Directly observed treatment (DOT), 145Disorientation, 189, 227. See also Mental status,alteredDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),39, 123, 250, 256, 271coagulopathies associated with, 40in septic shock, 78skin disorders associated with, 261Diuresis, 86, 210, 211, 215, 240Diuretics, 75, 93, 117, 121, 220in ascites, 163in electrolyte imbalances, 53, 54, 55for hypervolemia, 63for pulmonary edema in pregnancy, 289Diverticular disease, 170Dizziness, 116, 122, 235, 252, 281. See alsoMental status, alteredin atrial fibrillation, 119in hypoglycemia, 183in ventricular tachyarrhythmias, 130Dobutamine, 75, 121, 229Do-Not-Resuscitate orders (DNR), 32Dopamine, 63, 75, 83, 122, 185, 228, 229, 243Dopamine blockers, 197Doppler exam, in arterial insufficiency, 118Doppler ultrasound, for pulmonarythromboembolism, 90Dorsalis pedis artery, 4Dosage, medicationand hemodialysis, 216in obesity, 17and renal clearance, 214Doxycycline, 137, 271Drainagebiliary, 165percutaneous, 161postural, 99, 149surgical, 143, 154, 157, 274Drowning, near, 253Drowsiness, in toxicology disorders, 229, 231Drug clearance, 214Drug-drug interactions, in transplant recipients,28Drug overdoseacetaminophen, 225beta-blocker, 228calcium channel blocker, 229and delirium, 8iron, 232opioid, 236sedative-hypnotic, 240sympathomimetic, 241TCA, 243theophylline, 241Drug reactionsdermatology disorders associated with, 268in elderly patients, 11fever associated with, 139Duchenne muscular dystrophy, 195Duke criteria, for infective endocarditis, 142Duroziez sign, 117Dysarthria, 201, 240Dysautonomia, in Guillain-Barrén syndrome,192Dyslipidemia, 180Dysphagia, 134, 196Dysphoria, in toxicology disorders, 227Dyspnea, 68, 81, 105, 151, 164, 220, 221, 281,287in ascites, 163in cardiac disorders, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122,125, 127, 129, 130in GI bleeding, 171in hypervolemia, 63on mechanical respiration, 102in obesity-hypoventilation syndrome, 86pleural effusions associated with, 88in pregnancy, 286, 289in pulmonary thromboembolism, 90in renal disorders, 208, 212in upper GI bleeding, 176Dyspnea on exertion (DOE), in CHF, 121Dysrhythmias, in toxicology disorders, 230, 231,243. See also ArrhythmiasDysuria, 290EEcchymoses, 39, 45, 173, 255Echocardiography, 117, 120, 126, 286, 289air embolism on, 94for atrial fibrillation, 119in CHF, 121in mitral valvular disease, 125transesophageal, 116Eclampsia, 288Edema, 63, 184, 249, 281. See also Laryngealedema; Pulmonary edemain dermatology disorders, 263in necrotizing infection, 146in pulmonary disease, 82in renal disorders, 208Edrophonium (Tensilon) testacetylcholinereceptor antibodies, 196Elderly patientsARDS in, 93and arterial pressure monitoring, 4delirium in, 8intra-abdominal infection in, 143meningitis in, 133with renal insufficiency, 62sepsis in, 78severe illness in, 11and SSI, 155Electrical countershock, 119. See alsoCardioversionElectrical shock injury, 248Electrocardiogram (ECG), 120, 127, 129, 130,234, 243, 247, 248in AMI, 126in angina pectoris, 115in atrial fibrillation, 119in cardiac compressive shock, 74in electrolyte imbalances, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57in hypertensive crisis, 123in muscular dystrophy, 195in myxedema coma, 184in pulmonary thromboembolism, 90in respiratory alkalosis, 69in syncopal event, 128Electroencephalogram (EEG), 31, 198Electrolyte imbalances, 211, 234. See alsospecific imbalancesElectrolyte replacement, 166, 170, 175, 239Electrolytesin ATN, 207in enteral feeding, 16in environmental injury, 253Electromyogram, 192, 195Electrophysiology studies, 127, 128Embolism. See also Pulmonary embolismamniotic fluid, 286in atrial fibrillation, 119Embolization, for PUD, 174Emergy-Dreifuss disorders, 195Emesis, 176, 236Emphysema, 105, 164Encephalitis, 138Encephalopathy, 208, 209, 213Endocarditis, infective, 142, 158Endophthalmitis, 140Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopncreatography(ERCP), 165
