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Thomasforce than TMA wires and four times the force ofnickel-titanium wires which was statistically significantin this study for a comparable degree of wire deflection.According to Drake etal , the modulus data indicatedthat stainless steel alloy deliver twice the force thanTMA and four times the force of NiTi. 18 In this study,the Stainless steel arch wires had the highest forcevalues on both interbracket distance for 0.016”,0.016”x0.022” and 0.017”x0.025” archwires and onUnloading, the Stainless steel wire did not recover tooriginal position due to permanent deformation similarto studies of Kusy. 19According to Andersan Etal , the properties ofNiTi arch wires are the good spring back and flexibilitycompared to stainless steel and TMA. 8 In this study,the conventional NiTi wires exhibited linear progress offorce values on loading on all the three cross sectionaldimension (0.016”, 0.016”x0.022”, 0.017”x0.025”). Theforce values are lesser than the stainless steel and TMAwhich was statistically significant and similar to studyof Rucker etal. On unloading, the NiTi wires returned totheir original position due to shape memory effect. 20The force values were lesser compared to the loading 8 .Hurst evaluated the recovery of commercial availableNiTi wires which was around 90% and the recoverypattern was similar to this study. 21The super elastic property according to Brantleyis the ability of wires to withstand much higherelastic strain before permanent deformation and toprovide constant forces at large deformation duringunloading. 21 In this study the superelastic NiTi wiresexhibited constant forces on higher deflection of 2 mmand 3 mm on loading at both inter bracket width. Onunloading of these super elastic NiTi wires, the forcevalues were smaller than that on loading and there wasconstant level of force compared to conventional NiTi,Stainless steel and TMA. 24 These findings demonstratesuper elasticity and the results were similar to Khieretal and Garrec eta studies. 22Beta titanium wire was popularized in the 1980s.It is commercially available as TMA. In this study, TMAarch wires had load deflection values in-betweenStainless steel and NiTi arch wires for both interbracket width. Beta titanium wires delivered abouthalf the amount of force compared to stainless steel.The TMA archwires deflected almost twice as much asstainless steel without permanent deformation similarto the studies by Burstone etal and Johnson. 23CONCLUSIONThe study showed that the force values werecomparatively higher in 5 mm inter bracket width thanthe 6.5 mm inter bracket width for all cross sectionand dimension of wires.The force values were loweron unloading compared to the loading for all the wirestested. The arch wires exhibited linear progress offorce values on loading on all the three cross sectionaldimension expect the Super elastic NiTi wires whichshowed constant force.REFERENCES1. Kusy P. Orthodontic biomaterials: From past topresent. Angle orthodontics 2002; 72 : 509-510.2. Brian K and Kusy P. Elastic flexural properties ofmulti stranded stainless steel versus conventionalNickel Titanium arch wires. Angle Orthodontics2002; 72: 302-309.3. Burstone J C and Goldberg J. Maximum forcesand deflections from orthodontic appliances.American J orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1983; 84:95-103.4. Burstone J C. Variable modulus of orthodontics.American J orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1981; 80:1-16.5. Burstone J C, Qin B and Morton J. Chinese NiTiwire: A new orthodontic alloy. American J orthodDentofacial Orthop 1985; 87:445-452.6. Otljen J M, Manville G and Nanda R S. Stiffnessdeflection behavior of selected orthodontic wires.Angle Orthodontics 1997; 67: 209-218.7. Johnson E. Relative stiffness of Beta Titaniumarch wires. Angle Orthodontics 2003; 73: 