GIS-based Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) mapping for oil ...

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Introduction 1Chapter 1INTRODUCTION1.1. GeneralOf all the different ways in which the use of energy can harm the environment, the mostfamous for many people may be oil spills. An oil spill, which occurs near a coastline as aresult of intentional or accidental release of oil from a tanker, can severely damage thecoastal ecosystem. Birds, marine mammals, fishes and shallow coral reefs are the bestknownbiological resources that are affected by spills. Human-use resources (i.e.recreational areas) are also disturbed by oil slicks.In Egypt, the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea coasts are rapidly becoming among the largestmarine oil production areas. The Gulf of Aqaba, in the same region, is considered to be animportant navigation rout for tankers. The danger from oil pollution is not only comesfrom exploration activities, but also from transport of oil, in which up to 100 million tonsof oil per annum may pass through the area (PERSGA, 2001). The necessity for oilcontingency plan have been brought to the Egyptian national attention after the famousNabila oil spill in 1982 (Hanna, 1995). It is also important to note that Red Sea in generaland Gulf of Aqaba particularly contain some of the world’s most unique and sensitivecoastal and marine environments (IUCN/UNEP, 1988).An integral component of a successful contingency plan is the determination and mappingthe coastal environments those would be seriously damaged by an oil spill to receivepriority protection. The idea was originated in the mid 1970’s when scientists withNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the US Coast Guardsbegan to study and numerically classify the Sensitivity of shorelines to oil spills. The resultwas what so called Environmental Sensitivity Index map (ESI). An ESI map contains: 1)shoreline classification ranked according to a scale relating to sensitivity, naturalpersistence of oil, and ease of cleanup; 2) Biological Resources including oil-sensitiveGIS-Based Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for oil spills - Case study in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.
Introduction 2animals and rare plants; and habitats, which are used by oil-sensitive species or arethemselves sensitive to oil spills; and 3) Human-Use Resources including specific areasthat have added sensitivity value because of their use (i.e. recreational areas).Geographical Information Systems (GIS) have been used as a powerful tool to produce theESI maps. And in the present research, the typical methodology for sensitivityclassification has been followed and applied in the form of a simple cartographic model.The final result of the logical combination of different factor maps is the shorelinesensitivity map.Many GIS packages are currently available for constructing the GIS database andperforming different kinds of spatial analysis. ARCGIS (8.1) was the core software for thewhole study. The spatial analysis has been done using ARCGIS spatial Analyst. And thecartographic model was designed and performed using the ArcView model builder.Another software’s such as Arc/Info workstation (7.2.1), Microsoft Excel, and ERDASImagine (8.4) were used as supplementary softwares in the GIS analysis.This case study has been carried out to produce the ESI map of Sharm El-Sheikh coastalarea. The study area is located just at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba near its junctionwith the Red sea in the south of Sinai peninsula.1.2. Research objectiveThe present study aims to map the sensitive natural and socio-economic resources for oilspills. That extends to the production of a digital ESI map. However, the most importantobjective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using GIS technologies inproducing digital ESI maps. The main approach is the integration of different types of data,GIS technology and field observations, in order to achieve the overall objectives of thestudy.Although one needs a huge set of data (of various types and from different disciplines) toproduce a typical ESI map, an attempt have been made to effectively use the available dataand allow for further updating or modifying the current procedure. This is an advantage inusing cartographic modeling, in which the use of flowchart offers insight into the strategythat is followed and makes it easy for others to examine the approach. Also, furtherGIS-Based Environmental Sensitivity Index Mapping for oil spills - Case study in Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt.
Page 1 and 2: INTERUNIVERSITY PROGRAMMEINPHYSICAL
Page 3 and 4: SummaryIISUMMARYSharm El-Sheikh are
Page 5: Table of contentsIVCHAPTER 3: STUDY
Page 8 and 9: List of figuresVIIFigure 5-8: photo
Page 13 and 14: Introduction 4Table 1-1: Thesis out
Page 15 and 16: Literature review 6Table 2-1: Summa
Page 17 and 18: Literature review 8Table 2-2: ESI s
Page 19 and 20: Literature review 10carried out on
Page 21 and 22: Literature review 12category is fur
Page 23 and 24: Literature review 142.2. Geographic
Page 25 and 26: Literature review 16alternative vec
Page 27 and 28: Literature review 18operations, whi
Page 29 and 30: Literature review 20hand-held photo
Page 31 and 32: Study area 22Longitudes: 34° 16' 0
Page 33 and 34: Study area 24Ras Nasrani forming th
Page 35 and 36: Study area 26Figure 3-5: Landuse ma
Page 37 and 38: Study area 283.6.3. Coral reefsTher
Page 39 and 40: Study area 30in the straight of Tir
Page 41 and 42: ESI Mapping methods and procedures
Page 55 and 56: ESI Mapping methods and procedures4
Page 57 and 58: ESI mapping methods and procedures
Page 59 and 60: ESI mapping methods and procedures
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ESI mapping methods and procedures
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ESI mapping methods and procedures
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Results and discussion 56Figure 5-1
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Results and discussion 58Table 5-1:
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Results and discussion 60Shark bay
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Results and discussion 62Shark bay
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Results and discussion 64Area that
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Results and discussion 66NSharm El-
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Results and discussion 68Areas repr
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Results and discussion 70Egypt, esp
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Results and discussion 72The most s
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Results and discussion 74As shown i
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Results and discussion 76process it
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Results and discussion 78Maya, Namm
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Results and discussion 80Dolphins n
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Results and discussion 82It was not
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Results and discussion 84The map sh
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Conclusions 86Chapter 6CONCLUSIONST
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Conclusions 88One needs a huge set
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References 90El-Asmar, M.H. and Att
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References 92IPIECA (1994). Sensiti
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References 94Rogers, C.S. (1990). R
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Appendices 96Appendix 1STANDARDS FO
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Appendices 98‣ Symbolization for
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Appendices 100‣ BirdsCommon name
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Appendices 102Appendix 3Complete li
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Appendices 10444 layalina Cataract
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