610<strong>Threatened</strong> <strong>Amphibian</strong>s of the WorldANURAArthroleptis pyrrhoscelis Laurent, 1952This species occurs in the Itombwe and Kabobo Highlands in southern Kivu Province, eastern Democratic Republicof Congo. The type locality is at 1,900-2,000m asl. It is said to be common. It is a species of montane grasslands thatpresumably breeds by direct development. There is no direct information on threats to the species, but it is not likelyto be seriously threatened. It is not known from any protected areas.Taxonomy: We follow Poynton (2003c) in retaining the genus Schoutedenella only for Schoutedenella xenochirus, and we therefore assignthis species to its original genus, Arthroleptis. There are major taxonomic problems with the genera Arthroleptis and Schoutedenellathrough much of Africa. In many cases, the available names can be referred only to museum specimens, not to animals in the field. Thisis because the identifi cation of these species frequently depends more on their vocalizations than their morphology.Bibliography: Laurent, R.F. (1952), Laurent, R.F. (1954), Poynton, J.C. (2003c)Data Providers: Robert DrewesArthroleptis reichei Nieden, 1911This species occurs in eastern and southern Tanzania (the Uluguru and Udzungwa Mountains), and the southernhighlands (Poroto Mountains and Mount Rungwe) and extreme northern Malawi (Misuku Hills). It is a montane species,occurring from 1,500 to at least 2,000m asl. There is very little information on its population status. It inhabitsmontane forest, perhaps ranging into montane grassland near forest. No information is available on its adaptabilityto secondary habitats. It lives in leaf-litter on the forest floor, in low shrubs, in grassy areas, and in wild bananas, andlike other members of the genus presumably breeds by direct development and is not dependent upon water. Forestloss as a result of agricultural expansion, wood extraction, and human settlement are likely to be the key threats. Itpresumably occurs in Udzungwa National Park, but this has not yet been confirmed.Bibliography: Channing, A. (2001), Howell, K.M. (1993), Poynton, J.C. (2003b), Poynton, J.C. and Broadley, D.G. (1985a)Data Providers: Kim Howell, John PoyntonCardioglossa nigromaculata Nieden, 1908This species is known only from extreme southern Nigeria and south-western Cameroon at low altitudes. It is fairlycommon, though it is often absent from apparently suitable habitat. It lives in lowland moist forest and in degradedhabitats near more mature forest and can be found in small groups along forest watercourses, often in undergrowthamong dead leaves and in holes. It breeds in streams. This species is presumably affected by forest loss. It occursin Korup National Park.Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1972a), Amiet, J.-L. (1972c), Amiet, J.-L. (1972d), Amiet, J.-L. (1973c), Amiet, J.-L. (1987), Herrmann, H.-W.et al. (2005), Lawson, D.P. (1993)Data Providers: Jean-Louis Amiet, Arne SchiøtzASTYLOSTERNIDAEAstylosternus montanus Amiet, 1978 “1977”This species has been recorded from several localities in the western Cameroon mountains from the BamendaHighlands north-east to the Adamawa Plateau, with some outlying populations at lower altitudes to the south ofthis range on Mount Ngorro and the Yoko (Djan) Mountains. It has also been recorded from the Obudu Plateau ineastern Nigeria. It occurs in the submontane zone from 900-1,700m asl. The distribution is discontinuous, perhapsdue to forest clearance in the 17th century. It is reported to be common within its range. It lives in or near flowingwater in lower montane and submontane forest or herbaceous vegetation and gallery forests. At night it can be foundin relatively dry areas along forest tracks and in agricultural areas. It can survive in deforested areas in temporary,eutrophic, silted streams that are low in oxygen. Breeding takes place in flowing water, with the males calling fromrock cavities or from in the water. Although this species is probably suffering from habitat loss, it appears able toadapt to some non-forest habitats. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1977), Amiet, J.-L. (1983a), Gartshore, M.E. (1986), Herrmann, H.