Disembarking tourists, brought ashore in launches from the ships moored out in theroadstead, were immediately surrounded by desperate Arab and Indian salesmenand touts, offering cheap cameras, fountain pens, transistor radios and tooledleatheritems. After making their purchases and taking a quick taxi tour around thearid town, most were glad to get back to their P & O comfort and security. Aden hadan air of menace, of repressed resentment at its naked display of foreign militaryand commercial self-interest. As Gavin observed: ‘For a thousand years or moreAden had essentially belonged to the merchants of the world, be they South Yemenior foreign, while the people of its hinterland watched with jealousy and povertystrickeneyes from beyond its gates. But for the young Gujaratis hired by Besse &Co, Aden was a kind of paradise and most recall their days there with great affectionand nostalgia. ‘we felt it was heaven,’s said Himatbhai Jagani, a former Besseemployee who had been born in Aden, the fifth generation of his family to live theresince their original migration from Gujarat early in the 19th century ‘It was tax freevirtually, and we never saw an electricity bill or rent bill till we left. For 14 of us inour mess we paid only 400 shillings a month for food. We could save about half oursalary. It was very comfortable-we all missed that life.’ Home leave of three monthscame after 21 months straight work in Aden or at one of the Besse outposts aroundthe Red Sea. <strong>The</strong> Besse employees went home with their savings to spend by P & 0liners like the Chusan or Caledonian, sometimes by Flotte Lauro of Italy, and ifnothing else, India’s Moghul Lines.While most of the British residents lived on the slopes above Steamer Point,socialising at the Gold Mohar beach club nearby, the 15000 Indians clustered in afew streets of the Crater district-Sabeel Street named after a refuge for stray andinjured animals set up by rains and Hindus, Danaraja Street, and Bencem Street,named for the prosperous Jewish trading community that once thrived in Aden andYemen. <strong>The</strong> Besse & Co bachelor’s mess occupied four or five buildings nearby inAidroos Valley. <strong>The</strong> Crater had all the features of the Orientalist watercolours thatadorned European drawing rooms at the turn of the century, as described byGovernor Johnston:Indian merchant families, the women in saris, the men in their white jodhpurish getup,are taking the air, immaculate after the siesta. We drive around a market squarewith fruit glowing on the stalls, and enter a narrow street fairly buzzing with exoticlife-pastry cooks, water-sellers, coffee makers, carpet merchants, all the usualfigures of the Oriental bazaar-and pervading the whole thing a strong hot smell OfSpice.<strong>The</strong> various expatriate communities lived in their own social circles, where, in theway of ‘hardship posts’, attachments were strong and recalled with nostalgia in laterlife. <strong>The</strong> Hindus from India were probably liked the least by the local Arabs-to whomMuslims from India and Pakistan complained about India’s incorporation of Kashmirand Hyderabad, but filled a need for white-collar staff that Aden’s schools could notmeet, and had their own social circle too.While his brother Ramnikbhai worked in the automotive division, Dhirubhai wasassigned to the Shell products division of Besse. As a newly arrived youngster hecreated an early splash, literally, by taking a bet while out helping bunker a ship inthe harbour that he could not dive off and swim to shore. <strong>The</strong> prize was an ‘icecreamparty’s which he won, by swimming through waters that had seen occasionalshark attacks on swimmers outside the nets of its beaches.
