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Two other key figures, represented in Australian collections byfour short films are Emanuele Luzzati and Giulio Gianini. Luzzati,an art director and artist from Genoa, together with animatorGiulio Gianini, authored a series of brilliant colour animationsabout traditional characters and tales in Italian popular cultureand music. They won the prize for best short at the 1965Melbourne Film Festival with La gazza ladra (The ThievingMagpie) (Luzzati and Gianini, 1964) which was later nominatedfor an Oscar. Their other 16mm shorts in Australian film librariesare L’Italiana in Algeri (Luzzati and Gianini, 1968) only availableat the State Library of NSW in Sydney; Ali Baba (Luzzati andGianini, 1970) available in Sydney, Melbourne and Perth; andPulcinella (Luzzati and Gianini, 1973), which received an Oscarnomination and is available both in the ACMI film library andthe State Library of NSW. Luzzati and Gianini’s work is strikingfor its audio-visual qualities. The brighter-than-life colours andthe music-driven animation produce a sensorial feast thatcomes as quite a contrast with the standard commentarydriven English-speaking documentary available in the libraries.Little more is worth mention amongst the available Italianproduceddocumentaries. There are three documentariesabout Italian cinema investigating De Sica, Neorealism andBernardo Bertolucci while shooting 1900 (1976) and moreentries from the art world: Chiostri e cortili (1941) a blanddocument on Roman classic architecture in Italian withoutsubtitles; La volta della Sistina (produced by Lux Films in 1947) awordless visual study of Michelangelo’s work by Pietro Francisciwho later directed many of the “sword and sandal” films. Otherfour Lux Films productions in the SFC library are MonetaRomana (Pellegrini 1949), in Italian without subtitles;L’esperienza del cubismo (Pellegrini 1949) with script byscreenwriter Rodolfo Sonego; Una lezione di anatomia(Pellegrini 1950) again with text by Sonego and Una lezione diGeometria (Sabel and Sinisgalli 1958). Founded in Turin in 1934,Lux Films was at the time one of the largest Italian productioncompanies investing in quality Italian cinema anddocumentary. 23 Both documentarists, Glauco Pellegrini andRodolfo Sonego, later worked together on the Lux featureOmbre sul Canal Grande (1951).The situation regarding Italian feature length films in the statecollections is more difficult to ascertain. There are no signs of anItalian feature film in the libraries before the arrival of a 16mmcopy of Bicycle Thieves (De Sica, 1948) in 1970. The sevenfeatures currently available in 16mm represent too small andtoo scattered a sample to identify a meaningful trend. 24 Worthnoting is the late presence of three Rossellini films: Roma, città23 Alberto Farassino and Tatti Sanguineti, “Lux Film: esthétique etsystème d'un studio italien” (Locarno : Editions du Festival internationaldu film de Locarno, 1984), p.7124 Ladri di biciclette (De Sica 1948, Italian with English subtitles); Roma,città aperta (Rossellini 1945, Italian with English subtitles, ‘educationaluse only’); Viaggio in Italia (Rossellini 1954, English language); I solitiignoti (Monicelli 1958, English language); Atti degli Apostoli (Rossellini1969, English language); La caduta degli Dei (Visconti 1969, Englishlanguage); Libera amore mio (Bolognini 1973, Italian language).aperta (1945) part of the educational collection; Viaggio in Italia(1954) with original English language soundtrack; and Atti degliApostoli (1968) dubbed into English, a credit to the importanceof Rossellini in introducing a different idea of realism to theAustralian spectator.However, 16mm copies of some Italian feature films wereavailable for borrowing from the Australian National FilmLibrary (NFL) in Canberra. The films at the federal library couldbe booked and borrowed through the local state film librariesoffices. The National Film Library was established at the sametime as the state libraries but had a stronger interest in featurefilms and for a long time performed the function of a NationalCinémathèque, employing the 16mm format. The NFL was partof the National Library of Australia and became the NonTheatrical Loans Collection (NTLC) of the National Film andSound Archive (NFSA) after its creation in 1984. Today theCanberra 16mm collection holds 42 feature films out of 82Italian produced films. They are part of a 16mm collection with9,778 16mm copies (out of a total of 19,840 copies in variousformats). A recent survey in collection digital catalogue aboutthe actual date of acquisition of the Italian feature filmssuggests that most of the 42 feature films were not in thecollection before 1980. Most of the Neorealist and postneorealist16mm titles seem to have been acquired into theNTLC collection only after 1980: I bambini ci guardano (De Sica1942) was added in 1988; I vitelloni (Fellini, 1953) in 1990;Umberto D (De Sica, 1951) and Il grido (Antonioni, 1957)entered the collection in 1991; Sciuscià (De Sica, 1947) in 1994;the 2 copies of Roma, città aperta (Rossellini, 1945) arrived in1998 and in 2000. On the other side the NFSA non-theatricalcollection holds a small number of 16mm copies of Italianproduced silent films which had screened in Australian theatresin the 1910s: L’eruzione dell’Etna (1909), Nerone e la caduta diRoma (1909), Cretinetti, re dei giornalisti, 1910), Odissea (1912),Giulio Cesare (1914). In the collection there are also aninteresting Antologia del cinema italiano 1896-1943 (1970) insix parts, and three documentaries on Art and mathematicswritten by Luciano Emmer’s son Michele with music by EnnioMorricone: La striscia di Moebious (1978) in collaboration withartist Max Bill; I solidi platonici (1979) with mathematician DonalCoxeter, Simmetria e tassellazione (1979) with mathematicianDavid Penrose.This first survey about Italian films into the Australian filmlibraries suggests that this presence was influenced andrestricted by the cultural policies of the government of the day.The adoption of the Grierson documentary model whichregarded the film medium as a predominantly socialinstrument, limited the interpretation of an alternative filmicreality, such as that of Italian Neorealism. An establisheddistribution system and strong commercial market links withAmerica and the United Kingdom also influenced the choicedirection of the libraries. As a result, Italian films were mainlyappreciated for their artistic more than social or scientificquality. They were added to the collection only after havingbeen received by, and presented at, local film festivals. Such38 | IHSJ ITALIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL VOLUME 18 2010