-W. et al. (2005)Data Providers: Jean-Louis AmietLeptodactylodon ovatus Andersson, 1903This species occurs in extreme eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, below 800m asl. Two subspecies are known:the nominate form occurs in the westernmost part of the range (including Nigeria); L. o. orientalis occurs in the east.The ranges of the two subspecies are probably separated around Mount Kupe. This is a common species. It livesin lowland forest, requiring forest with a continuous canopy, and is not found in degraded forest. It breeds in slowflowingstreams and tiny watercourses in the forest. The males call from holes and cracks in rocks. It is presumablythreatened by the loss of its lowland forest habitat. It is thought to occur in Korup National Park, though this hasnot been confirmed.Bibliography: Amiet, J.-L. (1971a), Amiet, J.-L. (1980a), Amiet, J.-L. (1987), Amiet, J.-L. and Schiøtz, A. (1972), Herrmann, H.-W. etal. (2005), Ohler, A. (1999)Data Providers: Jean-Louis AmietAnsonia albomaculata Inger, 1960ARTHROLEPTIDAEBUFONIDAEThis species is endemic to Borneo where it is known from several widely scattered localities across the northern part ofthe island, in relatively steep terrain, at altitudes of 150-350m asl. It appears to be abundant in a few places, althoughin general the population is decreasing in direct proportion to rates of deforestation. The adults of this species aremostly terrestrial and disperse widely over the rainforest floor. Breeding takes place in small, clear, rocky-bottomedstreams. The larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes. This species appears to be unableto adapt to modified habitats. The major threat is forest loss and fragmentation, due to the conversion of foreststo rubber and oil palm plantations, as well as the resulting eutrophication of streams by chemical fertilisers andstream siltation (thereby depriving larvae of feeding sites). It is present in several protected areas, and the continuedprotection of large areas of hilly rainforests is essential.Bibliography: Das, I. (1995b), Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunAnsonia hanitschi Inger, 1960This Bornean endemic occurs at a number of sites within Kinabalu National Park, and the Crocker Range south ofKinabalu in Sabah, in Gunung Mulu Park in Sarawak, and also in the montane forests of Kalimantan. It probably occursmore widely than current records suggest. Its altitudinal range is from 750-1,600m asl. It is abundant at most locationswhere it has been recorded. Adults are found on the floor of submontane and montane forests. Breeding takes placein clear, rocky mountain streams. The larvae cling to rocks in the torrents of these streams. It appears to be unable toadapt to modified habitats. The main threat to the species is siltation of streams needed for larval development, asa result of logging in the submontane and montane forests, and the clearance of forests for cultivation. This speciesis known to be present in Kinabalu and Gunung Mulu National Parks. However, there is no well-protected reserve inKalimantan at the appropriate atltitude protecting the habitat of this species.Bibliography: Herrmann, H.J. and Ulber, T. (1992), Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus,R. (1994), Malkmus, R. (1995), Malkmus, R. (1996a), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunAnsonia leptopus (Günther, 1872)This species is known from a number of localities on Borneo. It is also present at two localities in PeninsularMalaysia, and at a single site in Sumatra (Indonesia). It has been recorded from lowland altitudes of 50-700m asl.It is abundant at a number of sites. Adults disperse widely over the fl oor and herb stratum of primary rainforest. Itbreeds explosively in small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams, and larvae are most common in shallow side pools andin submerged masses of dead leaves. It is unable to adapt to modified habitats. The major threat to the species isdeforestation and the resultant siltation of larval habitats. This species is present in several protected areas, andthe continued preservation of large areas of rainforest is needed.Taxonomy: A taxonomic review of this species is urgently required, since