259-269.8. Andersan F G and Morrow E R. Laboratory andclinical analysis of Nitinol wire. American J orthodDentofacial Orthop 1978; 73: 142-151.9. Garrec P and Jordan L. Stiffness in bending ofsuper elastic Ni-Ti orthodontic wire as a functionof cross sectional dimension. Angle Orthod 2004;74:691-696.10. Wilkinson D P, Dsart S and James. A Load deflectioncharacteristics of super elastic nickel titaniumorthodontic wires. American J orthod DentofacialOrthop 2002; 121: 483-495.11. Theodosia N. Bartzela, Christiane Senn, AndreaWichelhaus Load-Deflection Characteristics ofSuperelastic Nickel-Titanium Wires. Angle Orthod:November 2007, Vol. 77, No. 6, pp. 991-998.12. Oltjen JM, Manville GDJ, Ghosh J. Stiffnessdeflectionbehavior of selected orthodontic wire.Angle Orthod.1997; 67:209–218.39 Malaysian Dental Journal Jan-Jun 2011 Vol 32 No 1
The Loading And Unloading Properties Of Various Arch Wires As A Function Of Cross Sectional Dimension And Inter Bracket Span Width13. Brantely A, Augat S and Winders V. Bendingdeformation studies of orthodontic wires. J DentRes 1978; 557: 609-615.14. Schudy G and Schudy F. Inter bracket space andinter bracket distance: Clinical factors in clinicalorthodontics. American J orthod DentofacialOrthop 1989; 281-294.15. Hemingway R, Williams R and Hunt. The influenceof bracket type on the force delivery of NiTi archwires. Eur J of Orthod 2001; 23:233-241.Address for correspondence:Dr Thomas Mathew. MDS Orthodontics.Lecturer, Faculty of Dentistry.International Medical University.No 126,Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19,Bukit Jalil,57000Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia.drthomas_m@yahoo.co.inH/P No – 0164844537.16. Parvizi F and Pock W .The load deflectioncharacteristics of thermally activated orthodonticarch wires. Eur J of Orthod 2001; 25: 417-421.17. Jones M L, Stainford and Chan C. Comparisonof superelastic NiTi and Multistranded Stainlesssteel wires in initial alignment. JCO 1990; 10:611-613.18. Drake R S, Wayne M D and Powers M J.Mechanical properties of orthodontic wires intension, bending and torsion. . American J orthodDentofacial Orthop 1982; 82: 206-210.19. Kusy P R. A review of contemporary arch wirestheir properties and charechtreistics. AngleOrthod 1997 ; 67 : 197-208.20. Rucker K and Kusy P R .Elastic flexural propertiesof stainless steel versus conventional NiTi archwires Angle orthod 2002;72:302-309.21. Brantley A W and Augat S. Bending deformationstudies of orthodontic wires. J Dent Res 1978;557:609-615.22. Khier E S and Brantely A. Bending properties ofsuper elastic and non super elastic NiTi wires. .American J orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;310-318.23. Goldberg J and Burstone J C. An evaluation of BetaTitanium alloys for use in orthodontic appliances.J Dent Res 1979; 593-600.24. Miura F, Mogi M and Ohura Y. The super-elasticproperty of the Japanese NiTi alloy wire for usein orthodontics. American J Orthod DentofacialOrthop. 1986; 90:1–10.Malaysian Dental Journal Jan-Jun 2011 Vol 32 No 140
Page 2 and 3: Malaysian Dental Journal Editorial
Page 6: Delivery Time Of Orthodontic Applia
Page 9: Delivery Time Of Orthodontic Applia
Page 12: Loke / Tan30-40 appliances a year w
Page 15 and 16: Fracture Resistance Tests Validatio
Page 17 and 18: Fracture Resistance Tests Validatio
Page 19 and 20: An Audit Of The Caseload And Waitin
Page 21 and 22: An Audit Of The Caseload And Waitin
Page 23 and 24: Prosthodontic Considerations In The
Page 29 and 30: The Loading And Unloading Propertie
Page 34 and 35: ThomasX axis -- forces in Newton. -
Page 39: The Loading And Unloading Propertie
Page 43 and 44: Surgical Reconstruction Of The Lost
Page 45 and 46: Surgical Reconstruction Of The Lost
Page 47 and 48: Single Tooth Odontodysplasia- Case
Page 53: Distinguish yourselfGraduate study

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