744<strong>Threatened</strong> <strong>Amphibian</strong>s of the WorldPlethodon sequoyah - United States of AmericaPseudoeurycea ahuitzotl - MexicoPseudoeurycea amuzga - MexicoPseudoeurycea anitae - MexicoPseudoeurycea aurantia - MexicoPseudoeurycea conanti - MexicoPseudoeurycea maxima - MexicoPseudoeurycea mixcoatl - MexicoPseudoeurycea obesa - MexicoPseudoeurycea quetzalanensis - MexicoPseudoeurycea ruficauda - MexicoPseudoeurycea tenchalli - MexicoPseudoeurycea teotepec - MexicoPseudoeurycea tlahcuiloh - MexicoPseudoeurycea tlilicxitl - MexicoThorius insperatus - MexicoThorius smithi - MexicoSALAMANDRIDAECynops chenggongensis - ChinaParamesotriton laoensis - Lao P.D.R.GYMNOPHIONACAECILIIDAEAtretochoana eiselti - BrazilBoulengerula changamwensis - Kenya, MalawiBoulengerula denhardti - KenyaBoulengerula fischeri - RwandaCaecilia abitaguae - EcuadorCaecilia albiventris - SurinameCaecilia antioquiaensis - ColombiaCaecilia armata - BrazilCaecilia attenuata - Ecuador, PeruCaecilia bokermanni - Colombia, EcuadorCaecilia caribea - ColombiaCaecilia corpulenta - ColombiaCaecilia crassisquama - EcuadorCaecilia degenerata - ColombiaCaecilia dunni - EcuadorCaecilia flavopunctata - VenezuelaCaecilia guntheri - Colombia, EcuadorCaecilia inca - PeruCaecilia isthmica - Colombia, PanamaCaecilia mertensi - UnknownCaecilia occidentalis - ColombiaCaecilia pachynema - Colombia, EcuadorCaecilia pressula - GuyanaCaecilia subterminalis - EcuadorCaecilia tenuissima - Colombia, EcuadorCaecilia thompsoni - ColombiaCaecilia volcani - PanamaChthonerpeton arii - BrazilChthonerpeton braestrupi - BrazilChthonerpeton exile - BrazilChthonerpeton noctinectes - BrazilChthonerpeton onorei - EcuadorChthonerpeton perissodus - BrazilChthonerpeton viviparum - BrazilDermophis costaricensis - Costa RicaDermophis glandulosus - Colombia, Costa Rica, PanamaDermophis gracilior - Costa Rica, PanamaDermophis oaxacae - MexicoDermophis occidentalis - Costa RicaGegeneophis carnosus - IndiaGegeneophis danieli - IndiaGegeneophis fulleri - IndiaGegeneophis krishni - IndiaGegeneophis madhavai - IndiaGegeneophis nadkarnii - IndiaGegeneophis seshachari - IndiaGeotrypetes angeli - Guinea, Sierra LeoneGeotrypetes pseudoangeli - Guinea, LiberiaGymnopis syntrema - Belize, GuatemalaHerpele multiplicata - CameroonIdiocranium russeli - CameroonIndotyphlus battersbyi - IndiaIndotyphlus maharashtraensis - IndiaLuetkenotyphlus brasiliensis - Argentina, BrazilMicrocaecilia rabei - Suriname, VenezuelaMicrocaecilia supernumeraria - BrazilMimosiphonops reinhardti - BrazilMimosiphonops vermiculatus - BrazilOscaecilia elongata - PanamaOscaecilia equatorialis - EcuadorOscaecilia hypereumeces - BrazilOscaecilia koepckeorum - PeruOscaecilia osae - Costa RicaOscaecilia polyzona - ColombiaOscaecilia zweifeli - French Guiana, GuyanaSiphonops insulanus - BrazilSiphonops leucoderus - BrazilSylvacaecilia grandisonae - EthiopiaTyphlonectes cunhai - BrazilICHTHYOPHIIDAECaudacaecilia asplenia - MalaysiaCaudacaecilia larutensis - Malaysia, ThailandCaudacaecilia nigrofl ava - MalaysiaCaudacaecilia paucidentula - IndonesiaCaudacaecilia weberi - PhilippinesIchthyophis acuminatus - ThailandIchthyophis atricollaris - MalaysiaIchthyophis bernisi - IndonesiaIchthyophis biangularis - MalaysiaIchthyophis billitonensis - IndonesiaIchthyophis bombayensis - IndiaIchthyophis dulitensis - MalaysiaIchthyophis elongatus - IndonesiaIchthyophis garoensis - IndiaIchthyophis glandulosus - PhilippinesIchthyophis humphreyi - UnknownIchthyophis husaini - IndiaIchthyophis hypocyaneus - IndonesiaIchthyophis javanicus - IndonesiaIchthyophis laosensis - Lao P.D.R.Ichthyophis longicephalus - IndiaIchthyophis malabarensis - IndiaIchthyophis mindanaoensis - PhilippinesIchthyophis monochrous - Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam (Extinct)Ichthyophis paucisulcus - IndonesiaIchthyophis peninsularis - IndiaIchthyophis sikkimensis - India, NepalIchthyophis singaporensis - SingaporeIchthyophis subterrestris - IndiaIchthyophis sumatranus - IndonesiaIchthyophis supachaii - ThailandIchthyophis youngorum - ThailandRHINATREMATIDAEEpicrionops columbianus - ColombiaEpicrionops lativittatus - PeruEpicrionops marmoratus - EcuadorEpicrionops parkeri - ColombiaEpicrionops peruvianus - PeruSCOLECOMORPHIDAECrotaphatrema bornmuelleri - CameroonCrotaphatrema lamottei - CameroonCrotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis - CameroonURAEOTYPHLIDAEUraeotyphlus interruptus - IndiaUraeotyphlus malabaricus - IndiaUraeotyphlus menoni - IndiaUraeotyphlus narayani - IndiaUraeotyphlus oxyurus - IndiaAPPENDIX XIII. THE DIFFERENCES IN IUCN RED LIST STATUS FOR SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES<strong>Species</strong>Brazil GAA workshopRed List Assessment“Consistent” GAA teamRed List AssessmentANURABRACHYCEPHALIDAEBrachycephalus didactylus LC NTBrachycephalus hermogenesi LC VU B1ab(iii)BUFONIDAEDendrophryniscus berthalutzae LC VU B1ab(iii)Melanophryniscus cambaraensis DD EN B1ab(iii,v)Melanophryniscus macrogranulosus VU B1ab(iii) CR B2ab(iii)Melanophryniscus moreirae NT VU D2HYLIDAEAplastodiscus callipygius LC VU B1ab(iii)Aplastodiscus cochranae LC NTAplastodiscus ehrhardti LC NTAplastodiscus fl umineus DD CR B2ab(iii)Aplastodiscus musicus DD EN B1ab(iii)Aplastodiscus weygoldti NT DDBokermannohyla carvalhoi LC VU B1ab(iii)Bokermannohyla claresignata DD CR A2ae; B2ab(v)Bokermannohyla clepsydra DD VU B1ab(iii)Bokermannohyla luctuosa LC VU B1ab(iii)Bokermannohyla martinsi LC NTBokermannohyla nanuzae LC VU B1ab(iii)Dendropsophus ruschii DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Hylomantis aspera LC EN B2ab(iii)Hylomantis granulosa LC VU B1ab(iii)Hypsiboas marginatus LC VU B1ab(iii)Phasmahyla exilis LC NTPhrynomedusa appendiculata NT CR B2ab(v)Phyllodytes brevirostris DD CR B1ab(iii)Phyllodytes edelmoi DD EN B1ab(iii)Phyllodytes gyrinaethes DD EN B1ab(iii)Phyllodytes kautskyi LC NT<strong>Species</strong>Brazil GAA workshopRed List Assessment“Consistent” GAA teamRed List AssessmentScinax albicans LC VU B1ab(iii)Scinax angrensis LC EN B1ab(iii)Scinax arduous DD EN B1ab(iii)Scinax cardosoi LC NTScinax heyeri DD CR B2ab(iii,v)Scinax kautskyi DD VU D2Scinax littoralis LC VU B1ab(iii)Scinax littoreus LC VU B1ab(iii)Scinax machadoi LC NTScinax pinima DD VU B1ab(iii)Scinax trapicheiroi NT VU B1ab(iii)LEPTODACTYLIDAEAdelophryne baturitensis VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)Adelophryne maranguapensis EN B1ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)Crossodactylodes bokermanni NT VU B1ab(iii)Crossodactylodes izecksohni NT VU D2Crossodactylus aeneus DD LCCrossodactylus bokermanni DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Crossodactylus dantei DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Crossodactylus dispar DD NTCrossodactylus grandis DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Crossodactylus trachystomus DD CR B2ab(iii,v)Cycloramphus asper DD EN B2ab(iii,iv,v)Cycloramphus bolitoglossus DD EN B2ab(iii)Cycloramphus brasiliensis NT VU B1ab(iii)Cycloramphus dubius LC EN B1ab(iii)Cycloramphus eleutherodactylus DD LCCycloramphus granulosus DD EN B2ab(iii,v)Cycloramphus izecksohni DD VU B1ab(iii)Cycloramphus lutzorum DD VU B1ab(iii)Cycloramphus ohausi DD CR A2ac; B2ab(v)Cycloramphus rhyakonastes LC DD