festivals were paramount in broadening the perception ofItalian cinema and partially overcoming the issue of the limitedaccess to the Italian film market. Equally limiting were theboundaries enforced by the subscription to areas of specificitytraditionally associated with Italy, like film about art, music oranimation. This inevitably missed important developments inthe area of Italian social documentary. Nevertheless, in a verylimited fashion, the libraries were successful in identifying twoinnovative genres: Films on Art in the 1950s and AnimatedFilms in the 1960s. These genres with their peculiar visual styleplayed a role in representing to the Australian spectator the‘other’ to themselves. They did not represent just any decentforeign film but rather were carefully selected to validate therational and functional image of the new Australia citizen. In thismono-cultural picture proposed by the film archives there wasno place for the new Italo-Australians, nor for other nonEnglish-speaking new Australians.Consequently the holdings of the State film libraries in theperiod between 1946 and 1980 did not accurately reflect theevents of the Italian migration and Australia’s changing culturalidentity. Only later, with the introduction of VHS and DVDs, willthe library be able to widen the number of Italian feature filmsavailable. Thus, much work is still required to develop a deeperunderstanding of Italian cinema culture in Australia, beginningwith a review of film distribution in Australia which will ideallylead to wider access to Italian film sources.author’s thanksI would like to thank and acknowledge the assistance of thestaff of the Australian Mediathèque both in accessing the ACMIfilm library and the NFSA film library. In particular, I would like tothank Nick Richardson at ACMI and John Brady at NFSA for theirsupport.bibliographyBazin, André. “Painting and Cinema.” In What Is Cinema? edited byHugh Gray, 164-169, Berkeley: University of California Press.Bertrand, Ina and Deane Collins. Government and film in Australia.Sydney; Carlton South: Currency Press, 1981.Bertrand, Ina. Cinema in Australia: a documentary history. Kensington,NSW: NSWU Press, 1989.Bowie, Theodore R. “About Films on Art.” College Art Journal Vol. 14No. 1 (Autumn, 1954): 28-37.Bowie, Theodore R. “The Third Art Festival.” College Art Journal Vol. 17No. 1 (Autumn, 1957): 67-70.Brunetta, Gian Piero. Storia del cinema italiano. Dal neorealismo almiracolo economico 1945-1959. Roma: Editori Riuniti, 1993.Cherchi Usai, Paolo. Silent cinema: an introduction. London, British FilmInstitute, 2000.Crofts, Stephen. “Concepts of National Cinema.” In The Oxford Guide toFilm Studies edited by John W. Hill and Pamela Church Gibson, 385-394. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.Cunningham, Stuart. “The Decades of Survival: Australian Film 1930-1970.” In The Australian Screen by Albert Moran and Tom O’Regan,53-74. Richmond: Penguin, 1989.Durgnat, Raymond. “The Cinema as Art Gallery.” In The BurlingtonMagazine Vol. 109 No. 767 (Feb., 1967): 81-87.Federation of Victorian Film Societies, 25 th Melbourne Film Festival:retrospect: 1952-1976. Melbourne, Federation of Victorian FilmSocieties, 1976.Moran, Albert. “Constructing the nation: institutional documentariessince 1945.” In The Australian Screen by Albert Moran and TomO’Regan. Ringwood: Penguin, 1989.Ragghianti, Carlo Ludovico. “Cinematografo rigororoso.” In Arti dellavisione by Carlo Ludovico Ragghianti, 5-37. Torino: Einaudi, 1975.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16mm sound films. Melbourne: StateFilm Centre, 1952.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16 mm sound films. Melbourne: StateFilm Centre, 1954.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16 mm sound films. Vol 2. Melbourne:State Film Centre, 1962.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16 mm sound films. Subject index tovolume 1, April, 1954. Melbourne: State Film Centre, 1962.State Film Centre. Film with a purpose. Documentary films in Australia.Melbourne: State Film Centre, 1969.State Film Centre. State Film Centre Annual Report, Melbourne: StateFilm Centre, 1978.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16mm sound films. Melbourne: StateFilm Centre, 1979.State Film Centre. Catalogue of 16mm sound films. Melbourne: StateFilm Centre, 1980.State Film Centre. State Film Centre Annual Report 1995-1996,Melbourne: State Film Centre, 1996.Shirley, Graham and Brian Adams. Australian cinema, the first eightyyears. Paddington, NSW: Currency Press, 1989.Williams, Deane. Australian Post-War Documentary Film. An Arc ofMirrors. Bristol; Chicago: Intellect Books, 2008.Brunetta, Gian Piero. Cent’anni di cinema italiano. Roma: Laterza, 1995.Brunetta, Gian Piero. The history of Italian Cinema: a guide to Italianfilm from its origins to the twenty-first century. Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 2009.IHSJ ITALIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL VOLUME 18 2010 | 39
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