As he developed more familiarity with the trade, Dhirubhai was sent to market Shelland Burmah lubricants around the Besse network, visiting traders in FrenchSomaliland, Berbera, Hargeysa, Assem, Asmara (Eritrea), Mogadishu (ItalianSomaliland), and Ethiopia. Some places were not accessible to steamers, so theBesse salesmen would travel by dhow, the traditional wooden sailing vessels ofArabian waters. Lodgings would be extremely rough, and the food difficult for thevegetarian Gujaratis.Dhirubhai was outgoing, robust, and helpful to newcomers. He was physically strongand proud of his physique. <strong>The</strong> other young men tended to be bashful aboutnakedness in their shared bathrooms, and a common prank was to whip away thetowels they wrapped around their waists while crossing the living space in the mess.Dhirubhai would walk around without hiding behind towels. His solid footsteps couldbe heard from a distance, and his colleagues soon started calling him ‘ama’s after afamous Indian pehelwan (wrestling champion) of the time. Navin Thakkar, a formercolleague at Besse, remembers that Dhirubhai taught him to swim by simplythrowing him into the sea, at the swimming place down near the Aden dockyardwhere they used to go on Saturdays and Sundays.Dhirubhai delighted in stirring up pandemonium. Old colleagues describe it as bichuchordoa or ‘letting loose a scorpion’. Despite his affability, some of his old colleaguesdescribe Dhirubhai as a ‘dark character’s not just because of the darkish skin heinherited from his father-but for the ambition and risk-taking he hardly concealed.‘Ramnik was more or less a saintly man,’s said one ex-Besse colleague who laterwent to work for Dhirubhai. ‘Dhirubhai was a daring one. He was already advising meto go for business and not to remain in service.’ career with Besse was progressingsteadily, and the Shell Division was one of the most rapidly expanding areas ofcompany business. By 1956, when the Suez War broke out after Egypt’s PresidentNasser nationalised the Suez Canal; Dhirubhai was managing the Shell refuellingoperation at the Aden military base. He was also able to observe construction of theBP oil refinery in Aden, gaining an early insight into the production linkages of thepetroleum industry.In March 1954, Dhirubhai married at the age of 22, in a match arranged by hismother (his father had died in 1951) but which Dhirubhai himself had supervised. Hispartner was Kokila Patel, the daughter of a postmaster in Jamnagar, the port on thewestern side of Kathiawar. Her family was not particularly wealthy, so it was not afinancially advantageous match for Dhirubhai. But Kokilaben was also a Modh Bania,as the strict caste endogamy of the time demanded and her character complementedthat of Dhirubhai, a solid home anchor very much, grounded in traditional values andreligious piety.Although he was doing well, Dhirubhai was far from happy with his position as anemployee. ‘I saw in him he was somebody that was different than others,’s recalls M.N. Sanghvi, who worked alongside Dhirubhai in the Shell division and later went towork for him back in India. ‘I could see he wanted to make something of himself.’His room-mate Susheel Kothari also remembers the ambition. ‘Right from thebeginning he was determined to do something big,’s Kothari said. ‘He was nevercomfortable in service. He was a born businessman.’s After office hours, whichfinished at 4.30 in the afternoon, Dhirubhai would invariably head for the Aden souk.Initially he just watched the Arab, Indian and Jewish traders in action. Later hebegan taking positions in all kinds of commodities, particularly rice and sugar, in
- Page 2: AcknowledgementsIntroduction: an in
- Page 7 and 8: several years. I sent off some clip
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- Page 11 and 12: A PERSUASIVE YOUNG BANIAAmong all t
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- Page 15 and 16: looked far beyond their immediate p
- Page 17 and 18: which involved boycotting imported
- Page 19 and 20: One of the students was a fellow Mo
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- Page 33 and 34: A FIRST-CLASS FOUNTAINDhirubhai Amb
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others. Orkay was accused of pledgi
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corruption. On the backs of ordinar
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Financial Express, had carried both
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constant ridicule and demonisation.
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inquiries overseas, the little-trav
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conversion was allowed, the holding
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The company’s shares had already
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In a four-part article published ov
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The case against Reliance had been
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companies, possibly to help strengt
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Nusli Wadia’s children). Pandit b
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carrying a relentless, campaign of
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The committee asked Reliance at lea
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To clinch a prosecution under the F
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operators of the Indian havala trad
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While the law enforcers were closin
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the obligatory disclosures in the p
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On 5 December, the Central Excise a
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LETTING LOOSE A SCORPIONDhirubhai A
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identified himself as an inquiry ag
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But the CBI’s two investigating o
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had been booked into the hotel unde
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dismissing Rajiv and appointing ano
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extended and gruelling interrogatio
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BUSINESS AS USUALDhirubhai Ambani w
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udget for the year starting April 1
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asket from UTI (by value) were Lars
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on the Financial Times of London. A
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1988, two allied activists, journal
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But just as the opposing forces see
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had continued social meetings with
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they recorded Babaria calling Kirti
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arrests on 1 August. When a reporte
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After the initial appearance of Kir
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Though he could not avert the storm
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Dhirubhai’s new newspaper, launch
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and indifferent to the bloodshed in
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temple at Ayodhya, he put off the f
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arriving at Rajiv’s heavily guard
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Securities and Exchange Board of In
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The shouting continued for half an
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The 1991-92 boom helped Dhirubhai q
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Because of this burden, any other n
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the proceeds of the previous Euro-i
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The telephone licences covered near
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HOUSEKEEPING SECRETSOn 29 November
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compliant bank to give in return fo
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According to sources close to the M
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Merrill Lynch. Jain had meanwhile c
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put on its screens. On 29 November,
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1992 into the tax evasion aspects o
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At least one former fund manager, a
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and avoids a prosecution in court.
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Reliance could no longer look eithe
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other hand, the ANZ Grindlays bank