: THE CASE OF EASTERN SHOWA ZONE,<br />
ETHIOPIA<br />
Beneberu Assefa Wondimagegnhu<br />
International Development Studies, IEE; Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany<br />
e-mail: benassefa2006@gmail.com<br />
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency<br />
Virus (HIV) is not only an epidemiological problem but also one of the developmental challenges in<br />
developing countries. The epidemic is affecting severely the productive part of the population (15 to<br />
49 age range), that is believed to be ‘the motor of development’.<br />
Ethiopia is one of the Sub-Saharan African countries whose economy is affected by the epidemic.<br />
The country is assigned along with India, China, Nigeria and Russia as the ‘next wave of<br />
HIV/AIDS’ for having a large population at risk of HIV/AIDS that will overtake the current<br />
epidemic prevalence rate in central and southern Africa. The epidemic is also among the challenges<br />
of the agriculture sector of the country where half of the GDP is derived out of it. Although<br />
agriculture is the backbone of the economy, little effort is done in estimating the impact of the<br />
epidemic and many existing studies focus on urban areas. Therefore, this research has its own<br />
contribution in assessing the extent and channels of the impact of HIV/AIDS on agricultural<br />
production. The research measured the extent of the impact of the epidemic on factors of production<br />
such as labor, capital stock and land use, which are the determinants of agricultural production.<br />
The research has been conducted in Ada’a district in Eastern Showa province, in Ethiopia which is<br />
one of the highly agricultural production areas of the country and also one of the vulnerable areas for<br />
HIV/AIDS.<br />
Two stages of ordinary least square (OLS) estimation were done. The first stage was to estimate<br />
the impact of HIV/AIDS on production factors whereas the second stage estimation was done to<br />
estimate the impact of HIV/AIDS on output (income) of farmers via the impacts on factors of<br />
production.<br />
The findings of the analysis indicated that HIV/AIDS has been affecting the production and<br />
income of farmers via its effect on factors of production, i.e. by reducing labor-hours, depleting<br />
the capital stock of farmers and by its impact on the use of land. According to the finding, on<br />
average, the affliction of an individual by HIV/AIDS has reduced labor-hours by 0.37%. Similarly,
the affliction of an individual with HIV/AIDS has caused a reduction of capital stock by 0.53%.<br />
The prolonged morbidity nature of the epidemic has caused for requirement of much financial<br />
capital (savings). Draft animals were sold to cover medication and burial costs. The rate of<br />
investment among HIV/AIDS afflicted households on agriculture compared to non-afflicted<br />
households has been decreasing significantly. Moreover, the result has indicated that affliction of<br />
an individual in HIV/AIDS has caused a reduction in the amount of land cultivated by 0.16%.<br />
HIV/AIDS was found to decrease the area of farm under cultivation indirectly via affecting the<br />
labor-hours and capital stock of farmers. Labor intensive cereal crops such as Teff have a higher<br />
price and bring higher income for the farmers. However, HIV/AIDS afflicted households produce<br />
Teff in poor management resulting poor yields and low income. The overall income estimation<br />
shows that 79.9 % of change in income level is explained by the change in labor, capital stock and<br />
land use. According to the calculations made, on average HIV/AIDS affliction has reduced income<br />
of farmers by 11.98%<br />
This research has been further extended and the implications of the epidemic on poverty levels of<br />
households are being investigated to see the overall effects of HIV/AIDS with respect to<br />
alterations in factors of production and what it looks like among the poor groups of the<br />
community.<br />
Key words<br />
HIV/AIDS, impact, agriculture, production, income, land, labor, capital stock, morbidity, Ada’a<br />
district, Eastern Showa province, Ethiopia.