it almost certainly comprises more than one species.Bibliography: Dring, J.C.M. (1979), Grandison, A.C.G. (1972a), Inger, R.F. (1985), Inger, R.F. and Dring, J.C.M. (1988), Inger, R.F. andStuebing, R.B. (1997)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Peter Paul van Dijk, Robert StuebingAnsonia longidigita Inger, 1960This widespread Bornean endemic is present in relatively steep terrain from 150-1,500m asl. It is known to be abundantat several localities. Adults can be found on the floor and herb stratum of rainforests. It requires small, clear,rocky-bottomed streams to breed in, an environment that persists only where forest cover is intact. Larvae live intorrents, clinging to rocks and feeding on lithophytes. This species is unable to adapt to modified habitats. The mainthreat is rampant habitat loss due to the rapid clearing of forest in Borneo, and the subsequent siltation of streams.This species is known to occur in several protected areas, including in Sabah and Sarawak. However, in Kalimantan,the existing forest preserves and parks are not well protected.Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. (1992), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al.(2002)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunAnsonia minuta Inger, 1960This Bornean endemic is known only from a few localities in western and central Sarawak (Malaysia) and scatteredareas of Kalimantan (Indonesia), although it probably occurs more widely than current records suggest. All knownlocalities lie between 200 and 1,000m asl. There is no information on its population status. This is a terrestrial speciesof lowland moist tropical forest, which breeds in small, clear, rocky streams where the larvae also develop. It hasnot been found in modified habitats. The main threat to this species is habitat loss and fragmentation largely dueto the effects of extensive logging on lowland Borneo. This species is known from the Kayan Mentarang protectedarea and continued protection of large areas of hilly rainforest is needed.Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1966), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunAnsonia spinulifer (Mocquard, 1890)This Bornean endemic is widely distributed in relatively steep terrain in Malaysia and Indonesia, from 150-750m asl.It appears to be abundant at scattered lowland localities. Adults disperse widely over the floor and herb stratum ofrainforest. It requires small, clear, rocky-bottomed streams to breed in, and larvae live in torrents, clinging to rocksand feeding on lithophytes. It appears to be unable to adapt to modified habitats. The main threat to the species isdeforestation of large portions of the habitat, with the resultant loss of adult and juvenile (through the siltation ofstreams) feeding microhabitats. Conversion of forest to oil palm plantations is also a threat and it is possible that abroad portion of its range might soon be converted to Acacia plantations. The species is known from several protectedareas, including Kinabalu National Park, which is in Sabah, where good, large areas of forest are now protected, asare some sites in Sarawak. The species might well occur in Kalimantan but existing forest preserves and parks arenot well protected. Further protection of large areas of rainforest is needed.Bibliography: Inger, R.F. (1960a), Inger, R.F. (1992), Inger, R.F. and Stuebing, R.B. (1997), Malkmus, R. et al. (2002)Data Providers: Robert Inger, Indraneil Das, Robert Stuebing, Maklarin Lakim, Paul YambunBufo achalensis Cei, 1972This species is restricted to the high plateau (Sierra Grande) of Córdoba and San Luis Provinces, Argentina, at 1,600-2,200m asl. It is common within its limited range. The population was apparently stable through 2002. It occurs inrocky outcrops in montane grasslands and reproduces in mountain streams during the fi nal snowfalls of late August.Free-living larvae develop in these streams, and can occur below ice. Some habitat disturbance is tolerated. Thethreats to this species are habitat loss due to extensive cattle ranching and the pollution of water sources by cattle.