Appendices 745<strong>Species</strong>Brazil GAA workshopRed List Assessment“Consistent” GAA teamRed List AssessmentCycloramphus semipalmatus NT VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Cycloramphus stejnegeri DD EN B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus bolbodactylus LC VU B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus epipedus NT EN B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus erythromerus DD EN B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus gualteri LC EN B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus hoehnei LC VU B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus octavioi LC VU B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus oeus NT EN B1ab(iii)Eleutherodactylus venancioi LC VU B1ab(iii)Euparkerella brasiliensis LC VU B1ab(iii)Euparkerella cochranae LC VU B1ab(iii)Euparkerella robusta VU B1ab(iii) EN B1ab(iii)Euparkerella tridactyla VU D2 EN B1ab(iii)Holoaden luederwaldti DD VU B1ab(iii)Hylodes heyeri DD VU B1ab(iii)Hylodes meridionalis LC VU B1ab(iii)Hylodes ornatus LC VU B1ab(iii)Hylodes perplicatus LC VU B1ab(iii)Hylodes regius DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Hylodes sazima DD EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Leptodactylus marambaiae LC VU D2Megaelosia goeldii LC VU B1ab(iii)Odontophrynus salvatori DD LCParatelmatobius gaigeae DD B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Paratelmatobius lutzii DD CR B1ab(v)Paratelmatobius mantiqueira DD CR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)Paratelmatobius poecilogaster DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Physalaemus barrioi DD EN B1ab(iii)Physalaemus bokermanni DD EN B1ab(iii)Physalaemus caete DD EN B1ab(iii)Physalaemus moreirae DD EN B1ab(iii)Physalaemus rupestris DD VU D2Physalaemus soaresi EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii) CR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Proceratophrys brauni LC VU B1ab(iii)Proceratophrys melanopogon LC VU B1ab(iii)Proceratophrys moehringi DD VU B1ab(iii)Proceratophrys phyllostomus DD EN B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)Proceratophrys subguttata LC NTRupirana cardosoi NT VU B1ab(iii)Scythrophrys sawayae LC VU B1ab(iii)Thoropa lutzi EN B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v) CR A2ae; B2ab(i,ii,iii,iv,v)Thoropa megatympanum LC NTThoropa petropolitana VU B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(ii,iii,iv,v) EN A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)Thoropa saxatilis NT EN A2ac; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v)Zachaenus parvulus LC VU B1ab(iii)MICROHYLIDAEArcovomer passarellii LC NTChiasmocleis alagoanus DD EN B1ab(iii)Chiasmocleis atlantica LC VU B1ab(iii)Chiasmocleis capixaba LC VU B1ab(iii)Chiasmocleis carvalhoi EN B2ab(iii) NTChiasmocleis centralis DD LCElachistocleis erythrogaster NT EN B1ab(iii)Stereocyclops parkeri LC VU B1ab(iii)APPENDIX XIV. GLOSSARY OF SOME KEY TERMS USEDAlkaloid: An organic compound, containing nitrogen, which can naturally be found in plants, animals and fungi.Many alkaloids have medicinal properties.Amplexus: A specific breeding position of amphibians, whereby the eggs and sperm are externally fertilized.Anthropogenic: Processes that are influenced or induced by human activity.Anura: The largest Order of amphibians (5,208 living species), most readily identified as the frogs and toads.Apodous: A species generally having no, or only very rudimentory, feet (ceacilians are largely apodal).Aposematic: Natural defences, such as coloration or sounds, that suggests that the species has dangerous orharmful properties.Buccopharyngeal: Pertaining to the mouth and pharynx.Caudata: The Order of amphibians consisting of salamanders and newts (535 living species).Cerrado: A large, biologically rich, tropical savannah located in central Brazil.Chaco: An extensive, semi-arid ecosystem, located in central South America.Chytridiomycosis: An infectious disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. This diseasehas been suggested as a cause of recent substantial declines in amphibian populations.Cloaca: A posterior opening for the urinary, reproductive and digestive systems in certain animal groups (includingamphibians).Crepuscular: Appearing most active during the twilight hours of dawn and dusk.Ectotherm: Animals that are ‘cold-blooded’, with the outside