Participants
Natural Sciences and Engineering<br />
Name Abstract Poster Email<br />
Alexander Meurer alexander.meurer@rub.de<br />
Alexandra Becker yes NSE_02 alexandra.becker@bci.tu-dortmund.de<br />
Anas Showk yes NSE_19 anas.showk@is.rub.de<br />
Anastasia Shchegolikhina yes NSE_18 anastasia.shchegolikhina@rub.de<br />
Bernhard Roth yes NSE_17 bernhard@ep1.rub.de<br />
Brankica Sikimic yes NSE_20 Brankica.sikimic@rub.de<br />
Carlo Vinci yes NSE_25 vinci@lkm.rub.de<br />
Dirk Ribbrock yes NSE_16 dribbrock@gmail.com<br />
Felix Mackel yes NSE_10 felix.mackel@ep5.rub.de<br />
Helma Kleinhorst yes NSE_07 helma.kleinhorst@rub.de<br />
Henrik Bahre yes NSE_01 hendrik.bahre@rub.de<br />
Ihor Petrov ihor.petrov@yahoo.de<br />
Jan Schulze jan.schulze@rub.de<br />
Jennifer Hold yes NSE_05 jennifer.hold@web.de<br />
Jens Oberrath yes NSE_13 oberrath@tet.rub.de<br />
Julia Lorke julia.lorke@rub.de<br />
Katharina Stapelmann yes NSE_23 stapelmann@aept.ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Kathrin Faak yes NSE_04 kathrin.faak@rub.de<br />
Ke Xu yes NSE_26 cocoxuke@hotmail.de<br />
Lanying Jin yes NSE_06 lanying.jin@rub.de<br />
Mahmoud Ashour Sliem yes NSE_21 mahmoud.ashour@rub.de<br />
Marina Prenzel yes NSE_14 marina.prenzel@rub.de<br />
Meike Mischo yes NSE_11 meike.mischo@rub.de<br />
Mengmeng Zhou mengmeng.zhou@rub.de<br />
Michael Leyhe michaell@ep1.rub.de<br />
Olesia Vreshch olesia.vreshch@rub.de<br />
Patrick Kurzeja yes NSE_08 patrick.kurzeja@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Patrick-B. Bök yes NSE_03 patrick.boek@iis.rub.de<br />
Philipp Junker philipp.junker@rub.de<br />
Rüdiger Reuter yes NSE_15 ruediger.reuter@rub.de<br />
Sarah Müller yes NSE_12 sarah.mueller@ep5.rub.de<br />
Stefan Lier yes NSE_09 stefan.lier@fluidvt.rub.de<br />
Stefan Spitz yes NSE_22 stefan.spitz@rub.de<br />
Teodor Toader yes NSE_24 teodor.toader@rub.de<br />
Tobias Simon tobias.simon@rub.de<br />
Usama Al-Anbaki usama.al-anbaki@rub.de<br />
Vinay Sharma vinay.sharma@rub.de
Life Sciences<br />
Name Abstract Poster Email<br />
Ashti Baghaei Kaveh kavehbaghai@gmail.com<br />
Anna Christina Sondersorg yes LS_14 Anna-Christina.Sondersorg@ruhr-unibochum.de<br />
Annika Cimdins yes LS_3 annika.cimdins@rub.de<br />
Arndt Manzel yes LS_9 arndt.manzel@t-online.de<br />
Arne Buschler yes LS_1 a.buschler@gmx.de<br />
Bastian Molitor bastian.molitor@rub.de<br />
Christiane Reick yes LS_12 Christiane.Reick@gmx.de<br />
Daniela Busse yes LS_2 daniela.busse@rub.de<br />
Delia Saffian aska-sheda@gmx.de<br />
Eva Margarethe Wrobel yes LS_19 Eva.Wrobel@rub.de<br />
Honghong Yang yes LS_20 yanghonghong@gmail.com<br />
Jan Terhag yes LS_16 jan.terhag@rub.de<br />
Jana Kenney yes LS_4 jkenney@biomed.cas.cz<br />
Janina Wolf Janina.Wolf@rub.de<br />
Katja Steinke yes LS_15 katja.steinke@rub.de<br />
Lars Roll yes LS_13 Lars.Roll@rub.de<br />
Laven Mavarani mavarani@bph.rub.de<br />
Maren Geissler maren.geissler@rub.de<br />
Marion Andre marionandre@hotmail.com<br />
Matthias Lübbert yes LS_7 matthiasluebbert@gmx.de<br />
Matthias Tuma yes LS_17 matthias.tuma@rub.de<br />
Michael Storcksdieck Michael.storcksdieckgenanntbonsmann@rub.de<br />
Nils Kasties nils.kasties@gmx.de<br />
Stefan Kobza yes LS_5 Stefan.Kobza@rub.de<br />