<strong>Near</strong> <strong>Threatened</strong> <strong>Amphibian</strong> <strong>Species</strong> 611Some populations might also be declining due to fires. However, these threats appear to be relatively minor at present.It occurs in Parque Nacional Condorito and the Reserva Hídrica Provincial de Pampa de Achala.Bibliography: Acosta, L.E., Pereyra, F.E. and Pizzi, R.A. (1995), Avila, L.J. and Priotto, J.W. (1995), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1980), Di Tada,I.E. et al. (1996), Di Tada, I.E., Martino, A. and Sinsch, U. (2001), Jofre, G.M. (2003), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O. and Cei, J.M.(2001), Rahn, I.M. (1982), Sinsch, U., di Tada, I.E. and Martino, A.L. (2001)Data Providers: Esteban Lavilla, Ismael di TadaBufo blombergi Myers and Funkhouser, 1951This species occurs in northern Ecuador (in Esmeraldas and Carchi Provinces), and in Colombia on the western flankof the Cordillera Occidental in Nariño, Cauca, Valle del Cauca and Choco Departments, between 200 and 550m asl.It is locally common. It lives in closed lowland tropical rainforest, coming close to human habitation in some areas.Breeding takes place in temporary and permanent pools, sometimes close to rivers (where young animals in particularare often found). The major threats it faces are deforestation for agricultural development and cultivation of illegalcrops, logging, mining, the introduction of exotic species, human settlement, and pollution resulting from the sprayingof illegal crops. In Ecuador, there is commercial export of animals for pharmacological research and the pet trade. InEcuador, its range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas, and it also occurs in protected areas inColombia. Legislation is needed to regulate the international trade and the harvesting of this species.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Bringsoe, H. (1990), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1989), Howard, C.J. (1981), Morales, M. et al. (2002),Myers, G.S. and Funkhouser, J.W. (1951), Obst, F.J. (1979), Pawley, R. (1988), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D.(1996), Seidel, B. (1979)Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-HerediaBufo boreas Baird and Girard, 1852WESTERN TOADThis species occurs along the Pacifi c Coast of North America from southern Alaska (Wiedmer and Hodge 1996) toBaja California, and ranges eastward to the Rocky Mountains in west-central Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, Utah(Ross et al. 1995), Colorado (Hammerson 1999), and (formerly) northern New Mexico (Degenhardt, Painter and Price1996). It is absent from most of the desert south-west (Stebbins 1985b). Its altitudinal range extends from sea levelto at least 3,640m asl. The total adult population size of the species is unknown but is likely to exceed 100,000. Itis still common in much of its range. The Rocky Mountain populations in Colorado and Wyoming have undergonea drastic decline since the 1970s (Corn, Stolzenburg and Bury 1989; Hammerson 1989, 1992, 1999; Carey 1993;Muths et al. 2003). It has also declined greatly in the Yosemite area of the Sierra Nevada, California (Drost andFellers 1996). It is apparently undergoing localized declines in Yellowstone National Park (Peterson, Koch and Corn1992), Montana (Reichel and Flath 1995), and elsewhere (Olson 1989). This species is found in a wide variety ofhabitats including desert springs and streams, meadows and woodlands and mountain wetlands. It is also knownfrom around ponds, lakes, reservoirs, and slow-moving rivers and streams. It digs its own burrow in loose soil oruses those of small mammals, or shelters under logs or rocks. The eggs and larvae develop in shallow areas ofponds, lakes, or reservoirs, or in pools of slow-moving streams. The extent of threat across the species’ range isnot known with certainty. The decline in the Southern Rocky Mountains is not due to acidifi cation of breedinghabitats (Corn and Vertucci 1992). Carey (1993) hypothesized that some environmental factor or synergistic effectsof more than one factor might stress the toads, causing suppression of the immune system or indirectly causingimmunosuppression by causing elevated secretion of adrenal cortical hormones; immunosuppression, coupled withthe apparent effect