environment largely determining body temperature.Endorheic: An enclosed watershed area, often in arid areas, in which rivers rise, but do not reach the sea. Commonlyused to describe contained wetlands and basins.Endotherm: Animals that are ‘warm-blooded’, in that they are able to regulate their own body temperature at a fairlyconstant rate, regardless to the surrounding temperaturesEnucleate: Removal of the nucleus from a cell. A procedure often used as part of cloning studies.Ex-situ: Generally refers here to conservation efforts for a species undertaken outside of its natural range (suchas captive-breeding).Gymnophiona: The smallest Order of amphibians (172 living species), commonly called the caecilians.Hybridogenetic: A reproductional mode in which hybrids from two parental species are able to backcross withone of the parents, thereby maintaining a distinct hybrid lineage. This has been recorded in a number of Europeanwaterfrog species (eg. Rana esculenta). See http://tolweb.org/notes/?note_id=579 [accessed May 16 2007] forfurther explanation.In-situ: Generally refers here to conservation measures undertaken within the original or natural habitat of the species.Metamorphosis: The physical transformation from the larval stage to adult form.Monophyletic: A group of taxa that are considered to have descended from a single common ancestor taxon.Nucleus (pl. nuclei): An important structure in cells that contains the genetic material of the organism.Oocyte: A cell which may produce an egg (ovum) by meiotic division.Oviparous: Producing eggs that develop and hatch outside of the female’s body.Ovoviviparous: A live-bearing breeding strategy, in which the young develop within eggs retained in the mother’s bodyuntil hatching. In this reproductive strategy, the egg yolk rather than the mother’s body nourishes the embryos.Paedomorphic: Here this generally refers to sexually mature animals retaining juvenile characteristics.Paramo: A high-altitude, largely grassland ecosystem, of the Cordillera de Talamanca in Central America and thenorthern Andes mountains of South America.Paraphyletic: A group of taxa descended from a single ancestral taxon, but does not contain all the descendantsof the most recent common ancestor.Peptide: A compound containing two or more linked amino acids.Photophilic: An organism that thrives in conditions of full light.Phytotelmic: An organism that inhabits small pools of water within or upon plants (e.g., water in the leaf basesof bromeliads).Polymelia: A physical defect in which the affected individual has more than the normal number of limbs present.Polyploidy: Having more than two sets of homologous chromosomes in the nucleus. Forms of polyploidy includetriploid (three sets of chromosomes) and tetraploid (four sets of chromosones).Puna: A high-elevation, grassland-dominated ecosystem of the Andes Mountains.Refugia: A natural area providing suitable environmental conditions to allow the persistence of a formerly widespreadspecies, most often after they have become extinct from surrounding areas.Rupicolous: A species that is mostly associated with rocky habitats.Saprobe (or saprotroph): An organism that derives its nutrition from non-living organic matter; most usually fromthe dead or decaying remains of plants or animals.Translocation: In the context of this book, this term refers to the conservation activity concerning the physicaltransportation of a species, on either a temporary or permanent basis, from an area of high threat to a more secureenvironment. For the most part, translocations are made to areas of natural habitat, but in some instances – especiallyfor temporary translocations – the species may be moved from its natural range while conservation measures toameliorate the underlying threat are undertaken.Tropophilous: A species that thrives in an environment that undergoes clear periodic fluctuations in