Stefanie Krajewski yes LS_6 stefanie.krajewski@rub.de<br />
Steffen Pahl yes LS_11 steffen.pahl@rub.de<br />
Svenja Pacherneggg yes LS_10 Svenja.Pachernegg@rub.de<br />
Valentina Wieschollek yes LS_18 valentina.kopp@rub.de<br />
Veronika Luft yes LS_8 Veronika.Luft@rub.de<br />
Humanities and Social Sciences<br />
Name Abstract Poster Email<br />
Akhmad Solikin a_solikin@yahoo.com<br />
Alena Schulz-Fiodarava yes alena.schulz-fiodarava@email.de<br />
Anna Moschny yes anna.moschny@rub.de<br />
Anna Neumaier yes anna.neumaier@rub.de<br />
Astrid Utler yes astrid.utler@web.de<br />
Bastian Sendhardt yes<br />
Beneberu Wondimagegnhu yes HSS_14 beneberu.wondimagegnhu@rub.de<br />
Bernd Leiendecker yes<br />
Bianca Häberlein yes HSS_05 bianca.haeberlein@rub.de
Charlton Tsodzo charlton.tsodzo@rub.de<br />
Christine Piepiorka yes<br />
Claudio Bucchi yes HSS_03 claudio.bucchi@rub.de<br />
Corinna Koch yes/Talk HSS_07 corinna.koch-3@rub.de<br />
Daniel Kallweit yes/ Talk daniel.kallweit@rub.de<br />
Daniela Olek yes/Talk bibzi-medien@rub.de<br />
David Freis david.freis@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Dennis Mischke yes Dennis.Mischke@rub.de<br />
Elias Fanta yes eliasgsf@yahoo.com<br />
Elkhan Sadikhzadeh yes elkhan82@hotmail.com<br />
Farah Asna Ashari yes HSS_01 farahesnaashari@yahoo.com<br />
Florian Bock yes florian.bock@rub.de<br />
Frederik Elwert yes frederik.elwert@rub.de<br />
Jacob Lange yes<br />
Jan Clauß jan.clauss@rub.de<br />
Jan-Frederik Kremer yes jan-frederik.kremer@rub.de<br />
Jens Königer yes Jens.Koeniger@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Johanna Maria Gelberg yes johanna.gelberg@rub.de<br />
Johannes Lange yes Johannes.Lange@rub.de<br />
Judith Kittler Judith.Kittler@rub.de<br />
Judith Schäfer yes/Talk juschaefer@ymail.com<br />
Julia Eckel yes HSS_04 julia.eckel@online.de<br />
Julia Fisahn yes julia.fisahn@rub.de<br />
Karin Bastian yes HSS_02 Karin.bastian@rub.de<br />
Katarzyna Meyer-Hubbert yes/Talk katarzyna.meyer-hubbert@rub.de<br />
Kathrin Schröter yes HSS_10 kathrin.schroeter.jena@gmx.de<br />
Lars Banhold lars.banhold@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Madlen Krüger yes madlen.krueger@rub.de<br />
Maria Verena Siebert yes/ Talk HSS_11 maria.siebert@rub.de<br />
Martina Lembani yes HSS_08 martina_lembani@yahoo.co.uk<br />
Nelly Joppich yes nelly.joppich@rub.de<br />
Olena Petrenko yes olena.petrenko@yahoo.de<br />
Rabea Bockwyt rabea.bockwyt@rub.de<br />
Ruth Hoekstra yes ruth.hoekstra@ruhr-uni-bochum.de<br />
Sebastian Tripp yes sebastian.tripp@rub.de<br />
Shafaq Hussain yes HSS_06 shafaq74@yahoo.com<br />
Simone Heinemann yes Simone.Heinemann@rub.de<br />
Sina Katharina Borutta SI-KA.BORUTTA@WEB.DE<br />
Solveig Ottmann yes HSS_09 solveigottmann@online.de<br />
Sonja Wichert yes sonja.wichert@rub.de<br />
Sophie Einwächter yes/Talk sophie.einwaechter@rub.de<br />
Thomas Weitner yes/Talk Thomas.Weitner@rub.de<br />
Tim Peters Tim.Peters@rub.de
Tobias Starzak tobias.starzak@rub.de<br />
Ulrike Trampisch yes ulrike.trampisch@rub.de<br />
Veronique Sina yes HSS_12 veronique.sina@rub.de<br />
Victoria del Valle yes HSS_13 victoria.delvalle@rub.de<br />
Vivian Strotmann yes/ Talk Vivian.Strotmann@rub.de