Near Threatened Amphibian Species - Amphibian Specialist Group

622Threatened Amphibians of the WorldBibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. (1976b), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E.(1997), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1994), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997),Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus tayrona Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1985This species is known from the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, in the departments of Cesar, Guajira and Magdalena,Colombia, from 1,300-2,700m asl. It is extremely abundant. This is a nocturnal species that can be observed perchingon arboreal bromeliads, in which it shelters during the day. Breeding is by direct development, and the eggs are alsolaid on arboreal bromeliads. The major threats to this species’ habitat are cultivation and fumigation of crops, andthe rearing of livestock. Its range includes Parque Nacional Natural Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1985a), Ruiz-Carranza,P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Martha Patricia Ramírez Pinilla, Mariela Osorno-Muñoz, Jose Vicente Rueda, Adolfo Amézquita, María CristinaArdila-RobayoEleutherodactylus vanadise La Marca, 1984This species is known from La Mucuy, Monterey, Monte Zerpa and the Bosque de San Weusebio, in Mérida State,in the Venezuelan Andes, from 1,800-2,600m asl. It is a common species. It lives in bushes and on the ground incloud forests and secondary forests. Breeding is by direct development. Its habitats are not seriously threatenedat present, and much of its range is in protected areas. Some populations are within Parque Nacional Sierra de LaCulata and Parque Nacional Sierra Nevada.Bibliography: Barrio Amorós, C.L. (2004), Frost, D.R. (1985), La Marca, E. (1984), La Marca, E. (1992), La Marca, E. (1997)Data Providers: Enrique La Marca, Juan Elías García-PérezEleutherodactylus vicarius Lynch and Ruíz-Carranza, 1983This species is known from the departments of Huila, Nariño and Cauca, on the east slope of the highlands of theCordillera Central, Colombia, from 2,900-3,275m asl. It is common. This nocturnal species occurs on vegetation upto 1.5m above ground, inside the forest as well as next to streams. During the day it can be found under rocks andlogs, and it is also found in páramo vegetation. Breeding is by direct development. The major threat to this species ishabitat loss, in particular in Nariño Department, caused by logging and agricultural development for crop cultivation(including illegal crops) and rearing of livestock. Other high-altitude, stream-breeding Eleutherodactylus specieshave undergone declines possibly due to chytridiomycosis, so this might be a potential future threat. The range ofthe species includes Parque Nacional Natural Puracé. Given the possible threat of chytridiomycosis this speciesshould be monitored carefully.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. and Duellman, W.E. (1997), Lynch, J.D. and Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. (1983), Lynch, J.D.,Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEleutherodactylus viridis Ruíz-Carranza, Lynch and Ardila-Robayo, 1997This species is known from three localities in the western part of Antioquia Department, on the western and easternslopes of the Cordillera Occidental, and from one locality in northern Antioquia Department, on the northern face ofthe Cordillera Occidental, Colombia, between 1,480 and 1,940m asl, It is an uncommon species. It is restricted tovery humid forests, and occurs on Araceae vegetation and ferns, up to 1.5m above the ground. Breeding is by directdevelopment. There are no threats to the species’ habitat at present as its known range is wholly within two parks.Three of the localities in which it occurs are within Parque Nacional de Las Orquídeas, and the fourth is in ParqueNacional Natural Paramillo.Bibliography: Acosta-Galvis, A.R. (2000), Lynch, J.D. (1998b), Lynch, J.D., Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997), Paez,V.P. et al. (2002), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Lynch, J.D. and Ardila-Robayo, M.C. (1997)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, Maria Isabel Herrera, John LynchEupsophus roseus (Duméril, Bibron, 11841)This species is known from 38°S to 40°S in Cautín and Valdivia Provinces, Chile, from 50-1,000m asl. It is locallycommon. This species can be found under logs close to swamps or streams in temperate Nothofagus forest, and itmay persist in fairly disturbed areas. Eggs are deposited in small, water-filled holes on hillsides. The major threat tothis species is habitat destruction caused by wood extraction and establishment of pine and eucalyptus plantations. Inthe northern part of its range it is threatened by forest fires. It occurs in Parque Nacional Tolhuaca and the MonumentoNatural Cerro Ñielol. Legislation to protect the Nothofagus forest habitat is needed.Taxonomy: Specimens from Argentina formerly referred to this species belong to Eupsophus calcaratus (E. Lavilla pers. comm.).Bibliography: Formas, J.R. (1995), Núñez, J.J., Zárraga, A.M. and Formas, J.R. (1999), Servicio Agrícola Ganadero (1998), Veloso, A.and Navarro, J. (1988)Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Jose Núñez, Juan Carlos OrtizEupsophus vertebralis Grandison, 1961This species occurs in the lake region of Chile, approximately from 40°S to 44°S, and from a single locality in Argentina(Puerto Blest, Río Negro Province). Its altitudinal range is from 50-1,000m asl. It is uncommon even in suitable habitats.In Chile it was recorded as recently as November 2002, but there have been no records for Argentina since 1973. Thisspecies is found under large logs and rocks near streams in temperate Nothofagus forest. Eggs are deposited in small,water-filled holes on hillsides. The major threat to this species is habitat destruction caused by wood extraction andestablishment of pine and eucalyptus plantations. It occurs in Parque Nacional Tolhuaca and Parque Natural AlerceCostero in Chile. In Argentina, it occurs in Parque Nacional Nahuel Huapi. There is a need for improved legislationto protect remaining tracts of Nothogagus forest in the range of this species.Bibliography: Basso, N.G. and Ubeda, C.A. (1999), Formas, J.R. (1989), Formas, J.R. (1991), Formas, J.R. (1992), Formas, J.R. (1993),Formas, J.R. (1994), Formas, J.R. (1995), Lavilla, E.O. et al. (2000), Lavilla, E.O., Barrionuevo, S. and Baldo, D. (2002), Servicio AgrícolaGanadero (1998), Veloso, A. and Navarro, J. (1988)Data Providers: Alberto Veloso, Herman Núñez, Jose Núñez, Juan Carlos Ortiz, Carmen ÚbedaGastrotheca andaquiensis Ruíz-Carranza and Hernández, 1976This species occurs on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in southern Colombia (in Caquetá, Huila, and PutumayoDepartments) and in Ecuador south to Zamora Province, at 1,000-2,000m asl. It is a moderately common species. It isarboreal, living on the vegetation next to water sources inside cloud forest. There is a record of an individual observedin a flat area on a ridge, with a relatively open canopy and many tree falls, but otherwise there is no information on itsadaptability to secondary habitats. The eggs are carried in a pouch on the female’s back, where they develop directlywithout a larval stage. The major threats are deforestation due to smallholder livestock ranching and cultivation ofcrops (including some illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying ofillegal crops. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca and the ReservaEcológica Antisana, and Parque Nacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, Parque Nacional Llanganates, and Parque NacionalSangay. It is not known from any protected areas in Colombia.Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005).Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (1989a), Duellman, W.E. and Lynch, J.D. (1988), Duellman, W.E., Maxson, L.R. and Jesiolowski, C.A.(1988), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M. and Hernández-Camacho, J.A. (1976a), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M., Ardila-Robayo, M.C.and Lynch, J.D. (1996)Data Providers: Wilmar Bolívar, Luis A. Coloma, Santiago RonGastrotheca aureomaculata Cochran and Goin, 1970This species is known from the departments of Cauca and Huila on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central insouth-central Colombia, from 2,000-2,600m asl. This is a common species. It is arboreal, occurring on vegetationalongside streams in Andean forests. It has also been recorded from relatively disturbed areas such as in trees infarmers’ gardens. Its main requirement is dense vegetation. The eggs develop in a pouch on the back of the femaleand then the larvae are transported to small pools where they develop further. A major threat resulting in destructionof its habitat is the cultivation of illegal crops. Water pollution is also a threat. The range of the species does notinclude any protected areas. More research into its extent of occurrence is needed, and establishment of a protectedarea for this species would be advisable.Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005).Bibliography: Cochran, D.M. and Goin, C.J. (1970), Duellman, W.E. (1989a), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005)Data Providers: Fernando Castro, John LynchHemiphractus bubalus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1871)This species occurs in the lower Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru and Colombia (Caquetá to Putumayo),from 300-2,000m asl. It is a rare species. Individuals have been found in dense cloud forests where it favours perches,being found on the branches of bushes and small trees (Trueb 1974). At Cordillera del Cutucú, Ecuador, specimenshave been collected in very wet forest, where the ground and most trees were covered with moss (Duellman andLynch 1988); it was also collected at the same habitat type in Peru. It is not present in modified habitats. This speciesreproduces by direct development and the eggs are carried in a pouch on the female’s back. It is probably a specializedpredator on other frog species that only survives in areas of high frog density. This species is threatened by forestloss due to infrastructure development for human settlements, logging, and agricultural development (including forthe cultivation of crops and the rearing of livestock). Although much forest habitat remains within the range of thisspecies, it is very sensitive to slight habitat alteration and the rate of forest loss within the majority of its range (theEcuadorian portion) is very high. Its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cayambe-Coca, ParqueNacional Sumaco Napo-Galeras, and Parque Nacional Sangay, in Ecuador. In Peru it is present in the Zona ReservadaSantiago-Comaina.Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005).Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. and Lynch, J.D. (1988), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1871), Reynolds, R. andIcochea, J. (1997), Trueb, L. (1974)Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Diego Cisneros-Heredia, Fernando Castro, Jose Vicente RuedaHemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862This species occurs through much of the central and eastern cordilleras of Panama, south through the Pacific slopesof Colombia (in Antioquia and Cauca Departments, and almost certainly more widely) and the northern slopes ofthe western and central cordilleras, to north-western Ecuador (south to the Guajalito Protection Forest in PichinchaProvince). It is known only from a small number of localities within its overall range, from 300-2,000m asl. This is avery rare species. Its habitat is very humid lowland, lower montane and cloud forests; it inhabits primary forest only.By day, individuals have been found in leaf-litter on the forest floor, whereas by night they favour perches above theground. It lives only in areas of high frog densities, since it preys on other frogs. Breeding is by direct development;the eggs are carried on the back of the female. The major threats are deforestation due to agricultural development(including cultivation of illegal crops), logging, and human settlement, and pollution resulting from the spraying ofillegal crops. It has been recorded from Parque Internacional La Amistad, the Reserva Forestal Fortuna, and ParqueNacional Darién in Panama. In Ecuador, its geographic range overlaps with the Reserva Ecológica Cotacachi-Cayapas.It is not known from any protected areas in Colombia.Taxonomy: This genus has recently been moved from the family Hylidae (Faivovich et al. 2005).Bibliography: Duellman, W.E. (2001), Faivovich, J. et al. (2005), Ibáñez, R. et al. (2000), Peters, W.C.H. (1862), Ruiz-Carranza, P.M.,Ardila-Robayo, M.C. and Lynch, J.D. (1996), Trueb, L. (1974), Young, B. et al. (1999)Data Providers: Luis A. Coloma, Santiago Ron, Karl-Heinz Jungfer, Frank Solís, Roberto Ibáñez, César Jaramillo, Querube FuenmayorLepidobatrachus asper Budgett, 1899This species is known from the Chaco of Paraguay (in Central, Presidente Hayes, and Alto Paraguay Departments) andnorthern Argentina (in Chaco, Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero Provinces). In Paraguayit occurs up to 200m asl. It is a common species in Paraguay but is very rare in Argentina, where it was last collectedin 1986. Extensive work in an area in Cordoba where it was once recorded has not turned up any recent specimens.It inhabits dry scrubland and semi-arid areas, and breeds in temporary pools and water tanks on cattle farms. InArgentina, it occurs in vegetation near saline lakes. During the dry season individuals burrow underground and waitfor rains before emerging again. The breeding season is short and larval development is rapid. This species can bethreatened by fires, and potentially also by over-grazing by livestock. Its range includes Parque Nacional Defensoresdel Chaco in Paraguay, although it is not known from any protected areas in Argentina.Bibliography: Aquino, A.L., Scott, N.J. and Motte, M. (1996), Di Tada, I.E. et al. (1996)Data Providers: Lucy Aquino, Ismael di Tada, Julian FaivovichLeptodactylus laticeps Boulenger, 1918This species occurs in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, Bolivia and Argentina, from 0-300m asl. It is common in parts ofParaguay and Bolivia but is rare in Argentina due to over-harvesting for the international pet trade. It is a terrestrialspecies of open habitats that breeds in temporary ponds. It probably does not adapt well to anthropogenic disturbance.Over-harvesting for the international pet trade is a major threat. It is collected in Paraguay and Argentina, and eachadult is worth $300-$600. It does occur in several protected areas, but monitoring of its population status is needed,and there is a need to ensure that harvesting of this species from the wild is managed in a sustainable manner.Bibliography: Alvarez, B.B. et al. (2002), Alvarez, B.B. et al. (2003), Aquino, A.L., Scott, N.J. and Motte, M. (1996), De la Riva, I. et al.(2000), Frost, D.R. (1985), Köhler, J. (2000a)Data Providers: Claudia Cortez, Steffen Reichle, Lucy Aquino, Ismael di Tada