light, temperature,moisture and similar natural agents.Uric acid: An organic nitrogen compound, C 5H 4N 4O 3that comprises a major component in the urine of organisms.Uricotelic: Organisms that excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of uric acid (such as some amphibians from aridenvironments).Viviparous: A live-bearing breeding strategy in which offspring are nourished by, and fully develop within, themother’s body.Yungas: A diverse ecosystem located in the eastern section of the Andes Mountains, primarily in Bolivia, andcharacterized as having a humid and subtropical environment.APPENDIX XV. WEBSITES AND AMPHIBIAN-RELATED RESOURCESGeneral <strong>Amphibian</strong> Websiteshttp://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.php – <strong>Amphibian</strong> <strong>Species</strong> of the World: An Online Reference:provides systematic information on all amphibian species.http://www.amphibiaweb.org/ – AmphibiaWeb: provides information for all amphibians on conservation, populationdeclines, as well as images and other information about many amphibian species.http://www.ssarherps.org – Society for the Study of <strong>Amphibian</strong>s and Reptiles: an organization established toadvance research, conservation, and education about amphibians and reptiles. Publications include the Journalof Herpetology and Herpetological Review.http://www.caudata.org – The Newt and Salamander Portal: facilitates the sharing of accurate information aboutnewts and salamanders, with an emphasis on their maintenance in captivity.http://www.gymnophiona.org/ – Gymnophiona.org: a site intended to provide accurate information on caecilians andcreate an online community of caecilian enthusiastshttp://www.livingunderworld.org – Livingunderworld.org: an ongoing web project dedicated to the preservation ofwild and captive amphibians.http://www.herpetofauna.org/ – <strong>Amphibian</strong> and Reptile Conservation.http://www.herplit.com/ – The Herplit Database consists of approximately 50,000 citations dating from 1586 tothe present.Regional <strong>Amphibian</strong> WebsitesAFRICAhttp://www.afriherp.org/ – Afriherp.org: a resource centre for the exchange of information on the herpetofauna of Africa.http://www.wits.ac.za/haa/ – Herpetological Association of Africa: dedicated to the study and conservation of reptilesand amphibians, particularly those of Africa. Publishes the African Journal of Herpetology.AUSTRALIAhttp://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/decline/decl.shtml – <strong>Amphibian</strong> declines in Australia: includesinformation on frog declines in Australia and current research in to these declines.http://www.jcu.edu.au/school/tbiol/zoology/herp/herp2.shtml – Australian Herpetological Directory: a repository forinformation on Australian herpetofauna managed by James Cook University.http://frogs.org.au/ – <strong>Amphibian</strong> Research Centre: a centre dedicated to research and conservation of Australia’s uniquefrogs providing expertise in all areas of frog knowledge including captive breeding and research and education.EUROPEhttp://www.club100.net/ – club100.net: a meeting place for European fi eld herpetology enthusiasts, with manyphotographs of European amphibians and reptiles.http://www.gli.cas.cz/SEH/ – Societas Europaea Herpetologica (SEH): a specialist society presently made up by nearly500 members from most of the European countries as well as from elsewhere in the world.http://www.herpconstrust.org.uk/ – The Herpetological Conservation Trust: a European charitable trust dedicated tothe conservation of reptiles and amphibians.http://www.whose-tadpole.net/ – Whose tadpole is it?: A guide to the tadpole identification for Central European<strong>Amphibian</strong>s.Austriahttp://www.herpetofauna.at/ – Amphibien and Reptilien Österreichs: herpetofauna of Austria.
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