Endoscopy, 170, 174gastric varices on, 167pulse oximetry during, 20in upper GI bleeding, 176Enteral feeding, 15, 166Eosinophilia, 179, 263Eosinophilic syndrome, 212Eosinophiluria, in renal disorders, 210Epilepsy, treatment <strong>of</strong>, 198Epinephrine, 73, 83, 84, 122Epistaxis, in toxicology disorders, 244Equine botulinum antitoxin, 134Eruptions, 268in Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 271vesiculobullous, 260Erythema, 157, 265, 274in environmental injury, 255in pulmonary disease, 82Erythema multiforme, 262Erythrodermaexfoliative, 286in GVHD, 265Erythromycin, 162, 244Erythropoietin, in chronic renal failure, 26Escharotomy, 25Eschars, 249Esmolol, 123, 241Esophageal varices, 167Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 167, 168,174, 176Esophagram, 164Ethambutol, 145Ethanol, in warfarin poisoning, 244Ethanol infusion, in toxicology disorders, 235Ethanol withdrawal, 227Ethics, medical, 33Ethylene glycol toxicity, 235Exfoliation, in TEN, 273Expectoration, in hemoptysis, 96Expiratory pressure airway pressure (EPAP),103Extrapyramidal signs, in neuroleptic malignantsyndrome, 197Extremitiesin cardiogenic shock, 75in hypovolemic shock, 76in neurogenic shock, 77FFactor deficiencies, 39, 41Factor IX, for coagulopathy, 41Famciclovir, 275Famotidine, 21Fasciotomy, in arterial insufficiency, 118Fat embolism, ARDS associated with, 93Fatigue, 122, 145, 181, 182, 220, 247, 248, 279.See also Weaknessin hepatic failure, 169in metabolic acidosis, 65in mitral regurgitation, 125in renal disorders, 208Fatty liver <strong>of</strong> pregnancy, acute, 285Fear, anxiety associated with, 3. See alsoAnxietyFecal fat, in pancreatic insufficiency, 172Fecal occult blood, 168, 174Feeding pump, 14Fenoldopam, 215Fentanyl, 18Fetal heart, 27Fever, 136, 147in ICU, 139noninfectious causes <strong>of</strong>, 139with rash, 222Rocky Mountain spotted, 271Fiberoptic intubation, in neurogenic shock, 77Fibrinolytic agents, for catastrophicantiphospholipid syndrome, 219Fibrosis, in scleroderma, 2205-flucytosine, 135, 148Flank pain, 210, 235, 290Fluconazole, 135, 140, 148Fludrocortisone, 128, 179Fluid challengein hypovolemia, 64in renal failure, 213Fluid managementin acute cholangitis, 165in hemodialysis, 216in SCD, 81Fluid overloaddialysis for, 213in pregnancy, 289Fluid replacement, 182, 239for bowel obstruction, 170, 175for diarrhea, 166in TEN, 273Fluid restrictionin ARDS, 93in ascites, 163for CHF, 121for hypervolemia, 63in hyponatremia, 60for renal disorders, 208Fluid resuscitation, 78, 124, 157, 248, 255, 274for burn patients, 25in electrical shock, 248for head injury, 193in hypervolemia, 63in hypovolemia, 64for hypovolemic shock, 76in neurogenic shock, 77in renal disorders, 211Flumazenil, 227Fluoroquinolone, 137, 158Folic acid, 226, 235Fomepizole, 235Formulasenteral, 14for parenteral nutrition, 15Fournier disease, 146Fractional concentration <strong>of</strong> inspired oxygen(FIO 2), 98, 104, 109Free water deficit, in hypernatremia, 59Frequency, in pyelonephritis, 290Fresh frozen plasma (FFP), 40, 43, 49, 244for angioedema, 84for coagulopathy, 41for DIC, 261Frostbite, 249Furosemide, 60, 211. See also DiureticsGGag reflex, 95, 202Gallopsin CHF, 121in renal failure, 213Gas, inhaled, 82Gas gangrene, 146Gastric decontamination, 235, 244Gastric emptying, in mushroom poisoning, 252Gastric lavage, 231, 234in heat stroke, 250in overdosing, 225, 228, 229, 232, 240, 241,242, 243in PCP abuse, 233in poisoning, 238, 239Gastric varices, 167Gastritis, 168, 252Gastrointestinal bleeding, 21, 171, 176Gastrostomy tube, 14Gene coding abnormal coagulation factor, 41
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