Structures andmaterialsProcesses andsystemsDevelopments in materials technology can provide a number of economic andenvironmental benefits, in terms of reduced weight and material consumption, increasedstrength, reduced energy consumption and increased vehicle per<strong>for</strong>mance. New materialstechnologies of interest include lightweight alloys and polymers, fluids, coatings,biotechnology and nanotechnology.Effective manufacturing and management processes and systems are a key competitivefactor in the automotive sector, in terms of both efficiency and effectiveness. Ofparticular importance are processes associated with research, design, new productdevelopment, manufacturing and service provision. The UK has particular strengths indesign and value-added engineering services, although significant shortages in skilledengineers, scientists and technologists are predicted.Political trends and driversVisionTransportEnergy and CO 2Effective, integrated, consistent and sustainable road transport policySignificant government ef<strong>for</strong>t is directed towards transport, stimulated by the economicand social impact of worsening congestion. The UK ten-year transport plan anticipates£64.7bn public and £56.3bn private investment in urban and regional transportinfrastructure by 2010. Targets have been set <strong>for</strong> reductions in congestion; road wideningof 380 miles of the strategic road network; 80 trunk road schemes; 100 new bypasses;130 major road improvement schemes; noise reduction; maintenance of roads, bridgesand lighting; improved in<strong>for</strong>mation, booking and ticketing systems; 40% reduction indeaths / serious injuries; accelerated take-up of cleaner vehicles. Bus, tram and lightrailway solutions are planned <strong>for</strong> urban and regional development.The need to use energy efficiently and reduce pollution, greenhouse gases and waste isreflected in international agreements, European legislation and UK policy. Clear targetsare specified <strong>for</strong> improved fuel efficiency and the total level of CO 2 and othergreenhouse gases produced as a by-product.Waste End-of-life vehicles account <strong>for</strong> 1% of Europe’s waste, with the UK producing 1.8million tonnes each year. Reduced availability of landfill sites, together with taxation andEuropean end-of-life legislation may eventually lead to new <strong>for</strong>ms of vehicle design,manufacture and ownership. By 2015 it is expected that 95% of vehicles will berecyclable, with only 5% destined <strong>for</strong> landfill (currently vehicles have one of the highestrecycling rates - more than 75%).Health andsafetyPolitical systemThe desire to reduce road deaths and serious injuries is emphasised in the UK ten-yeartransport plan. Targets of 40% reductions in deaths and serious injuries, and 50% fewerchildren killed or seriously injured have been set <strong>for</strong> 2010. This requires improvementsto infrastructure and vehicles, enabled by UK, European and Industry agreements andstandards and regulations. In addition there are European and UK targets <strong>for</strong> reductionsin emissions, particulates and pollutants.UK and European political systems and processes underpin the delivery of an efficientand effective road transport system, which requires a partnership between the private andpublic sectors. The long-term capital investment associated with infrastructure requiresstable and integrated policies, while environmental targets require a willingness todevelop and abide by international agreements. Issues of particular importance in Europeinclude the liberalisation of markets (<strong>for</strong> example, freight by 2008) and harmonisation oflegislation and standards.13
Infrastructural trends and driversVisionPhysical roadinfrastructureIn<strong>for</strong>mation andcommunicationsinfrastructureEnergyinfrastructureIntegratedtransport systemEffective, integrated and sustainable road transport systemSignificant ef<strong>for</strong>ts are needed to ensure that the physical road transport infrastructure ismaintained in good condition, and extended to accommodate future demand (which maydouble by 2020). The UK ten-year plan includes substantial improvements to the urbanand regional road transport infrastructure. New road surfaces are being developed toreduce noise and wear, with the long-term possibility of installing equipment to supportroad trains (vehicle platooning).Rapid improvements in communications bandwidth and computer processing powerprovide opportunities to improve the overall road transport system per<strong>for</strong>mance, in termsof traffic management, reduced congestion, in<strong>for</strong>mation services, improved safety andsecurity. The development of appropriate technical standards is important, particularlywhen combined with new vehicle developments.If alternative energy and power systems are to be developed and deployed widely invehicles, then appropriate fuel distribution networks will need to be established. It isprobable that a number of competing energy and power systems will be developed,starting with LPG and battery / hybrid powered vehicles. However it is likely to be atleast 15 years or more be<strong>for</strong>e alternative energy sources such as hydrogen and bio-fuelswill be widely available.The effectiveness of the overall transport system demands that the links between the roadand other transport modes be considered. Inter-modal transport requires synchronisationof timetables, integrated ticketing systems, together with accurate and up-to-datein<strong>for</strong>mation services <strong>for</strong> both passenger and freight.14