of cold body temperatures on the ability of the immune system to fi ght disease, might lead toinfection by Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria (which causes “red-leg”) or other infectious agents and subsequentlyto death of individuals and the extirpation of populations. Die-offs in the southern Rockies have been associatedwith chytrid fungus infections (Muths et al. 2003). Eggs are highly susceptible to the pathogenic fungus Saprolegniaferax, which might be introduced during fi sh stocking (Kiesecker and Blaustein 1997). Another possibility is thatdeclines are related to the sensitivity of eggs to increased levels of ultraviolet radiation (Blaustein et al. 1994),but see Corn and Muths (2002) for an alternative viewpoint. In the Cascade Range of Oregon, persistent predationof adults by ravens during the toad breeding season appears to have contributed signifi cantly to some populationdeclines (Olson 1992). Possibly signifi cant predation by birds has also been observed in Colorado and Idaho. Thedecline might be related, at least in part, to habitat destruction and degradation, water retention projects, predationby, and competition with, native and non-native species, fi shery management activities, or other factors, butthese factors have not been adequately assessed. This species occurs in many national parks, wildlife refuges, andwilderness areas in the US where habitat destruction is not a major threat. In Mexico, it is found within ParqueNacional Sierra de San Pedro Martir. It is listed as an endangered species in the state of Colorado and is warrantedbut precluded from US federal endangered species status.Bibliography: Behler, J.L. and King, F.W. (1979), Blackburn, L., Nanjappa, P. and Lannoo, M.J. (2001), Blaustein, A.R. et al. (1994),Campbell, J.B. and Degenhardt, W.G. (1971), Carey, C. (1993), Corn, P.S. and Muths, E. (2002), Corn, P.S. and Vertucci, F.A. (1992), Corn,P.S., Stolzenburg, W. and Bury, R.B. (1989), Drost, C.A. and Fellers, G.M. (1996), Frost, D.R. (1985), Green, D.M. (1997), Hailman, J.P.(1984), Hammerson, G.A. (1982), Hammerson, G.A. (1989), Hammerson, G.A. (1992), Hammerson, G.A. (1999), Herreid, II, C.F. (1963),Hodge, R.P. (1976), Johnson, P.T.J. et al. (2001), Kiesecker, J.M. and Blaustein, A.R. (1997), Kiesecker, J.M., Blaustein, A.R. and Miller,C.L. (2001b), Livo, L.J. and Yeakley, D. (1997), Muths, E. et al. (2003), Muths, E. and Nanjappa, P. (2005), NNHP (1999), Nussbaum, R.A.,Brodie, Jr., E.D. and Storm, R.M. (1983), Oliver, G.A. (1997), Olson, D.H. (1989), Olson, D.H. (1992), Peterson, C.R., Koch, E.D. and Corn,P.S. (1992), Reichel, J.D. and Flath, D. (1995), Ross, D.A. et al. (1995), Samallow, P.B. (1980), Smits, A.W. (1984), Stebbins, R.C. (1985b),Welsh Jr, H.H., Hodgson, G.R. and Lind, A.J. (2005), Wiedmer, M. and Hodge, R.P. (1996)Data Providers: Geoffrey Hammerson, Georgina Santos-Barrera, Erin MuthsBufo brongersmai Hoogmoed, 1972BRONGERSMA’S TOADThis species is restricted to western, southern and eastern Morocco, ranging into northern Western Sahara and northwesternAlgeria, from sea level to 1,600m asl. It can be abundant in suitable habitat, but is in decline as its habitatsare being lost. It is present in semi-arid, hilly areas with Argania spinosa, Euphorbia, and graminaceous vegetation.It may be found in ploughed fields (Schleich, Kästle and Kabisch 1996), and hides beneath stones during the day. Thetemporary ponds that it breeds in are mostly located in rocky areas, and it has been observed in artificial waterbodies(such as dammed temporary rivers). It is threatened through much of its range by increased aridity, pollution anddrainage of its breeding habitats. This species is present in Parc National de Souss-Massa but is not protected bynational legislation. It can be bred successfully in captivity.Bibliography: Bogaerts, S. (2001), Bons, J. and Geniez, P. (1996), Gallix, T. (2002), Geniez, P. et al. (2004), Geniez, P., Mateo, J.A. andBons, J. (2000), Grillitsch, B., Grillitsch, H. and Splechtna, H. (1989), Guillaume, C.P. and Bons, J. (1982), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1972), Mateo,J.A. et al. (2003), Salvador, A. (1996), Schleich, H.H., Kästle, W. and Kabisch, K. (1996), Schouten, J.R. and Thevenot, M. (1988)Data Providers: Alfredo Salvador, David Donaire-Barroso, El Hassan El Mouden, Tahar Slimani, Philippe Geniez, José MateoBufo campbelli Mendelson, 1994This species is found at low and moderate altitudes in northern and eastern Guatemala, southern Belize, and extremewestern Honduras, from 100-1,080m asl. It probably occurs more widely. It is still found in good numbers in appropriatehabitats in Belize and Honduras, and is still common in the Sierra de Santa Cruz. It lives in and near streams inpristine forest in mountainous regions (in Honduras, in lowland moist and premontane wet forest). It breeds primarilyin streams but has also been found breeding in pools in Guatemala. In Honduras and Guatemala, it is threatenedby habitat destruction, and in Belize, by hurricanes. Much of its range is protected in forest reserves of the MayanMountains, in Parque Nacional Laguna Lachuá and the Reserva de Manantiales Montañas del Mico, and ParqueNacional Cerro Azul in Honduras.Bibliography: Attum, O. and Eason, P. (1999), Campbell, J.A. (1998), Campbell, J.A. (2001), Franklin, C.J. and Franklin, J. (1999), Lee,J.C. (1996), Lee, J.C. (2000), Mendelson III, J.R. (1994), Mendelson III, J.R. (1997b)Data Providers: Julian Lee, Manuel Acevedo, Larry David Wilson, Paul WalkerBufo cryptotympanicus Liu and Hu, 1962This species is known from southern China in Guangxi and Guangdong Provinces, from 450-1,870m asl, and from onlytwo specimens in northern Viet Nam. One of these was collected on Mount Fan Si Pan near Sa Pa, Lao Cai Province(Liu et. al. 2000), and the other was collected at 1,900m asl in O Quy Ho, Sa Pa District, which is very close to, buton the other side of, Mount Fan Si Pan. It is likely to occur more widely than currently recorded. It is uncommon. Thisspecies inhabits forest, and has not been found in open areas. Its breeding habits are not known, but it presumablybreeds in water by larval development. The threats that it faces are relatively unknown although presumably habitatdestruction and degradation are important. All known localities of this species are within protected areas. In VietNam these are within Hoang Lien Son National Park. Further documentation of the species’ extent of occurrence,population status and ecological requirements in Viet Nam is needed.Bibliography: Fei, L. et al. (1999), Le Nguyen Ngat, Nguyen Van Sang, and Ho Thu Cuc (2001), Liu, C.-C. and Hu, S.-Q. (1962), Liu, W.et al. (2000), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996)Data Providers: Raoul Bain, Annemarie Ohler, Michael Wai Neng Lau, Yuan ZhigangBufo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913This species is known from the Pacific lowlands of Colombia in Choco Department, and from two localities in northwesternEcuador (in Esmeraldas Province), and is presumed to exist in between these two areas. It occurs between10 and 500m asl. It is a rare species, and there have been no records of this species in Ecuador since 1984. It liveson the ground in leaf-litter close to water sources, in lowland tropical moist forest. All records of this species comefrom mature forest. There is no information on its breeding biology, although reproduction is presumably by larvaldevelopment in water. The major threats are deforestation for agricultural development (including the cultivation ofillegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying of illegal crops. It has beenfound in a few protected areas in Colombia.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Boulenger, G.A. (1913), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Duellman, W.E. and Schülte, R.(1992), Hoogmoed, M.S. (1989), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-HerediaBufo lonnbergi Andersson, 1911This species appears to be endemic to the Kenyan Highlands above 1,800m asl, where it occurs on both sides of theRift Valley, and on Mount Kenya and in the vicinity of Limuru. Records from Nairobi require confirmation. A relatedspecies has been found in the Udzungwa Mountains of southern Tanzania, but this has not so far been named. Itis a reasonably common species. There is some evidence of a decline at one site, but there is no information as towhether or not such a decline might have been more widespread (M. Tandy pers. comm.). It is a species of montanegrassland, moorland and forest patches, and it survives in agricultural land. It breeds in small, shallow permanent andsemi-permanent pools in open areas. There is little information on its threats, but although it is somewhat adaptable,it is possibly affected by the intensification of agriculture, overgrazing by livestock, and expanding human settlements.It occurs in Aberdares and Mount Kenya National Parks.Taxonomy: We follow Poynton (1997) in considering Bufo mocquardi and B. nairobiensis as distinct from this species. However, M.Tandy (pers. comm.) considers both B. mocquardi and B. nairobiensis to be synonyms of B. lonnbergi.Bibliography: Grandison, A.G.C. (1972b), Lötters, S. et al. (2004), Poynton, J.C. (1997), Poynton, J.C. (2003b), Tandy, M. and Keith,R. (1972)Data Providers: Mills Tandy, Stefan Lötters, John Poynton, Kim HowellBufo mexicanus Brocchi, 1879SOUTHWESTERN TOADThis species occurs in extreme central-eastern Sonora and western Chihuahua along the Sierra Madre Occidental,south to western Durango and extreme north-eastern Sinaloa, Mexico. This is a rare species. It inhabits pristineconifer forests where it can be commonly found along low rivers and streams, where it breeds. It is not present inaltered habitats. Disturbance, and any kind of alteration of forested areas that might cause the desiccation of streamsand soils, are threats to this species. This species occurs in at least two protected areas. Urgent protection of theforested areas along the Sierra Tarahumara area is recommended.Bibliography: Gergus, E.W.A. (1998), Price, A.H. and Sullivan, B.K. (1988)Data Providers: Georgina Santos-Barrera, Luis Canseco-MárquezBufo pageoti Bourret, 1937This species is known from north-east and western Myanmar, extreme northern Viet Nam and Gaoligongshan in Yunnan(Tengchong, Baoshan and Lushui Counties), China, from 1,900-2,500m asl. It probably occurs more widely thancurrent records suggest. This species is rare and is seldom found. It inhabits forested mountain areas, and probablyalso occurs in the surrounding farmland. It is a stream-breeding amphibian. Forest loss due to agricultural expansionis an ongoing threat. The range of the species includes some protected areas: in China it is known from GaoligongshanNational Nature Reserve, and both of the populations in Myanmar are within protected areas.Taxonomy: Bufo burmanus was synonymized with B. pageoti by Dubois and Ohler (1999). The genus Torrentophryne (Yang, Liu and Rao1996) was synonymized with Bufo by Liu et al. (2000).Bibliography: Bourret, R. (1942), Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1999), Liu, W. et al. (2000), MacKinnon, J. et al. (1996), The ComprehensiveScientifi c Expedition to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau (1997), Yang, D.-T., Liu, W. and Rao, D. (1996)Data Providers: Peter Paul van Dijk, Guinevere Wogan, Annemarie Ohler, Lu Shunqing, Yang DatongBufo parietalis Boulenger, 1882This species is relatively widespread in the Western Ghats, India, from 400-900m asl. Dutta (1997) lists uncertainrecords from the Eastern Ghats, which require further verification. It is a locally common species. It is a terrestrialtoad associated with leaf-litter, rocks and other ground cover of moist tropical evergreen and semi-evergreen forest.It is not known if it can occur in degraded habitat. Breeding takes place in slow-moving stretches of streams. Themain threat to this species is deforestation caused by both regional infrastructure development (roads, dams, andurbanization) and the collection of wood and timber for subsistence use by local people. It has been recorded fromIndira Gandhi National Park (in Tamil Nadu), Agasthyamala Hills of the Neyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Silent Valley NationalPark (both in Kerala), and might also occur within other protected areas in the region.Bibliography: Biju, S.D. (2001), Chanda, S.K. (2002), Dubois, A. and Ohler, A. (1999), Dutta, S.K. (1997), Inger, R.F. et al. (1984)Data Providers: S.D. Biju, Sushil Dutta, Karthikeyan Vasudevan, S.P. Vijayakumar, Chelmala Srinivasulu, Gajanan DasaramjiBhuddhe
Change language